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INDONESIA
Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology
Published by Pusat Litbang Daya Saing Produk dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan
ISSN : 20895690     EISSN : 24069272     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture, Social,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Environmental Science Immunology & microbiology
Squalen publishes original and innovative research to provide readers with the latest research, knowledge, emerging technologies, postharvest, processing and preservation, food safety and environment, biotechnology and bio-discovery of marine and fisheries. The key focus of the research should be on marine and fishery and the manuscript should include a fundamental discussion of the research findings and their significance. Manuscripts that simply report data without providing a detailed interpretation of the results are unlikely to be accepted for publication in the journal.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 363 Documents
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Characterization and Effect of Processing on Parvalbumin Content in Indonesian Shortfin Eel (Anguilla Bicolor-bicolor) Mahardika, Vania; Nurilmala, Mala; Nurjanah, Nurjanah; Pertiwi, Rizsa Mustika; Nugraha, Roni
Squalen, Buletin Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 18, No 3 (2023): December 2023
Publisher : :Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/squalen.851

Abstract

Indonesian shortfin eel (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) is a high economic value fish and a high nutritional content. However, their utilization can be limited because of hypersensitivity cases in individuals allergic to fish. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of the fish major allergenic protein, parvalbumin in different parts of the eel fillet and the effects of boiling technique on the content of this protein. The samples were boiled with 100 mL of water in an Erlenmeyer flask at 95°C for 10 min. The eel fillet was divided into three parts: the front, middle, and rear part of the body. Protein profiles from each part were identified using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Bradford assays. Parvalbumin was further purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The concentration of protein in the different parts of the eel was not significantly different, whereas the processing treatments (meat with water (F1 extract) and meat without water (F2 extract)) affected protein concentration. Eel meat contained proteins with molecular weights ranging from 10 to 186 kDa. Parvalbumins are highly water-soluble, as their content was reduced in the fillet, but were observed at a high concentration in the water after boiling. Parvalbumins of eel were purified by ammonium sulfate 70-90% with high purity. Interestingly, two different bands were observed in SDS-PAGE, suggesting the presence of a protein variant. The molecular weight of parvalbumin obtained from purification ranged from 10 to 11 kDa, similar to that of other fish.
Nanochitosan from Manufacture Shells of Mud Crab (Scylla sp.) and Its Application as Acne Patch Luthfiyana, Novi; Ratrinia, Putri Wening; Nusaibah, Nusaibah; Nisa, Mutia Khoirun
Squalen, Buletin Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 19, No 2 (2024): August 2024
Publisher : :Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/squalen.928

Abstract

Chitosan is a potential raw material for marine cosmetics with antibacterial,anti-inflammatory properties and can stimulate collagen synthesis in theskin. This research aimed to obtain nano-sized chitosan (nanochitosan) frommud crab (Scylla sp.) shells and apply it as a cosmetic acne patch. Theparameters used to characterize nanochitosan are particle size, polydispersityindex, zeta potential and morphology. Meanwhile, the parameters of the Acnepatch produced are characterized by physical appearance and ance bacterialactivity. The results revealed that nanochitosan had an average size of 35.20±1.66 nm, the highest intensity of 11.70±1.25, polydispersity of 0.274±0.10,and zeta potential of 42.9±1.41 mV. The morphology of nanochitosan is in theform of broken rods, not hollow and irregular but uniform. Its elements includecarbon, oxygen, magnesium, aluminum, phosphorus, and calcium. The acnepatches resulting from the addition of 0 mg (K0), 50 mg (K1), 100 mg (K2),and 150 mg (K3) were opaque white, slightly transparent, smooth, elastic,and odorless. The thickness varies, namely, 0.014 ± 0.002 mm (K0), 0.017 ±0.002 mm (K1), 0.022 ± 0.004 mm (K2), and 0.031 ± 0.005 mm (K3). Theweight variations were 0.019 ± 0.001 mg (K0), 0.026 ± 0.005 mg (K1), 0.033± 0.002 mg (K2), and 0.047 ± 0.013 mg (K3). The moisture loss varied,namely, 7.525 ± 0.054% (K0), 3.201 ± 0.487% (K1), 2.741 ± 0.279% (K2), and2.017 ± 0.290% (K3). Acne patches K1, K2, and K3 were proven to be able toinhibit the activity of acne bacteria Propionibacterium acnes (9.5 ± 0.25 mm,10.67 ± 0.76 mm, and 9.17 ± 0.76 mm), Staphylococcus epidermidis (9.33 ±1.15 mm, 13.67 ± 2.02 mm, and 8.67 ± 1.89 mm), and S. aureus (10.33 ±0.25 mm, 11.83 ± 0.76 mm, and 8.66 ± 0.76 mm). This research succeededin obtaining chitosan from crab shells (Scylla sp) in nano size and acnepatches with the addition of nanochitosan effectively inhibited the growth ofacne bacteria.
Ultrasonic-assisted Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticle using Green Seaweed Ulva lactuca Extract Hardiningtyas, Safrina Dyah; Abrar, Muhammad Naufal; Ramadhan, Wahyu; Wakabayashi, Rie; Uju, Uju
Squalen, Buletin Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 18, No 2 (2023): August 2023
Publisher : :Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/squalen.802

Abstract

Ulva lactuca, a green seaweed that is widely distributed in Indonesia, is abundant but still underutilized. Even though this seaweed contains a sulfated polysaccharide called ulvan as much as 30-40% of its dry biomass and secondary metabolite. These components can be applied in various fields including as a reducing agent for silver ions in the bottom up synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The utilization of seaweed extract combined with ultrasonication is expected to enhance the efficacy of environmentally friendly silver nanoparticle synthesis. The objective of this study was to obtain he crude extract of U. lactuca andto investigatethe impact of extract concentration and ultrasonication duration on the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. The study consists of two main phases 1) bio-synthesis employing different concentrations of the U. lactuca crude extract, and 2) bio-synthesis using selected extract concentrations combined with ultrasonic assistance for varying durations. The results of this study indicate that the crude extract of U. lactuca is a crude ulvan polysaccharide with a yield value and sulfate content of 26.9 ± 0.90% and 20.04 ± 1.02%, respectively. A reddish-brown color indicates the formation of silver nanoparticles. Based on the absorbance intensity, a 10% (v/v) concentration of ulvan crude extract produced the highest absorbance intensity (0.038 a.u). In addition, the ultrasonication duration of 60 minutes has succeeded in producing the smallest particle size (267.40 ± 6.52 nm) with a homogeneous particle distribution (PdI 0.265 ± 0.05). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images depicted oval-shaped silver nanoparticles, while the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum indicated the degradation of sulfate and polysulfide functional groups in the crude extract during the biosynthesis process. These findings highlight the significant role of sulfate/sulfide groups present in the U. lactuca crude extract in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. 
Comparative Study of Pre-Extraction Treatments and Buffer Modifications for Macroalgal Lectin Extraction Fajarningsih, Nurrahmi Dewi; Nursid, Muhammad; Nugroho, Hartanto; Nuringtyas, Tri Rini; Isnansetyo, Alim
Squalen, Buletin Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 18, No 3 (2023): December 2023
Publisher : :Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/squalen.852

Abstract

Getting an efficient extraction approach is a crucial step in bioactive protein research, particularly lectin. This research aimed to examine the efficiency of cryogenic-grinding (CG) and freeze-dried-grinding (FG) pre-extraction treatments, and also the incorporation of phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF), Tween 80, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP), 70% Ethanol (EtOH), or combination of the chemicals in the 20 mM phosphate buffered saline pH 7 (PBS) for extracting lectin from Ulva lactuca, Sargassum polycystum, and Hydropuntia edulis. The lectin content of the extracts was determined using the hemagglutination activity (HA) assay. The phenolic content was measured to determine its impact on the lectins’ HA. Lectin extraction efficiency was determined by analyzing the extracts’ minimum agglutination concentration (MAC) and total hemagglutination activity (THA). CG pre-extraction treatment produced slightly higher THA than FG, making it slightly more efficient. The EtOH treatment efficiently extracted lectin from U. lactuca and H. edulis by substantially reducing the polyphenol (PPs) content, lowering the MAC, and increasing the THA. The EtOH treatment significantly decreased the PPs and HA of the S. polycystum, suggesting that the HA is most likely produced by the PPs rather than the lectin content. Tween 80 raised the THA of U. lactuca by 17-fold with native rabbit erythrocyte compared to the control but did not affect the THA of H. edulis and S. polycystum. Several different effects of chemicals incorporated in the extraction buffers suggested that the optimum macroalgal lectin extraction strategy is species-dependent.
Effect of Ultrasonic-Assisted Enzymolysis on Protein, Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Activity of Chlorella sp. Crude Extract Budiari, Setyani; Hamidatun, Hamidatun; Filailla, Euis; Artanti, Nina; Devi, Anastasia Fitria; Melanie, Hakiki; Maryati, Yati; Mulyani, Hani; Susilowati, Agustine; Aspiyanto, Aspiyanto
Squalen, Buletin Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 18, No 3 (2023): December 2023
Publisher : :Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/squalen.788

Abstract

Chlorella sp. microalgae is a potential source of natural antioxidants and other bioactive compounds used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Ultrasound pretreatments followed by enzymolysis are widely used to improve the functional properties of biological materials. This work aimed to investigate the effects of ultrasound pretreatments followed by bromelain hydrolysis on the proteins, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of Chlorella sp. crude extract. The experimental design for the study involved two factors: ultrasound pretreatment time (0, 5, and 10 min) and bromelain hydrolysis time (0, 2, 4, and 6 hours). The protein was measured using Lowry assay while the total phenolic content was measured using a Folin–Ciocalteu assay. The highest protein content (7.09 ± 0.44 mg/mL) and phenolic concentrations (0.28 ± 0.01 ìg/mL) were obtained at 5 min ultrasound pretreatment and 6 hours enzymolysis. For antioxidant activity, 5 min ultrasound pretreatment followed by 4 hours of enzymolysis resulted in the highest DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical) inhibitory activity (81.74%). Meanwhile, ultrasound pretreatment for 10 min followed by 6 hours of enzymolysis resulted in the highest ABTS (2,20 azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) inhibitory activity (94.10%). This study showed that variation in ultrasound pretreatments followed by bromelain hydrolysis could be used to improve the protein content, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of Chlorella sp. crude extract. 
Characteristics of Trypsin Isolated From Intestines Different of Fish and Correlation Toward Trypsin Activity Nurhayati, Tati; Abdullah, Asadatun; Rahmawati, Septiya; Kurniawan, Riki
Squalen, Buletin Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 19, No 2 (2024): August 2024
Publisher : :Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/squalen.904

Abstract

Trypsin is a protease that breaks protein peptide bonds. Fish intestines canbe used as an alternative raw material for trypsin. Trypsin enzymes from theintestines of different fish species have different characteristics. This studyaimed to determine the characteristics and stability of trypsin enzyme inNaCl extracted from fish intestines based on differences in fish species. Trypsinactivity was optimal at 50 °C and pH 8, with specific activity values of 0.5993U/mg in rabbitfish, 0.3880 U/mg in sharks, and 0.6964 U/mg in flatfish. Themaximum reaction speed (Vmax) was the highest for trypsin from the intestineof rabbitfish (0.2585 mmol/s), followed by flatfish (0.1042 mmol/s), andshark (0.0599 mmol/s). The lowest Km value was obtained for trypsin fromsharks (0.4084 mM), followed by flatfish (1.0253 mM), and rabbitfish (4.5952mM). Trypsin from the intestines of rabbitfish and flatfish was stable in NaClsolution (concentration 5-30%), as it can maintain a relative activity of morethan 50%. In contrast, trypsin extracted from the intestines of milk fish hada relative activity below 21%. The average molecular weights of the threetrypsin enzymes were 26.8, 27.2; and 21.9 kDa, respectively. Differences inthe type of fish affected trypsin enzyme activity. Flatfish are omnivorous,and rabbitfish, as herbivores, have better enzyme activity values than sharks,as carnivores.
The Influence of Acid and Cooking Methods on The Quality of Fish Meal Processed from by-products of Catfish Fillet Processing Suryaningrum, Theresia Dwi; Ellya, Ellya; Fateha, Fateha; Setiawati, Natalia Prodiana; Mardiyana, Indri; Supriyanto, Agus; Nurhayati, Nurhayati; Giyatmi, Giyatmi
Squalen, Buletin Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 18, No 3 (2023): December 2023
Publisher : :Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/squalen.800

Abstract

Catfish fillet processing produces a by-product dominated by heads (25- 28%) and bones (11-13%). This study aims to process fish meal from by- products of catfish using different treatments, namely soaking in a 4% formic acid solution (F) and a 4% hydrochloric acid solution (H), as well as cooking techniques involving boiling (R) and steaming (K). Observations were made on the yield, pH, proximate analysis, calcium content, NPN (non-protein nitrogen), TBA (thiobarbituric acid), microbiological tests, sensory evaluation, and amino acid profiles. The research showed that soaking in acid caused a decrease in pH, protein content, and TBA and increased the fat content of the resulting fish meal. The optimal treatment for the highest quality fish meal is steaming without acid treatment. In this treatment, the protein content meet  the requirements of the SNI 01.2725.01.2013 as grade 3 fish meal, with a yield of 22.83%, a pH of 6.86, a moisture content of 6.2 ± 0.3%, an ash content  of 27.33 ± 0.7%, and a protein content of 45.5 ± 1.3%. Analysis of the amino acid profile of fish meal from that treatment showed a better amino acid composition compared to commercial fish meal. The fish meal  contained essential amino acids in sufficient quantities, with higher levels compared to the amino acid standards set by FAO/WHO 2013 for human nutritional needs, and met the requirements as a nutritional ingredient for fish and livestock feed.
Effectiveness of Chitosan and Ariid Catfish Swim Blader Gelatine as Edible Coating on the Preservation of White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Susanto, Eko; Martiyana, Sri; Purnamayati, Lukita
Squalen, Buletin Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 20, No 3 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : :Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/squalen.986

Abstract

White shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is a high-value fishery commodity that is highly perishable due to rapid microbial growth, enzymatic activity, and lipid oxidation during storage. Chitosan is widely recognized for its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, while gelatine derived from Ariid catfish swim bladders represents an underutilized fishery by-product with excellent film-forming, gelling, and oxygen-barrier properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a composite edible coating based on shrimp chitosan and Ariid catfish swim bladder gelatine at different ratios in preserving the quality of white shrimp during chilled storage. Treatments consisted of chitosan–gelatin ratios of K (0:0), P1 (3:7), P2 (5:5), and P3 (7:3), with storage durations of 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours. Quality parameters assessed included thiobarbituric acid (TBA), total plate count (TPC), peroxide value (PV), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), pH, weight loss, sensory attributes (appearance, texture, odor), and melanosis. The results demonstrated that edible coating application significantly affected TBA, TPC, PV, TVBN, pH, sensory quality, and melanosis (p 0.05), while no significant effect was observed on weight loss. The chitosan–gelatine coatings effectively inhibited microbial proliferation, oxidative degradation, and enzymatic activity, thereby extending shrimp freshness. The P3 formulation (7:3) showed the most optimal preservation performance, with TPC of 59.33 × 10³ CFU/g, PV of 3.33 meq/kg, TVBN of 24.31 mg N/100 g, pH of 7.14, and a melanosis score of 2.82 after 72 hours of storage. The synergistic combination of shrimp chitosan and Ariid catfish swim bladder gelatine provides an effective, biodegradable edible coating for extending the shelf life of white shrimp. This study highlights the potential application of fishery by-products as functional biopolymers, contributing to sustainable seafood preservation, value-added processing, and circular bioeconomy development.
Characterization of Cellulose Fibers Extracted from Ulva lactuca with Various NaOH Concentrations Irianto, Hari Eko; Rachmana, Alfitra Raya; Nurhayati, Nurhayati; Fransiska, Dina; Amanda, Putri; Haryati, Sakinah; Aditia, Rifki Prayoga; Suah, Faiz Bukhari Mohd
Squalen, Buletin Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 20, No 3 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : :Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/squalen.1055

Abstract

As demand for sustainable biopolymers is growing, Ulva lactuca has emerged as a promising macroalgal source of cellulose. Alkaline hydrolysis using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is widely applied in cellulose extraction to remove lignin; however, the influence of NaOH concentration during delignification process of U. lactuca remains insufficiently understood. This study aimed to identify the optimal NaOH concentration for cellulose extraction from U. lactuca and to characterize the resulting fibers. Alkaline treatments were performed using NaOH concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. The extracted cellulose was evaluated for yield, functional groups, thermal stability, crystallinity index (CrI), and morphology using FTIR, XRD, simultaneous thermal analysis, and FE-SEM. Results showed that cellulose yields ranged from 4.38% to 5.44%, with no significant differences among treatments. In contrast, NaOH concentration significantly affected cellulose morphology, with enhanced delignification and fibrillar refinement observed at higher alkali levels. FTIR spectra confirmed cellulose purity through characteristic O–H and C–H stretching vibrations, β-glycosidic linkages, and the absence of hemicellulose-related peaks. XRD analysis showed that 30% NaOH treatment produced the highest CrI (84.09%), while higher concentrations induced structural degradation. Thermal analysis revealed a two-stage degradation process, consisting of moisture loss at 120–150 °C followed by major cellulose decomposition at 250–300 °C. Overall, 30% NaOH was identified as the optimal concentration for extracting α-cellulose from U. lactuca.
Bioprospecting Marine Endophytic Fungi from Buton Island: Antibacterial Activity and Cellulase Production for Sustainable Blue Economy Isti'anah, Ismi -; Tarman, Kustiariyah; Lee, Wen-Chien; Suseno, Sugeng Heri; Nugraha, Roni; Effendi, Irzal; Nurbayasari, Rodiah; Maulana, Riyan
Squalen, Buletin Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 20, No 3 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : :Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/squalen.1024

Abstract

Marine-derived endophytic fungi represent an underexplored reservoir of biologically active metabolites and enzymes with industrial relevance. This study investigated the fungal diversity associated with seaweed, seagrass, and mangrove leaf tissues collected from Buton Island, Southeast Sulawesi, with particular emphasis on antibacterial properties and cellulolytic activity. Thirty-two fungal isolates were successfully recovered and characterized based on morphological features. Antibacterial assays against Vibrio harveyi showed that several isolates, notably WB 1-2, WB 6-2, and SM 27-2, produced clear inhibition zones ranging from 11 to 13 mm, demonstrating notable antibacterial efficacy. Among all isolates, Aspergillus terreus (WB 1-2) exhibited the highest cellulase activity and was therefore selected for further enzymatic evaluation. The crude cellulase displayed maximum activity at pH 4 and a temperature of 70 °C. Hydrolysis products were qualitatively analyzed using HPLC, confirming the presence of glucose. These results highlight the dual potential of marine endophytic fungi as sources of antibacterial agents and thermostable cellulases. This work lays the groundwork for future development of eco-friendly enzyme production and marine-based antimicrobial resources, supporting sustainable biotechnological innovation within the blue economy framework.

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