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I G. Made Krisna Erawan
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Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medecine Building, Udayana University, 2nd Floor, Jalan Raya Sesetan, Gang Markisa No 6, Banjar Gaduh, Sesetan, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
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INDONESIA
Jurnal Veteriner
Published by Universitas Udayana
ISSN : 14118327     EISSN : 24775665     DOI : https://doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner
Core Subject : Health,
Jurnal Veteriner memuat naskah ilmiah dalam bidang kedokteran hewan. Naskah dapat berupa: hasil penelitian, artikel ulas balik (review), dan laporan kasus. Naskah harus asli (belum pernah dipublikasikan) dan ditulis menggunakan bahasa Indonesia atau bahasa Inggris. Naskah ilmiah yang telah diseminarkan dalam pertemuan ilmiah nasional dan internasional, hendaknya disertai dengan catatan kaki
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 1,116 Documents
Pemberian Ekstrak Metanol Akar Pasak Bumi Mempertahankan Bobot Badan Induk Mencit Selama Menyusui (ADMINISTRATION OF EURYCOMA LONGIFOLIA EXTRACTS STABILIZED THE BODY WEIGHT OF LACTATING MICE) Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan; Zulfan .
Jurnal Veteriner Vol 16 No 4 (2015)
Publisher : Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University and Published in collaboration with the Indonesia Veterinarian Association

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Abstract

This research aim is to study the effect of E. longifolia Jack. roots methanol extract and its derivedfraction (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol-water) on body weight of lactating mice. Thetreatment groups were administered 14 mg/20 g body weight of E. longifolia Jack. roots methanol extractand its derived fractions for 21 consecutive days. As a control are without treatment and placebo whichreceived aquadest at dose 0.056 ml/20 g body weight. The administration of E. longifolia Jack rootsmethanol extract showed the smallest change of body weight 29,63 g at the 3rd day and 29,31 g at the 21stday. Compared without treatment and placebo, oral administration of E. longifolia Jack. roots methanolextract and its derived fractions had no significant effects on body weight lactating mice at the 3rd and 21stdays in lactation period (p>0.05). It is concluded that the consumption of E. longifolia Jack. roots methanolextract and its derived fraction during lactation period not influence body weight of lactating mice.
Parasitic Worm in Tiger (Panthera tigris) at Serulingmas Zoological Garden Banjarnegara, Bandung Zoological Garden, and Indonesia Safari Park Bogor Risa Tiuria; Unita Pratiwi; Ligaya ITA Tumbelaka
Jurnal Veteriner Vol 18 No 1 (2017)
Publisher : Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University and Published in collaboration with the Indonesia Veterinarian Association

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (172.4 KB) | DOI: 10.19087/jveteriner.2017.18.1.1

Abstract

This research was done to infestigate the existence and the type of parasitic worms from feces of tiger (Panthera tigris) at Serulingmas Zoological Garden (TRMS) at Banjarnegara, Central Java , Bandung Zoological Garden (KBB), and Indonesia Safari Park Bogor (TSI). Total of 35 tigers feces samples were examined. They are taken from 4 Bengal tigers at Serulingmas Zoological Garden, 12 tigers (8 Bengal tigers and 4 Sumatran tigers) at Bandung Zoological Garden, and 19 tigers (4 Bengal tigers and 15 Sumatran tigers) at Indonesia Safari Park Bogor. All of the feces samples were examined with qualitative (flotation and sedimentation) and quantitative (McMaster slide) method to know the existence of parasitic worm eggs. Moreover, a tiger feces that contain eggs of strongylid were cultured. Parasitic worms that were found in tigers from the research were ascarid (Toxocara sp, Toxascaris sp), strongylid (Trichostrongylus sp, Ancylostoma sp, Cooperia sp), ), oxyurid (Oxyuris sp) and Strongyloides sp. The result showed that prevalence index of parasitic worms in tigers at TRMS, KBB, and TSI were 100%, 50%, and 47,4%, respectively. Parasitic worms at TRMS were ascarid (Toxocara sp), strongylid (Ancylostoma sp, Trichostrongylus sp, Cooperia sp) and Strongyloides sp. Parasitic worms at KBB were ascarid (Toxocara sp, Toxascaris sp), strongylid (Ancylostoma sp, Trichostrongylus sp), dan oxyurid (Oxyuris sp). Parasitic worms at TSI were ascarid (Toxocara sp, Toxascaris sp), strongylid (Ancylostoma sp), and oxyurid (Oxyuris sp). ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui jenis cacing parasitik pada harimau (Panthera tigris) di Taman Rekreasi Margasatwa Serulingmas (TRMS) Banjarnegara Jawa Tengah, Kebun Binatang Bandung (KBB), dan Taman Safari Indonesia (TSI) Bogor. Sebanyak 35 sampel tinja harimau dari tiga lembaga konservasi eks-situ, yaitu 4 ekor harimau Benggala dari TRMS, 12 ekor (4 ekor harimau Benggala dan 8 ekor harimau Sumatera) dari KBB, dan 19 ekor (4 ekor harimau Benggala dan 15 ekor harimau Sumatera) dari TSI Bogor. Semua sampel tinja diperiksa dengan metoda kualitatif (pengapungan dan sedimentasi) dan kuantitatif (metoda McMaster). Selain itu juga dilakukan pemupukan pada tinja yang positif telur strongylid. Cacing parasitik yang ditemukan dari penelitian ini adalah cacing ascarid (Toxocara sp, Toxascaris sp), cacing strongylid (Trichostrongylus sp, Ancylostoma sp, Cooperia sp), cacing oxyurid (Oxyuris sp) dan Strongyloides sp. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa prevalensi kecacingan pada harimau di TRMS 100%, di KBB 50%, dan di TSI Bogor 47,4%. Cacing parasitik yang ditemukan pada harimau di TRMS adalah cacing ascarid (Toxocara sp), cacing strongylid (Ancylostoma sp, Trichostrongylus sp, Cooperia sp) and Strongyloides sp. Cacing parasitik yang terdapat pada harimau di KBB adalah cacing ascarid (Toxocara sp, Toxascaris sp), cacing strongylid (Ancylostoma sp, Trichostrongylus sp), dan cacing oxyurid (Oxyuris sp). Cacing parasitik yang terdapat di TSI Bogor adalah cacing ascarid (Toxocara sp, Toxascaris sp), strongylid (Ancylostoma sp), dan cacing oxyurid (Oxyuris sp).
PERBANDINGAN METODE HIERARCHICAL CLUSTER ANALYSIS UNTUK ANALISIS KERAGAMAN HAYATI BERDASARKAN PROFIL PROTEIN Trypanosoma evansi DARI INDONESIA Didik Tulus Subekti; Ichwan Yuniarto; Sulinawati Sulinawati
Jurnal Veteriner Vol 18 No 4 (2017)
Publisher : Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University and Published in collaboration with the Indonesia Veterinarian Association

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (292.446 KB) | DOI: 10.19087/jveteriner.2017.18.4.516

Abstract

Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) has long been known to be useful for the analysis of biodiversity of microorganisms based on SDSPAGE protein profile (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). However, varying methods of HCA consequently produce variability of analysis results and interpretations. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate and further determine the most appropriate method which could described the biodiversity based on protein profiles of T.evansi isolates from Indonesia. Eleven isolates of T.evansi from different geographic locations were run on SDS PAGE. Furthermore, SDS PAGE protein profiles from eleven isolates were converted into binary data and analyzed using five different methods of HCA i.e. Average Linkage, Complete Linkage, Single Linkage, Ward Linkage and McQuitty Linkage, respectively.Data were also analyzed by multidimensional scaling (MDS) and densitogram. The analysis showed that the dendrogram constructed with Ward Linkage gives the best results and corresponding with densitogram, MDS and able to describe the geographical origins of isolates.
Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Jengkol Menurunkan Kadar Glukosa dan Meningkatkan Hormon Insulin Tikus Diabetes Yang Diinduksi Streptozotocin Desak Made Malini; Madihah Madihah; Dita Aprila Khoirunnisa; Indriani Sasmita; Nining Ratningsih; Kartiawati Alipin; Wawan Hermawan
Jurnal Veteriner Vol 20 No 1 (2019)
Publisher : Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University and Published in collaboration with the Indonesia Veterinarian Association

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (104.755 KB) | DOI: 10.19087/jveteriner.2019.20.1.65

Abstract

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease with metabolism disorder signed by increasing of glucose blood (hyperglicemia), caused by disorder of insulin secretion and or increasing of insulin resistance. Therapy of jengkol’s fruit peel is an alternative treatment for DM. This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol extract of jengkol’s fruit peel to decrease glucose and increase insulin level of Wistar female rats which induced by streptozotocin (STZ). This research used the experimental method of Completely Randomized Design (RAL). Rat were first induced by single intravenous injection of STZ except Negative Control. Furthermore, rats were divided into six groups, namely Negative Control (NC), Positive Control (PC), Reference Group (RG) glibenclamide 10 mg/kg BW, and ethanol extract of jengkol’s fruit peel (EEOJFP) treatment at dose of 385 (P1), 770 (P2), and 1540 (P3) mg/kg BW with four replications each. Treatment was administered orally for 14 days. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANAVA) with 95% confidence level and Duncan Multiple Range Test. The result showed that treatment of EEOJFP with dose of 385, 770 and 1540 mg/ kgBW decreased blood glucose 28.6%;65.4% and 59.1% successively, increased insulin as 54%; 230% and 206%. There was a protective effect of EEOJEF to level of blood glucose and insulin secretion of rat-STZ induced. The conclusion from this research is Ethanol extract of Jengkol’s fruit peel at dose 770 mg/kg BW is an effective dose in decreasing the level of glucose and increasing the level of insulin hormone in STZinduced diabetic rats.
Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri dari Tinja Orangutan Penderita Gangguan Gastrointestinal (BACTERIAL ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION IN FAECES OF ORANGUTAN WITH GASTROINTESTINAL DISTURBANCE) Michael Haryadi Wibowo; Antasiswa Windraningtyas Rosetyadewi; Agustina Dwi Wijayanti; Claudia Mona Airin
Jurnal Veteriner Vol 17 No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University and Published in collaboration with the Indonesia Veterinarian Association

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Abstract

Orangutans are among protected animals by the law. One of orangutans’ main health problems isgastrointestinal disease due to bacterial infection. Microbiological data of causative agent of illness inorangutan still not much reported scientifically. This research aim was to identify causative agent ofbacterial infection on gastrointestinal disorder in orangutan isolated from stool samples. The sampleswere collected from Yayasan Konservasi Alam Yogyakarta and Borneo Orangutan Survival, Semboja,Kalimantan Timur. Fresh fecal samples were collected using sterile swab and put them into a steriletransport media. To achieve pure cultures, bacterial isolation was performed by using plate streaking onselective media. Gram stain was done to confirm the cell uniformity and morphology. Bacterialidentification was performed according to Bergey’s Manual Determinative Bacteriology on some biochemicalcharacters to determine the isolated bacteria. The result showed that three bacteria were identified fromstool samples orangutan from Yayasan Konservasi Alam Yogyakarta, i.e.: Citrobacter amalonaticus,Providensia rustigianii, and Proteus mirabilis. Meanwhile, three bacteria, which were Klebsiella planticola,Enterobanter agglomerans and Escherichia coli, were also identified in samples taken from Borneo orangutan.
Rebung Bambu Tabah (Gigantochloa Nigrociliata) Berpotensi Sebagai Bahan Afrodisiak pada Mencit Jantan (POTENTIAL APHRODISIAC ACTIVITY OF TABAH BAMBOO SHOOTS (GIGANTOCHLOA NIGROCILIATA) IN MALE MOUSE) Anak Agung Sagung Alit Sukmaningsih; Ida Bagus Wayan Gunam; Nyoman Semadi Antara; Pande Ketut Diah Kencana; I Wayan Widia
Jurnal Veteriner Vol 18 No 3 (2017)
Publisher : Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University and Published in collaboration with the Indonesia Veterinarian Association

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (167.876 KB) | DOI: 10.19087/jveteriner.2017.18.3.393

Abstract

This study was conducted to observe the potential aphrodisiac activity of Gigantochloa nigrociliata in male mouse Mus musculus. The twenty four male mice, aged 12 weeks were divided randomly into four groups, each group consisted of 6 mice. One group was used as control (P0) where the mice were treated with aquadest. Three other groups were given treatment. The extracts contained of water (P1), etanol (P2), and n-hexane (P3). The animals in each treatment were treatments given 200 mg/kg bw Gigantochloa nigrociliata of extract orally (gavage) once daily as much as 0,2 mL for 33 days. The observations of sexual behaviour performed every three days during the treatment. Variables observed for the sexual behaviour are both the number and latency of mount and intromission. Mice were anaesthetized after 33 days. Cauda epidydimis were analyzed for motility, number and viability of sperms. The result showed that testosterone serum level increased significantly on etanol extract group (p<0.05). There were significantly increased the mounting number, intromission number with reduction in mounting latency, and intromission latency of male mice (P<0.05). There was significant an increase in the number of (a) sperm motility and number of sperm on etanol extract group (p<0.05). The results of the present study demonstrate that Gigantochloa nigrociliata extract improve sexual behaviour in male mouse. ABSTRAK Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai potensi rebung bambu tabah sebagai bahan afrodisiak yang diujikan pada mencit jantan (Mus musculus). Sebanyak 24 mencit dikelompokkan menjadi empat perlakuan dan enam ulangan. Satu kelompok digunakan sebagai kontrol (P0). Tikus pada kelompok kontrol diberikan aquades. Tiga kelompok lainnya diberikan perlakuan ekstrak air bambu tabah (P1), ekstrak etanol bambu tabah (P2), dan ekstrak n-hexane bambu tabah (P3). Setiap hewan pada masing masing perlakuan diberikan ekstrak 200 mg/kg bb (bobot badan) sebanyak 0,2 mL ) secara oral selama 33 hari. Pengamatan perilakukawin berupa mount dan intromission dilakukan setiap 3 hari sekali. Setelah 33 hari hewan dikorbankan untuk dikoleksi epididimis bagian cauda yang digunakan dalam analisis spermatozoa dan pengambilan darah yang digunakan dalam analisis hormon testosteron serum. Hasil analisis dengan menggunakan uji one way Anova menunjukkan adanya perbedaan kadar hormon testosteron serum secara signifikan (p<0,05). Kelompok hewan dengan perlakuan etanol memiliki kadar hormon yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok lain. Kelompok hewan dengan perlakuan heksan memiliki kadar hormon terendah dengan perbedaan yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan kelompok perlakuan lain. Terjadi pula perbedaan motivasi seksual yang diamati pada perilaku kawin berupa mount dan intromission. Perbedaan jumlah dan waktu terjadinya mount dan intromission terjadi secara signifikan di antara kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol (p<0,05). Peningkatan jumlah mount dan intromission, serta semakin singkatnya waktu untuk mencapai mount dan intromission terjadi secara signifikan dibandingkan dengan kontrol dan diantara kelompok perlakuan (p<0,05). Hasil analisis data juga menunjukkan peningkatan motilitas spermatozoa tipe (a) yakni spermatozoa dengan gerakan yang progresif maju ke depan dan jumlah spermatozoa, terutama pada esktrak etanol rebung secara signifikan. Disimpulkan bahwa rebung bambu berpotensi sebagai bahan afrodisiak karena dapat meningkatkan hormon testosteron yang merupakan salah satu faktor penting dalam pengaturan sistem reproduksi serta dapat meningkatkan motivasi seksual yang diuji pada mencit jantan.
Oral Administration of Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L) Root Ethanol- Extract causes Mouse Epididymal Sperm Abnormality (PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK ETANOL AKAR ALANG-ALANG (IMPERATA CYLINDRICA L) SECARA ORAL MENYEBABKAN ABNORMALITAS SPERMA EPIDIDYMIS MENCIT) Rini Widyastuti; Jaqueline Sudiman; Tyagita Tyagita; Mas Rizky Adipurna Anggun Syamsunarno; Sony Heru Sumarsono
Jurnal Veteriner Vol 19 No 3 (2018)
Publisher : Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University and Published in collaboration with the Indonesia Veterinarian Association

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Abstract

Sperm morphology is an important parameter to be observed in the male fertility. Some of the bioactive compounds of cogongrass root such as alkaloid and terpenoid, affect male fertility by interference the spermatogenesis. The objective of the study was to observe the effect of cogongrass root ethanol extract on mouse sperm morphology. This study was carried out by oral administration of two different doses i.e 90 and 115 mg/kg body weight of cogongrass root ethanol extract into 8-10 weeks old DDY strain mice for 14 days to evaluated the acute effect due to the administration of cogongrass root ethanol extract on mouse sperm morphology. The results showed that treatment with cogongrass root ethanol extract significantly increased sperm abnormalities followed a dose depending pattern (p<0.05). Interestingly, the administration of cogongrass root extract did not affect sperm head morphology but tailless, folded and bent sperm increased linearly with the administration dose of cogongrass root ethanol extract. In conclusion, cogongrass root ethanol extract causes secondary sperm abnormalitties on mouse sperm.
Deteksi Anaplasma sp. pada Anjing di Bali secara Klinis, Serologis, dan Molekuler (THE DETECTIONS OF ANAPLASMA SP. IN DOGS IN BALI WITH CLINICAL, SEROLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR) Anak Agung Sagung Istri Pradnyantari; I Nyoman Suartha; I Gusti Made Krisna Erawan; I Gusti Ngurah Kade Mahardika
Jurnal Veteriner Vol 20 No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University and Published in collaboration with the Indonesia Veterinarian Association

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (150.703 KB) | DOI: 10.19087/jveteriner.2019.20.4.479

Abstract

This study aims to determine the infection of Anaplasma sp. in dogs in Bali with clinical, serological and molecular detections. This research method uses Cross Sectional. The samples were collected from June 2017 to July 2018. The total number of samples obtained was 109 dogs from 3.563 samples from seven veterinarian clinics in Bali. Clinical examinations and blood tests are method of clinical detection. Serological detection is using a rapid test kit E. canis & Anaplasma spp. BioNote© production. Molecular detection have been using with the Polymerase Chain Reaction technique. PCR products were sequenced at 1st BASE Laboratories Sdn Bhd, Malaysia. Data were analyzed using the MEGA 4 program. The results showed that Anaplasma sp. are present in dogs in Bali and can be detected by clinically (3,05%), serologically (55,04% base on clinically positive) and molecularly (42,20% base on clinically positive) detection. Thus, detected species Anaplasma sp. In Bali from this study can be identified as A. platys.
Ayam Pedaging Jantan yang Dipelihara di Dataran Tinggi Sulawesi Selatan Produktivitasnya Lebih Tinggi (HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY PERFORMANCE OF MALE BROILERS REARED IN THE HIGHLANDOF SOUTH SULAWESI) Bahri Syamsuryadi; Rudi Afnan; Irma Isnafia Arief; Damiana Rita Ekastuti
Jurnal Veteriner Vol 18 No 1 (2017)
Publisher : Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University and Published in collaboration with the Indonesia Veterinarian Association

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (96.432 KB) | DOI: 10.19087/jveteriner.2017.18.1.160

Abstract

Study to determine the correlation between husbandry environment and sex to the performance, hematological characteristics, and meat quality of broilers have been conducted. Two hundred and eighty eight female and male Cobb broilers, were kept in cage where eight broilers with the same sex in each pen. A completely randomized experimental design with a 3x2 factorial arrangement (three different altitudes x two sexes) with three replicates was applied. The three different altitudes included 50 m, 300 m, and 500 m above sea level, respectively. The results showed that differences in maintenance altitude and sex significantly influenced (P<0.01) the panting frequency, water and feed consumption, body weight, physical meat traits (pH and cooking loss), and meat microbiology. Whilst, differences in maintenance altitude with broilers of the same sex significantly did not affect (P>0.01) the animal srectal temperature, feed conversion, and meat chemical and organoleptic. It is concluded that better productivity can be achieved when male broilers are reared in a high altitude environment. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji hubungan lingkungan pemeliharaan dan jenis kelamin ayam pedaging terhadap performans, karakteristik hematologi, dan kualitas daging. Sebanyak 288 ekor ayam pedaging strain Cobb, berjenis kelamin jantan dan betina, dipelihara dalam petak kandang dan tiap petak diisi delapan ekor ayam dengan jenis kelamin yang sama. Penelitian disusun berdasarkan Randangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial (3x2) dengan tiga ulangan. Faktor pertama ialah ketinggian tempat pemeliharaan dengan tiga kategori yaitu: ketinggian (50 mdpl), ketinggian (300 mdpl), dan ketinggian (500 mdpl) sedangkan faktor kedua ialah jenis kelamin jantan dan betina. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan ketinggian tempat pemeliharaan dan jenis kelamin nyata memengaruhi (P<0.01) frekuensi panting, konsumsi air minum, konsumsi pakan, bobot badan, fisik daging (pH dan susut masak), dan mikrobiologi daging. Pemeliharaan pada ketinggian 50, 300, dan 500 mdpl dengan jenis kelamin berbeda nyata tidak memengaruhi (P>0.01) suhu rektal, konversi pakan, kimia daging dan organoleptik. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan performans yang lebih baik dapat dicapai apabila ayam pedaging dipelihara pada dataran tinggi dengan jenis kelamin jantan.
Peningkatan Limfosit, Monosit, dan Basofil pada Sapi Bali yang Digembalakan di Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Sampah Kota Denpasar (THE ELEVATION LEVEL OF LIMPHOCYTE, MONOCYTE, AND BASOPHIL ON BALI CATTLE GRAZING AT WASTE DISPOSAL CITY OF DENPASAR) I Nyoman Tirta Ariana; Anak Agung Oka; I Gede Suranjaya; I Ketut Berata
Jurnal Veteriner Vol 19 No 1 (2018)
Publisher : Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University and Published in collaboration with the Indonesia Veterinarian Association

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (91.549 KB) | DOI: 10.19087/jveteriner.2018.19.1.109

Abstract

The Bali cattles that grazing at Denpasar city waste disposal need to examined for their healthy to keep the quality of beef production. The aim of this research to determine the hematologic profile of Bali cattle was grazing at waste disposel in Denpasar. The data obtained is expected to provide an initial ekspretion of the general health-related to productivity. Studies using nine female of Bali cattle weighing 250-300 kg, aged 2-3 years. Research using quantitative methods by means of surveys and research laboratory. The research variables are Total White blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, and Total Red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV). The result showed that the total of RBC, Hb, and MCV were still within the normal range. The other result were the average WBC: 4.8%, lymphocytes: 25.3%, Monocytes: 2.8%, and Basophils: 0.8% higher if compared to the same variable in cows were well maintained. It can be concluded that the Bali cattle grazing in the area of the landfill affected pathophysiological change in its body.

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