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Misri Gozan
Departemen Teknik Kimia - UI Kampus Baru UI, Depok
Religion Aerospace Engineering Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Earth & Planetary Sciences Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering Public Health

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Journal : International Journal of Renewable Energy Development

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Integrated upgrading of waste cooking oil–derived biodiesel via reaction pathway selection, adsorption, and feedstock blending Gozan, Misri; Efendi, Mochamad Yusuf; Harahap, Andre Fahriz Perdana; Thanapimmetha, Anusith; Saisriyoot, Maythee; Krajomethong, Pattarawit; Srinophakun, Penjit
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 2 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62204

Abstract

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO) offers environmental and economic advantages but is constrained by degraded feedstock quality and unstable fuel properties. This study evaluates an integrated upgrading strategy combining reaction pathway selection, adsorption-based purification, and feedstock blending to produce fuel-grade biodiesel. WCO was pretreated by moisture removal and acid esterification using H₂SO₄ to reduce free fatty acids. Transesterification was conducted in a temperature-controlled batch reactor at 60 °C using 6:1–12:1 methanol-to-oil mass ratios, 1.0–2.0 wt% KOH catalyst loadings, and 60–120 minute reaction times. The maximum FAME content achieved was 93.94 wt% at 6:1 methanol ratio, 1.5 wt% KOH, and 90 min reaction time. Post-reaction upgrading was performed via batch adsorption using activated carbon (0.5–2 wt%, 60 °C) and silica gel (3 wt%, 112 °C). Adsorption improved FAME content to 94–95 wt% (maximum 95.3 wt% with silica gel) and reduced acid value and carbon residue. However, oxidation stability decreased slightly after adsorption (from 4.20 to 4.05 h), indicating partial removal of natural antioxidants. GC–MS analysis confirmed the dominance of methyl esters and the reduction of minor impurity-related peaks after purification. To comply with multi-parameter fuel requirements, WCO was blended with palm olein prior to conversion at ratios of 100:0 to 10:90 (w/w). Full EN 14214 compliance (FAME ≥ 96.5 wt%) was achieved at ≥50% palm olein, with oxidation stability of 10.2 h at a 10:90 ratio. These findings demonstrate that adsorption enhances compositional purity, whereas feedstock blending is decisive for restoring oxidative stability and achieving robust, fuel-grade biodiesel.
Co-Authors -, Abdurachman Abdul Haris Achmadin L. Machsun Ahmad Fauzantoro Amelia, Fanny Andre Fahriz Perdana HARAHAP Andre Fahriz Perdana Harahap Andri Pramesyanti Pramono Anondho Wijanarko Anondho Wijanarko Anton Irawan Arief Budi Witarto Arif Rahman Bambang Heru Susanto, Bambang Heru Bambang Prasetya Bambang Prasetya Bambang Prasetya Basra Ahmad Amru Cut Nanda D. R. Barleany Dedy Alharis Nasution, Dedy Alharis Denia Apriliani RAHMAN Dianursanti Endang Suhendi, Endang Eny Kusrini Faikul Umam Fajriati Zulfa Fita Sefriana Galih Rineksa Halimah Anggi Rahmani HARAHAP, Andre Fahriz Perdana Hardi Putra Harijanto, Fransiskus Xaverius Ray Setiadharma Haris, Abdul Haryoto Kusnoputranto Heri Hermansyah Heri Hermansyah Heriyanti Huwaida, Ariqah Iffah Izzah Nur Fatimah Josia Simanjuntak Kazuhiro Asami Kazuhisa Ohtaguchi Kitakawa, Naomi Shibasaki Kori Yati Kori Yati Krajomethong, Pattarawit Lischer, Kenny Lusi Dwita Lusi Putri Dwita M Baiquni M Baiquni M Baiquni M Samsuri M Samsuri, M M. Baiquni Mahdi Jufri Mardias, R. Mardiastuti Mardiastuti Mardiastuti Wahid Marito, Olivia Yolanda Maya Lukita, Maya Meiskha Bahar Mochamad Yusuf Efendi, Mochamad Yusuf Mohammad Mohammad Mohammad Nasikin Mohammad Nasikin Momoji Kubo, Momoji Muhammad Arif Darmawan Muhammad Yusuf Arya Ramadhan Mujtahid Imaduddin Nurahman Muryanto Muryanto Muryanto, Muryanto Nadia Chrisayu Natasha Nanda, Cut Naomi Shibasaki-Kitakawa, Naomi Nasihin Saud Irsyad Nasikin, M. Nizar Amir Nur Fatimah, Izzah Oktania Sandra Puspita Penjit Srinophakun Praswasti P. D.K Wulan, Praswasti P. D.K Praswasti PDK Wulan Praswasti Wulan, Praswasti Primanti, Afthina R Mardias R Mardias, R Rachmadhi Purwana Rahmayetty Rahmayetty Rahmayetty, Rahmayetty Ramadhan, Varrel Ariasatya Renny S. Mokodongan Renny S. Mokodongan Rita Arbianti Roekmijati Soemantojo, Roekmijati Roekmijati W. Soemantojo, Roekmijati W. Roekmijati Widaningroem Soemantojo Saisriyoot, Maythee Samsuri, M. Setiawan, Mia Sari Sheila Azelya Fernanda Shella Wu, Shella Siswa Setyahadi Siswa Setyahadi Siti Nurbayti Sri Budi Harmami Srinophakun, Penjit Sukirno Sukirno Sukirno Sukirno Tania Surya Utami Teguh Wikan Widodo, Teguh Wikan Thanapimmetha, Anusith Toshiy Yonemoto, Toshiy Wahyu, Fiki Milatul Wijanarko, A. Yanni Sudiyani Yemirta Yemirta Yudan Whulanza Yudhi Nugraha Yuli Panca Asmara Yuliusman Yuliusman Yusraini Dian Inayati Siregar Yustinah Yustinah