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The Effect of Peer Support Group on Depression and Quality of Life among People Living with HIV/AIDS in Kediri East Java Rasyiid, Astika; Dharmawan, Ruben; Respati, Supriyadi Hari
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol 1, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: People living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome or HIV/AIDs encounter such problems as society stigma and depression that can affect their quality of life in the term of physical, mental, and social health. Social support should be improved from individual, family, Peer Support Group (PSG), and government. PSG serves to help PLWHA feel not lonely, to give opportunity of seeing others, of sharing information about newest treatment and local support service, to reduce isolation, to improve social support, and to reduce stigma in order to achieve better quality of life and to reduce depression. The objective of research was to analyze the effect of KDS on depression and quality of life among PLWHA in Friendship Plus Peer Support Group in Kediri City.Subjects and Method: This study was an analytical observational study with cross sectional design. This was conducted at Friendship Plus Peer Support Group in Kediri, Indonesia in May to July 2016. The sample consisted of 60 subjects taken using simple random sampling. Technique of collecting data used was questionnaire, while analysis was carried out using Pearson’s Product Moment correlational and multiple linear regression tests.Results: The result of research showed that there was a statistically significant effect of Peer Support Group on the reduced depression in PLWHA (b= -0.60; 95% CI= -0.82 to 0.38; p<0.001). Depression was affected by family income of 88.8% (b= -8.68; 95% CI= 0.01; p=0.021) and education (b= -7.86; 95% CI= -14.05 to 1.67; p=0.014). There was a statistically significant effect of Peer Support Group on the improved quality of life among PLWHA (b=0.32; 95% CI= 0.09 to 0.53; p=0.005). Quality of life was affected by family income of 92.3% (b= 1.36; 95% CI= 0.01; p<0.001) and education (b=20.84; 95% CI=  14.75 to 26.93; p<0.001). Conclusion: This research concluded that there was an effect of peer support group on the reduced depression among PLWHA and there was an effect of peer support group the improved quality of life among PLWHA.Keywords: peer support group, depression, quality of life, PLWHACorrespondence: Astika Rasyiid. Diploma III Midwifery of Tulungagung University, East Java.Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2016), 1(1): 32-40https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.01.01.05
Biopshychosocial and Economic Determinants of Personal Hygiene in the Prevention of Diarrheal Diseases in Sragen District, Central Java Siswandwika, Hervindita Dinda; Murti, Bhisma; Dharmawan, Ruben
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol 2, No 1 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: Poor environmental sanitation and personal hygiene have been shown to be associated with increased risk of diarrheal disease. Poor personal hygiene that is associated with an increased risk of diarrheal disease may be explained by the constructs  of Health Belief Model, such as perceived susceptibility and perceived seriousness. This study aimed to examine biopshychosocial and economic determinants of personal hygiene in the prevention of diarrheal diseases.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case control design. This study was conducted at Mondokan, Gesi, and Sambungmacan Health Centers, Sragen District, Central java, from January to March, 2017. A sample of 150 subjects, consisting of  50 cases of diarrheal disease during the past month and 100 subjects without diarrheal disease, was selected in this study by purposive sampling. The dependent variable was prevention behavior of diarrheal disease. The independent variable included perceived susceptibility, seriousness, threat, benefit, barrier, cues to action, and self-efficacy. The data was collected using a pre-tested questionnaire, and analyzed by path analysis model.  Results: There were positive, and statistically significant effects of perceived seriousness (b= 0.26; SE=0.06; p= <0.001), threat (b= 0.29; SE=0.06; p= <0.001), benefit (b= 0.21; SE= 0.06; p= <0.001), barrier (b= -0.12; SE= 0.08; p= 0.032), cues to action (b= 0.17; SE= 0.07; p= 0.003), and self-efficacy (b= 0.28; SE= 0.14; p= <0.001) on prevention behavior of diarrheal disease. There were positive, indirect, and statistically significant effect of perceived susceptibility (b= 0.55; SE= 0.06; p= <0.001), seriousness (b= 0.34; SE= 0.06; p= <0.001), and benefit (b= 0.12; SE= 0.07; p= 0.025) on prevention behavior of diarrheal disease, via perceived threat.Conclusion: Perceived seriousness, threat, benefit, barrier, cues to action, and self-efficacy, are direct determinants of prevention behavior of diarrheal disease. Perceived susceptibility, seriousness, and benefit, are indirect determinants of prevention behavior of diarrheal disease.Keyword: Biopshychosocial and economy, personal hygiene, Health Belief ModelCorrespondence: Hervindita Dinda Siswandwika. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University. Email: vindy_7@yahoo.com. Mobile: +6282136242777.Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2017), 2(1): 1-14https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2017.02.01.01
Path Analysis and Theory of Planned Behavior on Using PAP SMEAR as Early Detection of Cervical Cancer in Sewon I Community Health Center, Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Anggraeni, Fatimah Dewi; Murti, Bhisma; Dharmawan, Ruben
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol 1, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: Cervical cancer patients per hour has increased by 2.5 people. Women died because of cervical cancer are 1.1 per hours.  Indonesia is the second country after Tiongkok with the largest number incidence of cancer. Pap smear is one of the screening programs to reduce the numbers of cervical cancer genesis. Moreover in Indonesia, the rates of screening Pap smear less than 5%. This study aimed to investigate path analyze of using pap smear with as early detection of cervical cancer by planned theory of behavior in women in Sewon 1 Public Health Center, Bantul.Subjects and Method: This was an observational analytic study with the direction cross sectional design. A total sample of 96 women with comprised 32 cases and 64 control with fixed-disease sampling method. Data analysis used path analysis.Results: The results show there is influence between intentions and screening Pap smear (p=<0.000), perceived behavioral control with Pap smear test (p=0.010). An indirectly interaction with the screening Pap smear through intention on attitudes (p=<0.001), subjective norms (p=0.036), and control behavior perceptions (p=0.034).Conclusion: from this study there are interactions directly and indirectly the uses of screening Pap smear based on planned of behavior theory.Keywords: Planned of behavior theory, screening pap smearCorrespondence:Fatimah Dewi Anggraeni. School of Public Health, Graduate Program, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta.Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2016), 1(1): 1-8https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2016.01.01.01 
Path Analysis on Factors Associated withthe Incidence of Diarrhea in Infants Aged 6-12 MonthsatKaranganyar Community Health Center,inPurbalingga, Indonesia Narzah, Norma Arista; -, Pawito; Dharmawan, Ruben
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 1, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: A diarrheal disease is an endemic disease and has outbreak potential in Indonesia. In Indonesia (2012) the number of pain diarrhea on toddler reached 900 per 1,000 inhabitants. This study aimed to determine the factors associated to the incidence of diarrhea in infant aged 6-12 months.  Subjects and Method: This was an observational analytic study with cross sectional design. This was conducted in Karanganyar Community Health Center, Purbalingga, Indonesia, in April-Mei 2016. A total of 100 subjects was selected Fixed Disease. The data was using the questionnaire. The data analysis used path analysis.Results: There was a direct correlation between breast feeding, nutritional status, personal hygiene of mothers and infants, and the availability of basic sanitation with the incidence of diarrhea, and statistically significant (b= 2.62; 95% CI= 1.00 to 4.24; p= 0.001), (b= 3.37; 95% CI = 0.61 to 6.12; p=0.017), (b=3.70; 95% CI=2.07 to 5.33; p<0.001), (b=3.00; 95% CI=0.69 to 5.32; p=0.011). There is a positive correlation between indirect breast feeding with the incidence of diarrhea through nutritional status, culture with the incidence of diarrhea through breast feeding, culture with the incidence of diarrhea through the facilitys individual mothers and babies, the availability of basic sanitation with diarrhea through individual facilitys mothers and babies, statistically significant (b=0.91;  95%CI =-0.28 to2.11;p=0.135), (b=1.83; 95% CI=0.95 to 2.22; p<0.001), (b=1.40; 95% CI=0.46 to 2.25; p=0.003), (b=1.10; 95% CI= -0.10 to 2.22; p=0.076).Conclusion: There is a direct correlation between breast feeding, nutritional status, personal hygiene of mothers and infants, and the availability of basic sanitation with the incidence of diarrhea. There is indirect correlation between breast milk with the incidence of diar­rhea through nutritional status, culture, personal of mother and infants, the availability of basic sani­tation with diarrhea through individual facilitys mother and the baby.Keywords: nutritional status, culture, human breast milk, sanitation, individual hygiene, diarrheaCorrespondence: Norma Arista Narzah.Community Health Center, Karanganyar, Purbalingga,  Indonesia. Email: normaaristanarzah@yahoo.com. Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2016), 1(1): 13-18https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2016.01.01.03 
Determinants of Disability in Patients with Leprosy at Kelet Hospital, Central Java Nadhiroh, Umi; Dharmawan, Ruben; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 3, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: Leprosy is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the number of leprosy cases in 2015 was 211,973 in 108 countries in the world. The number of leprosy cases in Indonesia ranks third after India and Brazil.  There are 14,000 (8%) leprosy cases with disability. This study aimed to determine factors affecting disability and Years of Life with Disability (YLD) attributable to leprosy in patients with leprosy at Kelet Hospital, Central Java.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case control design. The study was conducted at Kelet Hospital, Central Java, from December 2017 to January 2018. A total sample of 140 leprosy patients was selected for this study using fixed disease sampling, consisting of 70 patients with disability and 70 patients without disability. The dependent variables were disability and YLD. The independent variables were age, education level, and self care. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Disability increases YLD (b= 0.37; 95% CI= 0.31 to 0.43; p<0.001). Disability increased with older age (b= 1.41; 95% CI= 0.38 to 2.43; p= 0.007) and decreased with better self care (b= -3.80; 95% CI= -4.90 to -2.71; p<0.001). Better self care increased with high education level (b= 1.96; 95% CI= 1.03 to 2.89; p<0.001).Conclusion: Older age increases the risk of disability, whereas self care decreases the risk of disability. Disability itself increases YLD. Higher education improves self care.Keywords: leprosy, disability, years of life with disability, determinantCorrespondence: Umi Nadhiroh. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, 57126, Central Java. Email: umi.nadhiroh2@gmail.com. Mobile: 085727056553.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2018), 3(2): 143-252https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2018.03.02.04
Biological, Physical, Social, and Environmental Factors Associated with Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Nganjuk, East Java Nurrochmawati, Ike; Dharmawan, Ruben; -, Pawito
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 2, No 2 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes that carry dengue virus (DV). This disease is endemic in more than 100 countries. Nganjuk district, East Java, is a DHF endemic area with sharp increase in DHF incidence by 286% from 2014 to 2015, of which 9 cases died. This study aimed to examine biological, physical, social, and environmental factors associated with dengue hemorrhagic fever in Nganjuk, East Java.Subjects and Method: This study was observational analytic with case control design. It was conducted in Nganjuk District, East Java, from May to June, 2017. A sample of 120 children aged less than 15 years old were selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. This sample consisted of 40 children with DHF selected as cases and 80 neighboring children without DHF selected as controls. The independent variables were the existence of bush surrounding the house, existence of mosquito larvae, still water, hung clothes, mosquito breeding place control (PSN), and activity of larva monitoring cadre. The dependent variable was DHF cases. The data were collected by a set of pre-tested questionnaire and observation with a checklist. Logistic regression was employed for data analysis.Results: Incidence of DHF case was determined by the existence of bush surrounding the house (OR=2.14; 95% CI =0.99 to 4.6; p=0.052), existence of mosquito larvae (OR=14.94; 95% CI =5.91 to 37.73; p<0.001), still water (OR=11.42; 95% CI= 4.68 to 27.89; p<0.001), hung clothes (OR=4.31; 95% CI =1.92 to 9.70; p<0.001), mosquito breeding place control (OR=0.06; 95% CI= 0.02 to 0.15; p<0.001), and activity of larva monitoring cadre (OR=0.14; 95% CI= 0.06 to 0.32; p<0.001).Conclusion: Existence of bush surrounding the house, existence of mosquito larvae, still water, hung clothes, mosquito breeding place control, and activity of larva monitoring cadre, are the determinants of DHF incidence.Keywords: biological, physical, social, environmental factor, mosquito breeding place control, Dengue Hemorrhagic FeverCorrespondence: Ike Nurrochmawati. Diploma Program in Midwifery, STIKes Satria Bhakti, Nganjuk, East Java. Email: ike.nurrochma@gmail.com.  Mobile: +6282141578108.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2017), 2(2):  93-105https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2017.02.02.01
Socioeconomic, Environmental, and Behavioral Determinants of Leprosy in Kediri, East Java Rahmah, Anindita Hasniati; Dharmawan, Ruben; Rahardjo, Setyo Sri
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 3, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: Leprosy remains a major public health problem in the world, particularly in developing countries. Leprosy can be so progressive that damages skin, nerve, extremity, and eye organs of the affected patients. Cumulative incidence of leprosy amounted to 200,000 cases worldwide, with the highest incidences occuring in India, Brazil, and Indonesia. This study sought to examine the social economic, environmental, and behavioral determinants of leprosy in Kediri, East Java, using path analysis approach.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case control design. The study was conducted at Leprosy Hospital, Kediri, East Java, from November to December 2017. A total sample of 150 study subjects consisting of 75 leprosy patients and 75 non-diseased subjects were selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was leprosy. The independent variables were personal hygiene, education, employment status, family income, dwelling density, humidity, and migration. Data on leprosy diagnosis was taken from medical record. The other data were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by path analysis.Results: The risk of leprosy increased with poorer personal hygiene (b= -1.20; 95% CI= -1.92 to -0.49; p=0.001), higher humidity (b= 0.73; 95% CI= 0.33 to 1.43; p=0.040), and migration (b= 0.94; 95% CI= 0.14 to 1.74; p= 0.022). Being employed status increased family income (b= 1.41; 95% CI= 0.72 to 2.11; p< 0.001). Low family income  increased the likelihood of migration (b= -14; 95% CI= -1.71 to -3.19; p= 0.007) and dwelling density (b= -1.02; 95% CI= -1.71 to -0.32; p=0.004). Higher education level increased the likelihood of being employed (b= 1.41; 95% CI= 0.72 to 2.11; p< 0.001) and better personal hygiene (b= 1.15; 95% CI= 0.44 to 1.85; p= 0.001). Dwelling density increased the likelihood of humidity (b= 4.29; 95% CI= 3.22 to 5.37; p< 0.001).Conclusion: Migration, higher humidity, and poorer personal hygiene directly increase the risk of leprosy. Education, employment status, family income, and dwelling density indirectly affect the risk of leprosy. Keywords: Leprosy, social economic, environmental, personal hygieneCorrespondence: Anindita Hasniati Rahmah. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: aninditarahma22@gmail.com.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2018), 3(2): 253-262https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2018.03.02.05 
Sanitation-Related Behavior, Container Index, and Their Associations with Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Incidence in Karanganyar, Central Java Hastuti, Nunik Maya; Dharmawan, Ruben; Indarto, Dono
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 2, No 2 (2017)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) causes not only epidemic but also social and economic impacts. Environmental sanitation, water reservoirs, and community behavior can influence the incidence of DHF. This study aimed to examine sanitation-related behavior, container index, and their associations with dengue hemorrhagic fever incidence.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational field study using case control design. The study was conducted in sub-districts with the highest and lowest DHF cases in Karanganyar, Central Java, from May to July, 2017. A total sample of 120 study subjects was selected for this study using fixed disease sampling, including 40 people with DHF and 80 people without DHF. The dependent variable was DHF. The independent variables were age, education level, family income, container index, and sanitation behavior. The data were measured by a set of questionnaire and examined using path analysis.Results: Sanitation behavior (b=1.50; 95% CI= 0.57 to 2.42, p=0.001) and Container Index (b=0.90; 95% CI= 0.03 to 1.84; p=0.057) were directly and positively associated with DHF incidence. Container Index was associated with sanitation behavior (b=2.09, 95% CI = 1.21 to 2.97, p<0.001). Age (b=-0.76, 95% CI = -1.60 to 0.08, p=0.074), education level (b=-1.02, 95% CI = -1.87 to -0.17, p=0.019), and family income (b=-0.70, 95% CI= -1.60 to 0.19, p=0.122) were associated with sanitation behavior.Conclusion: DHF incidence is directly and positively associated with sanitation behavior, and container index. DHF incidence is indirectly associated with age, education level, and family income.Keywords: dengue haemorhagic fever, sanitation, container index, behavior, path analysisCorrespondence: Nunik Maya Hastuti. School of Health Science Mitra Husada, Karanganyar, Central Java. Email: nunikmaya21@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285647279291.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2017), 2(2): 174-185https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2017.02.02.08
Risk Factors of Leptospirosis in Klaten, Central Java Sofiyani, Maya; Dharmawan, Ruben; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 3, No 1 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: Leptospirosis a global public health issue, particullary in tropical and sub-tropical countries with high precipitation. WHO has estimated that the annual of Leptospirosis is 0.1 to 1 case/100,000 population in moderate non-endemic area, and 10 to 100 cases/100,000 population in humid and tropical endemic areas. Currently, Indonesia is a tropical country with the highest fatality rate of leptospirosis, ranging from 2.5% to 16.45% with an average of 7.1%. It places Indonesia as the third country with the highest mortality attibutable to Leptospirosis. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors of Leptospirosis in Klaten, Central Java.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic and observational study with case control design. The study was conducted in Klaten, Central Java, from October to November, 2017. A sample of 49 Leptospirosis cases and 101 non-diseased controls were selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The independent variable were employment status, history of cuts, history of water excursion, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), house condition, environmental condition, presence of mouse or cattle, history of rain or flood. The dependent variable was Leptospirosis. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: The risk of Leptospirosis increased with history of cuts (b= 1.64; CI 95%= 0.40 to 2.87; p= 0.009), history of water excursion (b= 1.98; CI 95%= 0.52 to 3.43; p= 0.008), poor house condition (b= -1.92; CI 95%= -3.08 to -0.77; p= 0.001), and poor environmental condition (b= -2.35; CI 95%= -3.48 to -1.23; p<0.001). History of cuts increased with cattle-related work (b= 1.79; CI 95%= 0.86 to 2.72; p<0.001) and absence of PPE (b= -2.54; CI 95%= -3.49 to -1.60; p<0.001).Conclusion: The risk of Leptospirosis increases with history of cuts, history of water excursion, poor house condition, and poor environmental condition. History of cuts increases with cattle-related work and absence of PPE.Keywords: risk factor, LeptospirosisCorrespondence: Maya Sofiyani. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: mayasofiani@rocketmail.com.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2018), 3(1):  11-24https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2018.03.01.02 
Health Belief Model on the Predictors of Healthy Sex Behavior among Commercial Female Sex Workers in Surakarta, Central Java Syarifah, Syarifah; Demartoto, Argyo; Dharmawan, Ruben
Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior Vol 3, No 2 (2018)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases that are now a global issue because they are the entrance to HIV transmission. Female sex workers (WPS) have a high risk of contracting and transmitting STIs and HIV / AIDS due to unsafe sex behavior. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship of safe sex behavior for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections in female sex workers in Surakarta.Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducetd in Surakarta, Central Java, from December 2017 to January 2018. A sample of 105 female sex workers was selected by fixed disease sample. The dependent variable was safe sex behavior. The independent variables were perceived susceptibility, perceived seriousness, perceived benefit, perceived barrier, perceive threat, cues to action, and self-efficacy. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a multiple logistic regression.Results: Safe sex behavior among female sex worker increased with strong perceived benefit (b= 0.18; 95% CI= 0.74 to 0.28; p= 0.001) and strong self-efficacy (b=0.51; 95% CI=0.25 to 0.76; p<0.001). Safe sex behavior decreased with strong perceived barrier (b= 0.15; 95% CI= -0.27 to -0.03; p=0.012). Terdapat hubungan antara persepsi manfaat, efikasi diri dan persepsi hambatan dengan perilaku seks yang aman (F= 10.351; 95% CI= 6.70 to 17.00; p<0.001; R2=23.5%).Conclusion: Safe sex behavior among female sex workers increases with strong perceived benefit and strong self-efficacy. Safe sex behavior decreases with strong perceived barrier.Keywords: sex behaviour, safe sex, sexually transmitted infections, female sex workersCorrespondence:Syarifah. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas MaretJournal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2018), 3(2): 116-125https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2018.03.02.05