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INDONESIA
Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology
Published by Pusat Litbang Daya Saing Produk dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan
ISSN : 20895690     EISSN : 24069272     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture, Social,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Environmental Science Immunology & microbiology
Squalen publishes original and innovative research to provide readers with the latest research, knowledge, emerging technologies, postharvest, processing and preservation, food safety and environment, biotechnology and bio-discovery of marine and fisheries. The key focus of the research should be on marine and fishery and the manuscript should include a fundamental discussion of the research findings and their significance. Manuscripts that simply report data without providing a detailed interpretation of the results are unlikely to be accepted for publication in the journal.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 363 Documents
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Antioxidant Profiling of Botryocladia leptopoda Based on In Silico and In Vitro Studies Panjaitan, Fenny Crista Anastasia; Chai, Huey-Jine
Squalen, Buletin Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 20, No 1 (2025): May 2025
Publisher : :Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/squalen.984

Abstract

Seaweed has long been recognized as an excellent source of antioxidants. The presence of antioxidant activity from Botryocladia leptopoda was investigated. The study aims to estimate the potential antioxidative peptides released by B. leptopoda sequences using an in-silico approach and to explore the antioxidant capacities revealed by different extracts. In silico studies using the ProtParam and BIOPEP-UWM databases showed that B. leptopoda proteins are potential sources of antioxidative peptides. Glycine and leucine were identified as the primary amino acids detected in the sequences. The antioxidant capacities of various seaweed extracts at different drying temperatures (60 °C and 70 °C) and solvents (alkaline-ethanol, ethanol, and water) were further observed in vitro. The fraction from alkaline-ethanol extraction of seaweed dried at 60 °C (BL-A, 1 mg/mL) produced a high phenolic concentration of 6.44 mg GA/g (p 0.05). It exhibited superior reducing power activity, with an absorbance of 0.29 at 700 nm (p 0.05) and ferrous ion chelating activity of 99.64% (p 0.05). In comparison, significant DPPH radical scavenging activities were observed in the ethanol extracts of seaweed dried at 60 °C (BL-B) and 70 °C (BL-C), with 46.08% and 33.74%, respectively, at a 1 mg/mL concentration (p 0.05). At a 10 mg/mL concentration, BL-B and BL-C optimally scavenged DPPH radicals (96.61% and 94.79%, respectively). Overall, this study showed that in silico and in vitro analyses yielded similar results. Thus, B. leptopoda can be considered a promising source of antioxidative products in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries.
Marine Bacteria Producing L-Asparaginase with Low Glutaminase and Urease Co-Activity from Pangandaran East Coast Indonesia Pertiwi, Wulan; Namira, Azmy Jasmine; Moeis, Maelita Ramdani; Muharram, Luthfia Hastiani; Hernahadini, Nelis
Squalen, Buletin Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 20, No 1 (2025): May 2025
Publisher : :Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/squalen.908

Abstract

acterial L-asparaginase is a therapeutic enzyme widely used in the treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Although L-asparaginase is prominent in treating ALL, its use is limited due to its side effects caused by its dual substrate specificity towards both asparagine and glutamine. This study aimed to isolate and identify marine bacteria from the East Coast of Pangandaran capable of producing L-asparaginase with low glutaminase and urease co-activities. A semi-quantitative approach was employed, involving the isolation and screening of seawater bacteria using Zobell Marine media supplemented with L-asparagine, glutamine or urea and phenol red as a pH indicator to determine the enzymatic activity. Molecular identification was performed by amplifying and sequencing the 16S rRNA gene, followed by phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining method with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. The results indicated that the bacterial isolate designated PT3 exhibited a high enzymatic index of 4.2 for L-asparaginase, surpassing that of the positive control (E. coli), which had an index of 1.4. Sequence analysis revealed that PT3 shared 99.58% identity with Marinobacterium georgiense strain NBRC 102606, an earlier synonym of Marinobacterium iners. Therefore, PT3 was identified as a strain of Marinobacterium iners, with potential as a novel source of L-asparaginase and displayed significant L-asparaginase activity with minimal co-activity of glutaminase and urease, highlighting its potential as a safer alternative for therapeutic enzyme development.
Microbial and Amino Acid Changes in Pre and Post- Fermentation Shrimp Paste from Cirebon, West Java Diani, Nadhira P.; Triwibowo, Radestya; Pratama, Rusky I.; Rachmawati, Novalia
Squalen, Buletin Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 20, No 1 (2025): May 2025
Publisher : :Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/squalen.1007

Abstract

This study investigates the changes in microbial communities and amino acid profiles in shrimp paste (terasi) from Cirebon, West Java, before and after fermentation. Samples were collected from two traditional processors, representing different stages of shrimp paste processing. The microbial diversity was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, revealing significant shifts in bacterial populations during fermentation. Processor A’s shrimp paste showed a dominance of Bacilli, with Staphylococcus becoming more prevalent post-fermentation, while Processor B’s paste exhibited a more diverse microbial community, including Empedobacter and Acinetobacter. The study identified 60 and 64 genera in Processor A’s samples before and after fermentation, respectively, and 26 and 41 genera in Processor B’s samples. Vibrio, initially present in the raw material, was eliminated post-fermentation. Amino acid analysis indicated an increase in key amino acids such as glutamic acid and leucine post-fermentation, contributing to the enhanced flavor profile of the shrimp paste. Processor A’s shrimp paste showed significant increases in amino acids, with glutamic acid reaching 64,249 mg/kg, Processor B’s paste had a more moderate increase, with glutamic acid at 10,714 mg/kg post fermentation. These findings highlight the significant influence of fermentation conditions on the microbial and biochemical composition of shrimp paste, emphasizing the importance of standardized processing methods to ensure consistent product quality and safety.
Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of Methanolic Extract and Fractions from Green Seaweed Ulva lactuca Gazali, Mohamad; Maknun, Fazidatul Lu’luil; Husni, Amir; Nurjanah, Nurjanah; Nursid, Muhammad; Hasanah, Uswatun; Zuriat, Zuriat; Syafitri, Rina
Squalen, Buletin Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 20, No 1 (2025): May 2025
Publisher : :Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/squalen.915

Abstract

Ulva lactuca, a widely available green seaweed, has demonstrated promising bioactivity as a tyrosinase inhibitor. This study aimed to evaluate the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of U. lactuca extracts and identify the active compounds responsible. The seaweed was extracted using methanol via maceration, followed by partitioning with hexane, chloroform, and water. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using UV-VIS spectrophotometry, and tyrosinase inhibition was assessed in vitro. Among the tested fractions, the hexane fraction exhibited the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 584.34 ± 35.07 µg/mL, classifying it as an active inhibitor. Although this activity was weaker than kojic acid (IC50 = 11.07 ± 0.86 µg/mL), the hexane fraction showed relatively high phenolic (11.66 ± 0.53 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (9.75 ± 0.30 mg QE/g) contents. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified several bioactive compounds, notably 2,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid, chalcone, and derivatives such as 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid and phloretin. These findings highlight the potential of U. lactuca, particularly its hexane fraction, as a source of natural tyrosinase inhibitors. This opens avenues for its application in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, especially in formulations targeting hyperpigmentation and skin brightening.
In-Silico Approach of Mole Crab (Emerita sp.) Peptides Produced by Alcalase Hydrolysis Romadhon, Romadhon; Sabdono, Agus; Subagyo, Subagyo; Triyanto, Agus; Riyadi, Putut Har; Amalia, Ulfah
Squalen, Buletin Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 20, No 1 (2025): May 2025
Publisher : :Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/squalen.1018

Abstract

One type of mole crab in Indonesia is Emerita sp., which has a fatty acid content of 3.57% and crude protein content of 32.42% (100 mg). The use of mole crabs is currently limited to food sources; therefore, it is necessary to conduct research to optimize the use of mole crabs, which are a source of protein hydrolysate. The samples were used under fresh conditions and stored at −20°C before processing. This study aimed to produce protein hydrolysates from moles of crabs. This hydrolysate is produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of marine back-down raw materials using alcalase. In silico analyses have identified the potential of marine-receding protein hydrolysates. The results of in silico analysis using BIOPEP and Peptide Ranker revealed that these peptides exhibited multiple bioactivities, including ACE inhibition, DPP-IV inhibition, and antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. The dipeptide PW (Pro-Trp) achieved the highest Peptide Ranker score of 0.993, with a predicted dual function as an antioxidant and DPP-IV inhibitor. Molecular docking confirmed strong binding affinities to target receptors, with the AF peptide displaying the best interaction against ACE (−129.70 kcal/mol) and GH peptide against DPP-IV (−113.68 kcal/mol). These results suggest that mole crab hydrolysate contains promising peptides with potential applications as nutraceuticals, particularly in the management of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The highest potency based on the in-silico peptide hydrolysate has a strong antihypertensive effect. Further in vivo research is needed to explain the potential of sea retreat peptides as bioactive antihypertensive agents in peptide form.  
Antibacterial Activity of Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta Using Various Antibiotics as Positive Controls: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Aisah, Aisah; Suyatma, Nugraha Edhi; Kusumaningrum, Harsi Dewantari
Squalen, Buletin Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 20, No 1 (2025): May 2025
Publisher : :Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/squalen.917

Abstract

Different species of marine macroalgae have been reported to demonstrate antimicrobial activities against numerous bacteria, with varying results. According to the studies, other antibiotics have been used as positive controls. This study evaluated the effect of crude extracts and sulphated polysaccharides from Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta in inhibiting bacterial growth in terms of the diameter of inhibition zones (DIZ) using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. A total of 835 data, extracted from 23 selected articles, were analyzed using OpenMeesoftware by comparing the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The largest DIZ that Chlorophyta showed was 35 mm, Phaeophyta was 27.3 mm, and Rhodophyta was 25.66 mm, which was categorized as a very strong activity. The crude extract revealed a better inhibitory activity than the sulphatedpolysaccharides. The overall effect size for crude extracts was with SMD = -1.72 (CI = -1.96 to -1.48, I2 = 84.65%, p 0.000) and for sulphated polysaccharides with SMD = -13.07 (CI = -16.00 to -10.14, I2 = 85.8%, p 0.000), respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that when ciprofloxacin was used, the SMD value was -12.88 (CI = -14.50 to -11.25), whereas if ampicillin was used, the SMD value was 1.81 (CI = 1.27 to 2.35). This study proved that Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta revealed promising antibacterial activities. However, the overall effect size was affectedby the antibiotic used when comparing the SMD of the DIZ using a meta-analysis approach. Other factors, such as extraction methods and bacterial strains that likely affect the overall effect size, are subjected to further analysis in the next study.
Antioxidant Bioactive Peptides from By-Product Canned Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus sp.) through an Enzymatic Membrane Reactor (EMR) Hardoko, Hardoko; Priantono, Azahraa K.; Reda, Flavia D.; Haji, Tunggul S.; Sitanggang, Azis B.; Puspitasari, Yunita E.
Squalen, Buletin Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 20, No 2 (2025): August 2025
Publisher : :Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/squalen.980

Abstract

As a by-product of the pre-cooking phase, canned yellow fin tuna (Thunnus sp.) is processed into body juice. A bioactive peptide derived from an organism#39;s body juice was developed to create a functional food. Hence, the purpose of the research was to evaluate the biological activity of antioxidant bioactive peptides prepared from body juice. Three stages were conducted to determine the substrate-to-enzyme and enzyme-to-substrate ratios for the production of antioxidative bioactive peptides in a batch reactor. These stages include the production of antioxidative bioactive peptides in an automated EMR with a constant flux and residence time, as well as the production of bioactive peptides using ultrafiltration with membranes of 10, 5, 4, and 2 kDa. The process was conducted at a temperature of 50°C, pH level of 7, constant flux of 8.08 L/m 2 /h, enzyme concentration of 15%, and substrate concentration of 2%. Furthermore, the optimal treatment implemented an automated EMR and filtered through a membrane of size 4 kDa, generating an IC 50 value of 0.604 mg/mL for antioxidant activity. The LC–MS analysis results indicated that the bioactive peptide, which passed through a 4 kDa membrane, contained the amino acid phenylalanine. Therefore, it can be inferred that an automated EMR could potentially be applied to create bioactive peptides from the body juice of by-products of canned yellow fin tuna (Thunnus sp.) that exhibit antioxidant activity.
Antioxidant Activity and Lipid Content of Aurantiochytrium sp. from Raja Ampat and Kepulauan Seribu Witasari, Hardi Astuti; Kintoko, Kintoko; Mahfudh, Nurkhasanah; Suhendra, Suhendra; Rangkuti, Ahmad Faizal; Ilmia, Nisrien; Santoso, Blegoh Iwan; Hutari, Andri
Squalen, Buletin Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 20, No 2 (2025): August 2025
Publisher : :Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/squalen.1015

Abstract

Raja Ampat (Southwest Papua Province) and Kepulauan Seribu (Jakarta Raya Province) are part of Indonesia#39;s territory, which includes the mangrove forest area. This habitat supports a diverse array of animals, plants, and microalgae, including Aurantiochytrium sp. It has antioxidant activity related to lipid content. This study aims to identify the lipid content and the antioxidant effects of the microalgae Aurantiochytrium sp.’s extract isolated from the mangrove forest areas of Raja Ampat and Kepulauan Seribu. The extraction process was conducted using the Folch method, which involves a 2:1 (v/v) chloroform-methanol solvent ratio. The microalgae Aurantiochytrium sp. extract of Raja Ampat (MAERA) and microalgae Aurantiochytrium sp. extract of Kepulauan Seribu (MAEKS) were analyzed using GC-MS, antioxidant potential tested in silico by target proteins (5ZLG, 2A1X, 3VLN, and 1EEM) using Autodock Tools, and in vitro by DPPH and ABTS radicals and the carotenoid bleaching method. The results showed that total squalene and fatty acids in MAERA and MAEKS were at different levels. Squalene as a ligand had the lowest binding energy (-9.4, -6.6, -7.7, and -6.5) compared to the native ligand (-5.6, -4.4, -5.2, and -5.2) and ascorbic acid (-5.6, -4.8, -5.3, and -4.9) by in silico antioxidant activity. The in vitro antioxidant activities by DPPH, ABTS, and ß-caroteen bleaching were 103.00 ± 3.75, 216.39 ± 367, 214.62 ± 7,07 (MAERA); and 131.85 ± 23.48, 225.50 ± 3.36, 251.69 ± 5.39 (MAEKS) were not significantly different (pgt;0.05) by all methods. These findings showed that the Aurantiochytrium sp. strains Raja Ampat and Kepulauan Seribu contained diverse levels of fatty acids and squalene. In the in silico study, squalene was evaluated and in vitro, the MAERA and MAEKS extracts showed moderate antioxidant activity.
Extraction of Eutectogel-Carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) Assisted by Ultrasonication Enda, Dion Kurnia Alfarobi; Santoso, Joko; Uju, Uju; Ramadhan, Wahyu
Squalen, Buletin Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 20, No 2 (2025): August 2025
Publisher : :Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/squalen.1023

Abstract

The extraction process of carrageenan from red seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) still predominantly employs conventional solvents, which leave residues that pose potential risks to human health and the environment. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) are green solvents that are biodegradable, biocompatible, and sustainable, offer a promising alternative. The process of extracting carrageenan polysaccharides using NADES enables simultaneous synthesis-extraction (SSE). This process operates through supramolecular interactions and facilitates in situ gel formation, resulting in a Marine Eutectogel based on carrageenan, referred to as Eutectogel-Carrageenan. This study aims to determine the optimal extraction conditions, in terms of temperature and time, for the characteristics of the Eutectogel-Carrageenan-NADES (ECN) produced, and to compare them with those of the Eutectogel-Carrageenan-Commercial (ECC). The research process includes sample preparation, NADES preparation, Eutectogel- Carrageenan extraction using NADES assisted by ultrasonication, and characterization. The optimal condition was established at 80°C for 60 minutes, yielding ECN with a moisture content of 18.93%, yield of 28.81% (db), and viscosity of 5.82 cP. Comparative analyses showed that ECN had a slightly lower sulfate content (3.96% db) and nearly identical functional group spectra compared to ECC, along with rheological properties of lower rigidity and a lower melting point. These findings confirm that ECN produced under optimal NADES-assisted ultrasonication exhibits comparable quality to ECC. This study demonstrates, for the first time, feasibility ofsimultaneous synthesis–extraction of carrageenan eutectogels using NADES, offering a sustainable approach with concrete prospects for food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical applications.
Viability of Encapsulated Bacteria using Gel Particle and Foam-Mat Drying with k-carrageenan/Chitosan and i-carrageenan/Chitosan Setijawati, Dwi; Jaziri, Abdul Aziz; Awang, Mohd Azrie Bin; Firdaus, Muhamad; Budiutami, Aryanti Diah Ayu; Alifiani, Alifiani; Mahara, Fenny Amilia; Islamy, R Adharyan
Squalen, Buletin Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan Vol 20, No 2 (2025): August 2025
Publisher : :Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/squalen.860

Abstract

The study aimed to determine the effect of using a mixture of kappa-carrageenan/Chitosan and Iota carrageenan/Chitosan as encapsulating materials for Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum on viability, encapsulation yield, moisture content and aw of microcapsules. The research method is an experimental laboratory design, ANOVA, LSD using the Excel program. The results showed that using chitosan with a DD of 83.5% in the i-carrageenan/Chitosan mixture gave the highest viability of Bifidobacterium bifidum. The combination of i-carrageenan/chitosan coating ingredients with a concentration ratio of 0.5%:1.5% produced probiotic viability (L aci + B bifi) of 6.56 log CFU/g, while probiotic viability (B bifi) was the highest with a viability 6.70 log CFU/g. The highest probiotic encapsulation yield (L aci+B bifi) was 72.85%. The water content of the microcapsules (L aci+B bifi) was 8.96%, and the aw value was 0.63. It is recommended to carry out further testing using a processing factor for its viability.  

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