Nurasiah Nurasiah
Universitas Syiah Kuala

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The Law and Age of Enlightenment: Revolution in Thought and Politics, and European Thinkers M. Aziz; Salsabila; Apriana Ika Safitri; Afra Aprilliana; Nurasiah
Journal of Contextual Legal Studies and Economics Vol. 1 No. 1 (2026): February, Legal Public and Public Community
Publisher : CV. Scholar Edukasi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.66052/xbvh8823

Abstract

In the early middle ages, after the fall of the western roman empire, there was a blending of two major legal systems that influenced the development of law in europe: roman law and germanic law. Although these two legal systems were fundamentally different, they interacted and adapted under the influence of the barbarian kingdoms, particularly within the frankish kingdom. This article examines the comparison between roman law, based on written principles, and germanic law, which was more customary and oral, and how both were applied and synthesized under the rule of charlemagne. By analyzing the influence and implementation of these two legal systems, this study shows that while roman lawwas more structured and systematic, germanic law played an important role in maintaining social balance through community-based dispute resolution mechanisms. Through charlemagne’s efforts to codify laws in the capitularies, which incorporated elements from both legal systems, a legal synthesis was created that influenced the formation of modern legal systems in europe, including the civil law tradition. This research aims to provide insight into how these two different legal traditions interacted and contributed to the development of a more organized legal structure in the frankish kingdom, as well as their long-term impact on European.
The French and Russian Revolutions and Their Impact on Human Rights Development in Europe and Indonesia Aula Masturina; Cut Rizka Nanda; Rahmahlisa; Nazila Zari; Nurasiah
Journal of Natural Sciences Vol. 1 No. 1 (2026): January, Sciences Research
Publisher : CV. Scholar Edukasi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.66052/nkw7nq18

Abstract

This study analyzes the historical significance and long-term impacts of the French Revolution (1789) and the Russian Revolution (1917) on the evolution of human rights, democracy, and ideological frameworks in Europe and their contextual adaptation in Indonesia. Using a comparative-historical method, the research examines primary historical documents, scholarly monographs, and legal texts to trace how these revolutions dismantled absolutist regimes and catalyzed paradigm shifts in political legitimacy, social justice, and individual freedoms. Findings indicate that the French Revolution laid the philosophical and institutional groundwork for modern liberal democracy and universal human rights, epitomized by the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789). Conversely, the Russian Revolution advanced a collectivist, socialist vision of rights, prioritizing economic equality and class emancipation. In the Indonesian context, human rights are interpreted not as a secular construct but as a divine endowment, embedded in Pancasila and local wisdom thus demonstrating a dynamic synthesis of universal principles and national-cultural specificity. This article highlights the enduring relevance of these revolutions in shaping 21st-century discourse on rights, governance, and ideological pluralism. 
The Protestan Reformation and Socio-Political Transformation In 16th Century Europe Nur Liza; Zikratun Nisa Azis; Zulhijrah; Arifin Ilham; Nurasiah
Journal of Natural Sciences Vol. 1 No. 1 (2026): January, Sciences Research
Publisher : CV. Scholar Edukasi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.66052/vj2cst84

Abstract

The Protestant Reformation was a pivotal 16th-century event that fundamentally reshaped European society. Emerging during the transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern Era, this movement arose from a severe crisis of credibility within the Roman Catholic Church. This article examines the historical precursors, the central roles of figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin, and the subsequent social shifts. By utilizing a historical-qualitative approach based on the source text, this study highlights how the decline of clerical monopoly and the rise of vernacular literacy led to the formation of modern nation-states. The findings suggest that the Reformation was a catalyst for religious individualism and significant structural changes across the European continent.