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Jurnal bahasa, sastra, seni, dan pengajarannya
Published by Universitas Negeri Malang
ISSN : 08548277     EISSN : 25500635     DOI : https://doi.org/10.17977/2550-0635
Core Subject : Science, Education, Art,
Arts Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Library & Information Science Other
The Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal that reports on all aspects language, literature, arts, and their relation to teaching, the aim of this journal is to highlight research and development leading to an advancement in the field of language, literature, arts, and teaching methods. It publishes scientific articles on language, literature, and art, as well as their relation to teaching, including empirical and theoretical studies, original research, case studies, research or book reviews, and innovation in teaching and learning with various perspectives. Specific topics covered in the journal include: Art and Design Education Music Education Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research Educational Methods Educational Technology Higher Education Language and Literacy Education Online and Distance Education Special Education and Teaching Teacher Education and Professional Development
Arjuna Subject : Seni dan Humaniora - Bahasa dan Linguistik
Articles 282 Documents
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Akomodasi komunikasi pada percakapan antar anggota keluarga multilingual Indriani, Ketut Santi
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya Vol. 49, No. 1
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Humans interact through communication. In conversations, they tend to practice communication accommodation, where utterances are adjusted among interlocutors. One of humans’ first social interactions is with their family. In a multilingual family, communication accommodation often takes place. The aim of this study is to determine the forms of communication accommodation that occur in conversations between multilingual family members and to determine the factors that motivate their emergence. The data in this study are in the forms of oral conversations between multilingual family members. They were collected using observation method where in some parts the researcher was involved and not involved in the conversations. Data were also collected through basic tapping technique, complemented with note-taking technique. They were then analyzed quantitatively and analytical results were presented formally. The results showed that convergent and divergent communication accommodation process occurred in conversations between multilingual family members. In general, convergent accommodation is more common as compared to divergent accommodation. Different communication accom­modations were revealed when they are discussed from the perspective of completeness and direction of the accommodation. In addition, they are driven by different factors. Manusia berinteraksi melalui komunikasi dan cenderung untuk mengadakan penyesuaian dengan lawan tuturnya. Peristiwa ini dikenal dengan istilah akomodasi komunikasi. Interaksi yang paling awal dilakukan oleh seseorang pada umumnya dimulai dari lingkungan keluarga. Dalam sebuah keluarga yang multilingual, peluang munculnya akomodasi komunikasi sangatlah besar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk-bentuk akomodasi komunikasi yang terjadi dalam percakapan antar anggota keluarga yang multilingual serta mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mendorong munculnya akomodasi komunikasi tersebut. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa data percakapan antaranggota keluarga yang multilingual. Pengumpulan data diakukan dengan metode observasi libat cakap dan bebas libat cakap dengan menggunakan teknik dasar sadap kemudian dilanjutkan dengan menerapkan teknik catat. Data dalam penelitian ini dianalisis secara kuantitatif dan hasil analisis disajikan secara formal. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, ditemukan bahwa terdapat proses akomodasi komunikasi yang terjadi dalam percakapan antar anggota keluarga yang multilingual. Akomodasi tersebut bersifat konvergensi maupun divergensi. Secara keseluruhan, akomodasi yang bersifat konvergen lebih sering terjadi jika dibandingkan dengan akomodasi yang bersifat divergen. Akomodasi komunikasi yang terjadi berbeda-beda ditinjau dari segi kelengkapan dan arah akomodasi dengan faktor pendorong yang berbeda-beda pula.
Persepsi mahasiswa terhadap informasi hoax di media digital Mandasari, Nur Octavi; Wijayati, Primardiana Hermilia; Usman, Rizman
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya Vol. 49, No. 1
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This study aims to determine student perception of hoax information distributed in digital media. The research is a survey study involving bachelor and master’s students from 18 study programs at the Faculty of Letters, Universitas Negeri Malang, as participants. Data were collected through questionnaires circulatedonline using Google Form. They were then analyzed using SPSS, including Descriptive Statistics and Independence Sample T-Test. The results showed that the majority of students aredeeply concerned about hoax information in digital media. The majority of students checked the information available in the media, confirmed whether the information received is valid, and further assessed that media such as radio, newspapers, television, magazines, and social media can spread hoaxes. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui persepsi mahasiswa terhadap informasi hoax yang tersebar di media digital. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian survei dengan responden penelitian yang terdiri dari mahasiswa program D3, S1 dan S2 pada 18 program studi di Fakultas Sastra Universitas Negeri Malang. Pengumpulan data angket dilakukan secara daring menggunakan aplikasi Google Form. Data kemudian dianalisis menggunakan SPSS, meliputi Descriptive Statistics dan Independence Sample T-Test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas mahasiswa mempunyai kepedulian yang tinggi terhadap informasi hoax di media digital. Mayoritas mahasiswa memeriksa informasi yang ada di media, serta memastikan informasi yang diterima valid. Kemudian menilai bahwa media seperti radio, surat kabar, televisi, majalah dan media sosial dapat menjadi sarana untuk menyebarkan hoax.
Korelasi pola gerakan mata dengan kemampuan membaca pemahaman Rahma, Rosita; Nurhadi, Jatmika; Aswan, Aswan
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya Vol. 49, No. 1
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This study aims to determine the relationship between eye movement patterns and reading comprehension skills. Data were collected from 20 participants during reading comprehension activities using the Tobii Eye Tracker. Hypothesis testing conducted using the Chi-square Test through Crosstabs analysis shows the value of Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) 0.788 > 0.05, which leads to a conclusion that Ho is accepted and Ha is rejected. Therefore, we conclude that there is no relationship between eye movement patterns and the reading comprehension ability among the participants. This is because eye movement patterns are visual technical in nature, while the ability to read comprehension is more likely to lead to one's cognition. Although there is no relationship between eye movement patterns and reading comprehension, eye movements can be used to identify cognitive processes during reading activities. For example, determining the time needed in the reading process, identifying the level of text familiarity, the reader's predictability, and a person's weakness in reading. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pola gerakan mata dengan kemampuan membaca pemahaman. Pengambilan data terhadap 20 responden dilakukan pada saat aktivitas membaca pemahaman dengan menggunakan Tobii Eye Tracker. Uji hipotesis dengan menggunakan Chi-square Test melalui analisis Crosstabs menunjukkan nilai Asymp. Sig. (2 sided) 0,788 > 0,05, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa Ho diterima dan Ha ditolak. Artinya, tidak terdapat hubungan antara pola gerakan mata dengan kemampuan membaca pemahaman responden. Hal ini disebabkan karena pola gerakan mata bersifat visual teknis, sedangkan kemampuan membaca pemahaman lebih cenderung ke arah kognisi seseorang. Meskipun tidak ada hubungan antara pola gerakan mata dengan membaca pemahaman, gerakan mata dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi proses kognitif pada saat aktivitas membaca dilakukan. Misalnya, menentukan waktu yang diperlukan pada proses membaca, mengidentifikasi tingkat keakraban teks, kemampuan prediktabilitas pembaca, serta kelemahan seseorang dalam membaca.
المقروئية لترجمة آيات الأمر القرآنية الواردة في القرآن الكريم ترجمة تفسيرية Al Farisi, Mohamad Zaka
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya Vol. 49, No. 1
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The stylistics of the Quran often becomes obstacles in translation. In the Quran, many imperative speech acts do not convey the meaning of commands yet present particular pragmatic meanings such as praying, threatening, insulting, etc. These pragmatic meanings make the translation process difficult. The difficulty occurs because the translator faces speech acts with a different sentence meaning from its utterance meaning. This research aims to reveal the readability of the translation of the imperative verses that have particular pragmatic meanings. In this regard, the research samples were taken purposively in the form of imperative verses of the Quran with certain pragmatic meanings. The unit of analysis is the translation of these imperative verses, which are included in the Al-Qur'anul Karim Tarjamah Tafsiriyah by Muhammad Thalib. Apart from using the cloze test, the readability analysis is also based on the respondents' perception of the readability of the translation of the imperative verses. The research findings show that the translation of the imperative verses in Al-Qur'anul Karim Tarjamah Tafsiriyah has a high degree of readability. This finding is reinforced by the results of the cloze test, which shows that the translation of these imperative verses is at an independent level; namely, readers can understand the translation without the need for help from others. The high readability of the translation of these imperative verses, among other things, is due to the use of several translation techniques, such as literal, transposition, reduction, and amplification techniques that are applied in both single and couplet procedures.
The implementation of EDDU as a source of ideas for digital German language teaching Ardiyani, Dewi Kartika; Hidayat, Edy
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya Vol. 49, No. 1
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In the industrial revolution 4.0 era, digital media is an important instrument in all aspects, including in the field of education. Twenty first century teachers are required to have the abilities and skills to utilize media, including digital media. This study aims to provide information for German language teachers and find out their perceptions of the use of Erfolgreich Digital Deutsch Unterrichten (EDDU) media in the learning process. EDDU is an internet-based digital media in the form of learning package, containing materials and learning steps such as games or quizzes. This study implemented a qualitative approach. Data were collected through observations, Forum Group Discussion (FGD), and questionnaires, resulting in qualitative and quantitative data that were described descriptively. The study involved German teachers in Malang, Indonesia. Results of the study indicates that EDDU can be used as a multimedia alternative. It offers teaching ideas and materials that can help teachers to prepare their lessons and present the materials. By using EDDU, German language teachers are able to improve the convenience in their teaching. EDDU is shown to have followed Indonesian high schools syllabus, the materials in EDDU have provided supports for online learning. The activities inspired through EDDU can make their classes more active and attractive. Di era revolusi industri 4.0, media digital merupakan instrumen penting dalam segala aspek, termasuk dalam bidang pendidikan. Oleh karena itu, guru abad 21 dituntut untuk memiliki kemampuan dan kecakapan dalam memanfaatkan media, termasuk media digital. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi kepada guru bahasa Jerman dan mengetahui persepsi mereka terhadap penggunaan media digital Erfolgreich Digital Deutsch Unterrichten (EDDU) dalam pembelajaran. EDDU merupakan media berbasis internet berupa paket pembelajaran yang berisi materi dan langkah-langkah pembelajaran dalam bentuk permainan atau kuis. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan datanya menggunakan observasi, FGD, dan angket yang menghasilkan data kualitatif dan kuantitatif, serta dipaparkan secara deskriptif. Sumber datanya adalah guru bahasa Jerman di Malang, Indonesia. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa media EDDU dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif multimedia. EDDU menawarkan ide mengajar dan materi-materi yang dapat membantu guru menyiapkan pembelajaran dan menyampaikan materi. Dengan menggunakan EDDU, guru bahasa Jerman mendapatkan kemudahan dalam mengajar. Materi dalam EDDU sesuai dengan silabus Sekolah Menengah Atas atau Madrasah Aliyah. Materi yang diberikan mendukung pembelajaran online, dan kegiatan dengan menggunakan EDDU dapat membuat kelas lebih aktif dan menarik.
The contextualization of educational values: Symbolic forms in the interaction of learning process in IAIN Palopo Sukirman, Sukirman; Makmur, Makmur
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya Vol. 49, No. 1
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This study describes aspects of symbolic forms that take place in the interaction of speech acts in learning process at IAIN Palopo, namely the formation of patterns of ideological transformation and character in learning process. Furthermore, this study aims to uncover the values of education expressed in the context of learning. The values are expressed through ideology and critical ideas are represented in symbolic forms. This study used Grounded Theory (GT) and ethnographic approach as it explored interaction behavior in learning. The research subjects were lecturers and students through which utterances containing symbolic forms as primary data sources were elicited via audiovisual recording. Data collection techniques used non-participatory observation and documents, while data analysis techniques employed identification, data reduction, interpretation, presentation, explanation, and conclusions respectively. This current study found some aspects of the continuity of ideology and character in the learning interaction discourse at IAIN Palopo transformed using the patterns of (1) interactions/commands, (2) interrogatives/questions, (3) warnings/advising, (4) comparisons, (5) flexibility, (6) flattery/praise, (7) reinforcement, (8) discipline/orderliness, (9) persuasive/promoting, (10) flexibility/acceptance, and (11) participatory. Here, the patterns function as a strategy for the speaker to express ideology and character to express educational values, such as competence, self-motivation, order, creativity, skills, personality, harmonious attitude, and togetherness that is developed through the context of the learning process. Penelitian ini mendeskripsikan aspek bentuk simbolik yang berlangsung dalam interaksi tindak tutur pembelajaran di IAIN Palopo, yaitu pembentukan pola transformasi ideologi dan karakter berlangsung dalam pembelajaran. Selanjutnya, penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkap nilai-nilai pendidikan yang dinyatakan dalam kontekstualisasi pembelajaran. Nilai tersebut dinyatakan melalui ideologi dan ide kritis direpresentasikan dalam bentuk simbolik. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis grounded theory (GT) dan etnografi karena kajiannya didasarkan pada perilaku interaksi pembelajaran. Selanjutnya, digunakan pendekatan kualitatif bersifat alamiah. Subjek penelitian, yaitu dosen dan mahasiswa sebagai sumber data primer berupa tuturan (teks lisan) yang mengandung bentuk simbolik disadur melalui alat perekam (handycam). Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan observasi (nonpartisipatif), dan dokumen, sedangkan teknik analisis data, yaitu secara bertahap digunakan identifikasi, reduksi data, interpretasi, penyajian, eksplanasi, dan simpulan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dan pembahasan ditemukan aspek keberlangsungan ideologi dan karakter dalam wacana interaksi pembelajaran di IAIN Palopo ditransformasi dengan menggunakan pola (1) interaksi/ perintah, (2) interogatif/ pertanyaan, (3) peringatan/ menasihati, (4) perbandingan, (5) keluwesan/ pelenturan, (6) sanjungan/ pujian, (7) penguatan, (8) kedisiplinan/ keteraturan, (9) persuasif/ mempromosikan, (10) fleksibilitas/ penerimaan, dan (11) partisipatif. Pola tersebut menjadi strategi penutur menyatakan ideologi dan karakter untuk mengungkap nilai-nilai pendidikan, seperti kompetensi, motivasi diri, keteraturan, kreativitas, keterampilan, kepribadian, sikap harmonis, kebersamaan yang terbangun melalui proses kontekstualisasi ruang pembelajaran.
Dunia Arab Saudi dan Islam dalam pandangan orang Indonesia: Narasi pekerja migran dalam novel Pelukis Gurun Pasir (2018) karya Fuad Abdurahman Susanto, Dwi; Nugroho, Miftah; Wati, Rianna
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya Vol. 49, No. 1
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The world of Saudi Arabia in the diaspora experiences of Fuad Abdurahman is written in a novel entitled Pelukis Gurun Pasir (2018). The problems discussed in this study are: (1) the position of subject or author in the narrative structure of the text, (2) the author's relationship with the country of origin, and (3) the voices that appear within the migrant subject in dealing with Saudi Arabian tradition. The theory used is diaspora poetics, which emphasizes the concept of language expression as part of the subject's identity. The object of the research is Pelukis Gurun Pasir (2018) and the author's response to traditions in Saudi Arabia. The data include the narrative structure of the novel’s text, the ideas in the text, the author's biography, and diaspora discourse or social situations. The results show that the image of Saudi Arabian society tends to be evaluated negatively by emphasizing on the chaotic sexuality description of Arabic men, making Saudi Arabia a masculine country. In addition, the author finds tolerant Islamic values in Indonesia, which causes his longing to return to Indonesia. Dunia Arab Saudi dalam pengalaman diaspora Fuad Abdurahman dituliskan dalam Pelukis Gurun Pasir (2018). Masalah yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah (1) posisi subjek atau pengarang dalam tata naratif teks (2) hubungan pengarang dengan negeri asal, dan (3) suara-suara yang muncul dalam diri subjek migran dalam menghadapi tradisi Arab Saudi. Teori yang digunakan adalah puitika diaspora yang menekan pada konsep ekpresi bahasa sebagai bagian dari identitas subjek. Objek kajian penelitian adalah novel Pelukis Gurun Pasir (2018) dan tanggapan pengarang terhadap tradisi di Arab Saudi. Data yang digunakan adalah tata naratif teks novel, gagasan yang muncul dalam teks, riwayat pengarang, dan wacana diaspora atau situasi sosial. Hasil penelitian ini adalah bahwa citra masyarakat Arab Saudi cenderung dinilai secara negatif dengan menekankan pada deskripsi seksualitas yang kacau dari laki-laki Arab sehingga Arab Saudi adalah negeri maskulin. Selain itu, pengarang justru menemukan nilai-nilai keislaman yang toleran berada di Indonesia sehingga pengarang merindukan pulang ke Indonesia.
Rhetorical move structure of soft and hard science research article introductions by novice Indonesian authors Nabilla, Salma; Kurniawan, Eri; Gunawan, Wawan
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya Vol. 49, No. 2
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Research article introduction is crucial in justifying a research topic and presenting the significant contribution of a study to the advancement of knowledge. Prior studies have attempted to investigate research article introductions from various viewpoints. However, the way novice Indonesian authors rhetorically construct their introductions is still under-explored. This study aims to explore cross-disciplinary introductions with regard to rhetorical move structure and the linguistic realizations of the moves. Employing Swale’s (2004) revised CARS model, a corpus of 10 research articles from the fields of soft and hard science were analyzed. The findings revealed that the two disciplines were in agreement on the compulsory status of Move 1 Establishing a territory and Move 3 Presenting the present work and the conventional use of Move 2 Establishing a niche. However, discrepancies arose in the step level. Regarding the linguistic features, soft and hard science authors preferred using present tense and active voice in realizing the moves. In addition, a considerable number of metadiscourse such as hedges and boosters were observed in the introductions. This study concludes that novice Indonesian authors’ disciplinary expertise possibly influences the quality of their introductions. Pendahuluan artikel penelitian sangat penting dalam menjustifikasikan topik penelitian dan menyajikan kontribusi signifikan dari studi yang dilakukan untuk perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan. Penelitian terdahulu telah berupaya untuk menyelidiki bagian pendahuluan artikel penelitian dari beragam perspektif. Namun, cara penulis pemula Indonesia mengkonstruksi bagian pendahuluan mereka secara retoris masih kurang dieksplorasi. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi bagian pendahuluan lintas disiplin berkaitan dengan struktur pola retorika pendahuluan dan realisasi linguistik dari pola tersebut. Menerapkan revisi model CARS oleh Swales (2004), sebuah korpus yang merupakan kumpulan 10 pendahuluan artikel penelitian dari disiplin ilmu soft dan hard science dianalisis. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedua disiplin sepakat tentang status wajib dari Move 1 Establishing a territory dan Move 3 Presenting the present work, dan penggunaan konvensional Move 2 Establishing a niche. Namun, perbedaan muncul pada tiap tingkatan. Berkaitan dengan fitur linguistik, penulis soft dan hard science lebih memilih menggunakan kalimat aktif dan bentuk waktu masa kini (present tense) dalam merealisasikan pola. Selain itu, sejumlah besar metadiscourse seperti hedges dan boosters teramati dalam bagian pendahuluan. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa perbedaan fokus keilmuan penulis pemula Indonesia kemungkinan mempengaruhi kualitas pendahuluan mereka.
Improving students’ interest in music subject through practical learning in junior high school Saputra, Dani Nur; Herdiati, Dian
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya Vol. 49, No. 2
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This research aims to investigate problems and ways to increase students’ interest in music learning with practical learning methods. This study uses descriptive qualitative and quantitative (mixed) methods. Data were collected by means of questionnaires, observations and interviews. They were then analyzed by calculating the presentation of the success of the actions in this study. Indicator analysis consists of several aspects, including affective data (attitudes) obtained from observations, cognitive (knowledge) obtained from the students’ assessment, and the questionnaire analysis of the research sample. Researchers took a research sample at one of the schools in Jakarta. Then the researchers randomly selected 15 students from different classes in the school as research participants. The results showed that practical learning could increase students’ interest by 87% in category A with a very satisfying indexation when compared to the previous method applied by most teachers, the classical learning method. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji masalah dan berupaya untuk meningkatkan minat belajar musik siswa dengan metode pembelajaran praktek. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif (campuran). Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan kuesioner, observasi, dan wawancara. Pengumpulan data tersebut kemudian dianalisis dengan menghitung penyajian keberhasilan tindakan dalam penelitian ini. Analisis indikator terdiri dari aspek data afektif (sikap) yang diperoleh dari observasi dan aspek kognitif (pengetahuan) yang diperoleh dari penilaian siswa, serta hasil analisis angket sampel penelitian. Peneliti mengambil sampel penelitian di salah satu sekolah di Jakarta. Kemudian peneliti memilih secara acak 15 siswa dari kelas yang berbeda di sekolah tersebut sebagai objek penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran praktik dapat meningkatkan minat siswa sebesar 87% pada kategori A dengan indeksasi yang sangat memuaskan dibandingkan metode sebelumnya yang diterapkan oleh sebagian besar guru, yaitu metode pembelajaran klasikal.
Eksotisme dan pencitraan perempuan pribumi dalam novel Tjerita Njai Dasima Esaliana, Dias; Cinthya, Nathasha; Susanto, Dwi
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya Vol. 49, No. 2
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This study intends to show the self-image of Indonesian women who are considered ‘exotic’ in Gijsbert Francis’ novel Tjerita Njai Dasima. The term exotic refers to alienation and othering Europeans raised towards the eastern world, especially Indonesia. The author discusses the image of Indonesian women featured in the novel Tjerita Njai Dasima through the point of view of postcolonial feminists using a qualitative descriptive method by displaying the result based on subject relations and imagery built in the novel. The data in the discussion focuses on the contents of literary works dealing with postcolonial discourse, which brings out the construction of identity towards women based on the reality that women are often seen as symbolic images and objects of male invaders. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan citra diri perempuan Indonesia yang digambarkan sebagai sesuatu yang dianggap ‘eksotik’ dalam novel Tjerita Njai Dasima karya Gijsbert Francis. Eksotik yang dimaksudkan merupakan suatu keasingan dan keliyanan yang dimunculkan oleh bangsa Barat terhadap dunia Timur, khususnya Indonesia. Penulis membahas citra perempuan Indonesia yang ditampilkan dalam novel Tjerita Njai Dasima melalui sudut pandang feminis pascakolonial menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif yakni dengan menampilkan hasil berdasarkan relasi-relasi subjek dan pencitraan yang dibangun dalam novel Tjerita Njai Dasima versi Gijsbert Francis. Data pada pembahasan difokuskan pada isi karya sastra yang mengandung wacana pascakolonial yang memuncul­kan konstruksi identitas terhadap perempuan. Perempuan sering dianggap sebagai gambaran simbolis dan objek dari pria yang menjajah.

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