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EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PARTICLE SIZE ON THE ALKALINE EXTRACTION OF PROTEIN FROM CHICKEN BONE WASTE Andri Cahyo Kumoro; Sofiah Sofiah; Nurul Aini; Diah Susetyo Retnowati; Catarina Sri Budiyati
Reaktor Volume 13, Nomor 2, Desember 2010
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (255.999 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.13.2.124-130

Abstract

Chicken bone is a waste of chicken meat processing industry and restaurants that has not been used widely, even though it contains valuable organic compounds that are functionals, such as collagenous and non collagenous protein. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of temperature and particle size on the protein extraction from chicken bones using dilute sodium hydroxide solution. Controlled parameters in this study were the solvent in the form of sodium hydroxide solution, extraction time for 1 hour, pH 10.5, the ratio of chicken bone powder: solvent (1:4 w/v), and stirring speed 200 rpm. While the operating variables included the extraction temperature of 30oC, 55oC, and 80oC, and particle size of 150 and 250 μm. Experiments were carried out by heating of 300 mL of sodium hydroxide solution with pH 10.5 in a three-necked flask equipped with Leibig condenser, thermometer, mechanical agitator and sampling device to reach the desired temperature (30oC, 55oC, and 80oC). Then, a total of 75 g of chicken bone powders with desired particle size (150μm and 250μm) was introduced into the sodium hydroxide solution and the stirrer was operated at speed of 200rpm. At every 10 minutes interval, as much as 10 mL samples were withdrawn for total protein analysis using Lowry-Folin method. The experiment was terminated after 1 hour. The results show that both increase in temperature and particle size caused an increase in the amount of extracted protein. Highest concentration of protein extracted was achieved at 630.99 mg/L, when the extraction was carried out using 250mm bone particles and temperature 80oC.
Kinetika detoksifikasi umbi gadung (dioscorea hispida dennst.) secara fermentasi dengan kapang mucor racemosus Marissa Widiyanti; Andri Cahyo Kumoro
Reaktor Volume 17 No. 2 Juni 2017
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (286.765 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.17.2.81-88

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Abstract THE KINETICS OF GADUNG (Dioscorea hispida dennst.) TUBER DETOXIFICATION VIA FUNGAL FERMENTATION USING Mucor racemosus. Bitter yam (Dioscorea hispida Dennst.) is one of carbohydrate sources used as staple food commonly found in Indonesian dry-land. However, this tuber has been underutilized due to the presence of an antinutrition compound, namely cyanogenic glucosides. Removal of cyanides from foodstuffs can be done either by physical, chemical or biological methods. In this study, the effect of time on the detoxification of gadung tuber chips from cyanides via fermentation using Mucor racemosus and its kinetics were investigated. Gadung chip samples were withdrawn from the fermentation system at every 24 hours interval for biomass and cyanides contents analysis. It was clear that the cyanides content decreased as the fermentation went by. Safely consumed gadung tuber chips were obtained from fermentation of the chips for 120 hours from which cyanides content as low as 49.41 mg/kg was achieved. The logistic equation successfully described the growth rate of Mucor racemosus under studied condition. The specific growth rate of Mucor racemosus in gadung chips was found to be 0.0297/hr or about a half of specific growth rate of that mold when grown in the readily consumed yeast-pepton-glucose (YPG) media. Keywords: fermentation; yam; monod; Mucor racemosus; cyanogen  Abstrak Umbi gadung (Dioscorea hispida Dennst.) merupakan salah satu sumber karbohidrat yang digunakan sebagai makanan pokok yang biasa ditemukan di lahan kering di wilayah Indonesia. Namun, umbi ini kurang dimanfaatkan karena adanya senyawa antinutrisi, yaitu cyanogenic glucosides. Penghilangan senyawa sianida dari bahan makanan dapat dilakukan baik dengan metode fisik, kimia atau biologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh waktu pada detoksifikasi irisan umbi gadung dari senyawa sianida melalui fermentasi dengan menggunakan kapang Mucor racemosus dan kinetikanya. Cuplikan irisan umbi gadung diambil dari sistem fermentasi pada setiap jeda waktu 24 jam untuk dianalisis kadar biomassa dan sianidanya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kandungan sianida menurun seiring dengan bertambahnya waktu fermentasi. Irisan umbi gadung yang aman dikonsumsi dapat diperoleh dari fermentasi irisan ubi gadung selama 120 jam dengan kandungan sianida serendah 49,41 mg/kg. Persamaan logistik berhasil menggambarkan tingkat pertumbuhan kapang Mucor racemosus dengan baik. Tingkat pertumbuhan spesifik dari Mucor racemosus pada irisan umbi gadung adalah 0,0297/jam atau sekitar setengah dari laju pertumbuhan spesifik jamur tersebut saat dibudidayakan pada media yang siap dikonsumsi, seperti ragi-pepton-glukosa (YPG). Kata kunci: fermentasi; gadung; monod; Mucor racemosus; sianogen 
Kinetic Study and Optimization of the Most Influential Factor on Batch-Extraction of Gingerol from Fresh Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Rhizomes by Using n-Hexane as a Solvent Margaretha Praba Aulia; Fitra Pradhita; Andri Cahyo Kumoro; Marcelinus Christwardana; H. Hargono
Reaktor Volume 18 No. 3 September 2018
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (598.085 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.18.03.136-142

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A solvent extraction of 6- gingerol from fresh ginger rhizome chips using n-hexane has been successfully carried out. This study aimed to investigate the effects of temperature, feed size, and feed mass on the yield of gingerol, to observe the kinetics of gingerol extraction process using n-hexane as a solvent, to find the most influential parameters in the gingerol extraction process and to determine the optimum conditions of the gingerol extraction process. The experiment was carried out for 60 minutes using two feed mass ( 50 and 75 g), two temperature (60 and 70 oC) and two chips sizes (100 and 25 mm3) using 350 mL n-hexane. The second-order kinetics model was used to study the extraction kinetic parameters. The quick method was used to evaluate the most influential extraction parameters with respect to the yield of gingerol. Feed mass was found to be the most influential parameter in the gingerol extraction process. The optimum extraction conditions were found to be at 60 °C, ginger rhizome chips with 25 mm size3, feed mass was 109.7g and 350 mL n-hexane, which resulted in crude extract with gingerol content of 517.11 ppm. 
Nutritional Characteristics and Potential Applications of Flour Prepared from Indonesian Wild White Yam (Dioscorea esculenta L.) Diah Susetyo Retnowati; Ratnawati Ratnawati; Andri Cahyo Kumoro
Reaktor Volume 19 No. 2 June 2019
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (228.632 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.19.2.43-48

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Gembili or wild white yam (Dioscorea esculenta L.) is one of underutilized tubers that can be found during dry season in Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries. Although it has been consumed as staple food by people for centuries during famine, no further studies have been conducted to explore its potentials in food applications. This work aims to study the preparation, characterization and potential analysis of Gembili flour for use as raw material in novel foods development. Creamy white flour was obtained from white yam tuber from milling and sieving of dried tuber chips. The flour has water content about 12.08%, which is acceptable for storage. No lipid was detected. In addition, the protein, ash, and fiber content of the flour were respectively 3.00%, 1.27%, and 9.04%. The carbohydrate and amylose contents of the flour were 86.69% and 29.92% indicating its suitability for energy source. As expected, the cyanide content is very low of about 1.688 ppm suggesting that it is safe for consumption. Refer to those properties, Gembili flour can be a promising raw material for the preparation of bakery, cookies, noodle and confectioneries.Keywords: proximate composition, flour, white yam, food, preparation
MANNAN PRECIPITATION FROM ALOE VERA LEAF PULP JUICE USING METHANOL AND ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL AS ANTI-SOLVENT: EXPERIMENTAL AND EMPIRICAL MODELLING APPROACH Diah Susetyo Retnowati; Andri Cahyo Kumoro
Reaktor Volume 14, Nomor 1, April 2012
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (74.848 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.14.1.46-50

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Precipitation of mannan from Aloe vera leaf pulp juice was investigated using anti-solvent precipitation process under room temperature condition. The aims of this work were to study the effects of types (methanol and isopropyl alcohol) and amount of anti-solvent on the precipitation phenomena and to propose a simple mathematics model for evaluating the precipitation rate of mannan (Rβ). The experiments were carried out using a semi batch system; where continuous drop wise addition of anti-solvent to the Aloe vera leaf pulp juice was kept constant at 50.4 mL/min, while the speed of stirring was maintained at 675 rpm. At every run of the experiments, the time at which the precipitation began was recorded and the experiment was terminated when no further precipitation occurred. The samples were withdrawn from the system at every 25 min after the first precipitation for mannan analysis. The results of this work showed that isopropyl alcohol acted as a more effective anti-solvent to precipitate mannan from Aloe vera leaf pulp juice than methanol. The mathematics model represented the precipitation phenomena fairly well with average relative deviation only 11.73%, and finally suggested that the precipitation rate obeyed the zero order.  PENGENDAPAN MANNAN DARI JUS DAGING DAUN LIDAH BUAYA (ALOE VERA) MENGGUNAKAN METANOL DAN ISOPROPIL ALKOHOL SEBAGAI ANTI SOLVEN: PERCOBAAN DAN PEMODELAN DENGAN PENDEKATAN EMPIRIK. Pengendapan mannan dari jus daun lidah buaya (Aloe vera) dengan teknik pengendapan menggunakan anti-pelarut dikaji pada suhu kamar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh jenis anti-pelarut (metanol dan isopropil alkohol) dan massa anti-pelarut terhadap fenomena pengendapan mannan, serta mengembangkan model matematik dengan pendekatan empiric untuk mengevaluasi laju pengendapan mannan (Rβ). Percobaan dilakukan dalam sistem yang bekerja secara semi-batch, dengan anti-pelarut diumpankan secara terus menerus dalam bentuk tetesan-tetesan dengan laju 50,4 mL/men dan pengadukan dijaga tetap pada 675 putaran per menit (ppm). Pada setiap percobaan, waktu yang diperlukan sejak pengumpanan anti-pelarut hingga saat endapan pertama kali terbentuk dicatat, dan percobaan dihentikan jika tidak ada lagi endapan yang terbentuk. Cuplikan cairan diambil setiap 25 menit sejak endapan pertama terbentuk dan dianalisis kandungan mannannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa isopropil alkohol merupakan anti-pelarut yang lebih efisien dibandingkan dengan metanol untuk mengendapkan mannan dari jus daun lidah buaya. Dari pemodelan matematik diketahui bahwa laju pengendapan mannan mengikuti order nol. Model matematik yang diusulkan dapat mewakili fenomena pengendapan mannan dengan baik yang ditunjukkan dengan ralat rata-rata sebesar 11,73%.
POTENSI JUS JERUK NIPIS (CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA) SEBAGAI BAHAN PENGKELAT DALAM PROSES PEMURNIAN MINYAK NILAM (PATCHOULI OIL) DENGAN METODE KOMPLEKSOMETRI Arkie Septiana A.; Frans Arienata H.; Andri Cahyo Kumoro
JURNAL TEKNOLOGI KIMIA DAN INDUSTRI Volume 2, Nomor 2, Tahun 2013
Publisher : Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro,

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Abstract

Lime Juice Potential as Chelating Agent in Patchouli Oil Purification Using Complexometry MethodPatchouli oil is one of the export commodities that have high economical value for Indonesia. In general, patchouli oil obtained from the hydrodistillation of patchouli leaves. Most industries are still using patchouli oil refiners made of ferrous metal. As this process takes place at high temperatures, water vapor will contain a lot of dissolved oxygen that is corrosive and causes iron to rust easily. The rust will dissolve in patchouli oil obtained and led to the resulting of dark oil and patchouli aroma becomes weaker. This situation led to a lower market price of patchouli oil. One method that can be used to purify is complexometry method with citric acid as the chelating agent. This certainly not familiar to farmers, therefore this study tried to simplify this process by finding a material that easily found by the common people. Orange juice contains citric acid which is enough to be used as a chelating agent, other than that lemon is a fruit that are easy to obtain in the community at abundant and the price is cheap. Therefore lemon juice was chosen as an alternative chelating material. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of operating temperature, concentration of the chelating agent and the stirring time in the chelating process and find out the extent to which lemon juice can be used as a chelating agent. The treatments tested consisted of (1) the concentrations of citric acid, which are 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 4%; (2) Temperatures operation of the refinery. That are 30oC, 50 oC, and 75 oC, (3) agitation times, namely 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 minutes. Assessment of the results of purification is based on clarity, levels of Fe2+, and the content of the main components in patchouli oil refining results. Purification results showed that the increase in temperature causes the formation of complex ions faster to achieve equilibrium. The increase in the concentration of the citric acid led to complex ion formation process more quickly to achieve phase equilibrium. The best concentration was 1% combined with the use of temperature of 75 oC. Refined patchouli oil results have Fe2+ levels as low as 22.731 ppm. Based on the physical traits, the main constituent component content, and the Fe2+ content, refined patchouli oil meets the requirements of the Indonesian National Standards.
PENURUNAN KADAR KAFEIN DAN ASAM TOTAL PADA BIJI KOPI ROBUSTA MENGGUNAKAN TEKNOLOGI FERMENTASI ANAEROB FAKULTATIF DENGAN MIKROBA NOPKOR MZ-15 Ana Farida; Evi Ristanti R; Andri Cahyo Kumoro
JURNAL TEKNOLOGI KIMIA DAN INDUSTRI Volume 2, Nomor 3, Tahun 2013
Publisher : Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro,

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Abstract

Coffee is one of the most famous beverages in the world. Coffee favored because it has unique taste and flavor. However, coffee contains excess acid and caffeine which has negative impacts on health. Fermentation is one of the alternative methods to improve the quality of coffee beans. After fermentation process ,it is expected to produce coffee with low caffeine content and low organic acid, as well as great aroma and distinctive flavors. Raw material in this experiment is robusta coffee from Temanggung. The microbes is Nopkor MZ-15 and as a source of nutrients needed sprouts of green beans, tapioca starch and ZA fertilizer. Variables in this experiment are based on ZA fertilizer concentrations. These 1%,2% and 3% wZA/wcoffee (gr/gr). Fermentation processes will be held during 12-36 hours. Analysis of coffee beans as fermentation products which include caffeine, acid contents and water content are needed after fermentation process. These analyses can be done by quantitative and qualitative test. Quantitative tests include HPLC method for caffeine analysis, alkalimeter method and Qualitative test includes sensory method such as panel test is needed for flavor analysis. Based on research, resulted optimum time of fermentation is 18 hours and optimum ZA concentration is 2% w ZA/w coffee with caffeine ( 46,88 mg/100 ml) and pH (5,49).
POTENSI JUS JERUK NIPIS (CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA) SEBAGAI BAHAN PENGKELAT DALAM PROSES PEMURNIAN MINYAK NILAM (PATCHOULI OIL) DENGAN METODE KOMPLEKSOMETRI Arkie Septiana A.; Frans Arienata H.; Andri Cahyo Kumoro
JURNAL TEKNOLOGI KIMIA DAN INDUSTRI Volume 1, Nomor 1, Tahun 2012
Publisher : Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro,

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Abstract

Patchouli oil is one of the export commodities that have high economical value for Indonesia. In general, patchouli oil obtained from the hydrodistillation of patchouli leaves. Most industries are still using patchouli oil refiners made of ferrous metal. As this process takes place at high temperatures, water vapor will contain a lot of dissolved oxygen that is corrosive and causes iron to rust easily. The rust will dissolve in patchouli oil obtained and led to the resulting of dark oil and patchouli aroma becomes weaker. This situation led to a lower market price of patchouli oil. One method that can be used to purify is complexometry method with citric acid as the chelating agent. This certainly not familiar to farmers, therefore this study tried to simplify this process by finding a material that easily found by the common people. Orange juice contains citric acid which is enough to be used as a chelating agent, other than that lemon is a fruit that are easy to obtain in the community at abundant and the price is cheap. Therefore lemon juice was chosen as an alternative chelating material. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of operating temperature, concentration of the chelating agent and the stirring time in the chelating process and find out the extent to which lemon juice can be used as a chelating agent. The treatments tested consisted of (1) the concentrations of citric acid, which are 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 4%; (2) Temperatures operation of the refinery. That are 30oC, 50 oC, and 75 oC, (3) agitation times, namely 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 minutes. Assessment of the results of purification is based on clarity, levels of Fe2+, and the content of the main components in patchouli oil refining results. Purification results showed that the increase in temperature causes the formation of complex ions faster to achieve equilibrium. The increase in the concentration of the citric acid led to complex ion formation process more quickly to achieve phase equilibrium. The best concentration was 1% combined with the use of temperature of 75 oC. Refined patchouli oil results have Fe2+ levels as low as 22.731 ppm. Based on the physical traits, the main constituent component content, and the Fe2+ content, refined patchouli oil meets the requirements of the Indonesian National Standards.
PENENTUAN JENIS SOLVEN DAN PH OPTIMUM PADA ANALISIS SENYAWA DELPHINIDIN DALAM KELOPAK BUNGA ROSELA DENGAN METODE SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV-VIS Monica Setiono H.; Avriliana Dewi A.; Andri Cahyo Kumoro
JURNAL TEKNOLOGI KIMIA DAN INDUSTRI Volume 2, Nomor 2, Tahun 2013
Publisher : Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro,

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Abstract

Rosela merupakan tanaman yang telah diketahui banyak mengandung senyawa antosianin sebagai antioksidan. Antioksidan merupakan senyawa penting dalam menjaga kesehatan tubuh karena berfungsi sebagai penangkap radikal bebas yang banyak terbentuk dalam tubuh.  Antosianin pada kelopak bunga rosela berada dalam bentuk glukosida yang salah satunya adalah senyawa delphinidin. Kandungan senyawa delphinidin yang terkandung dalam kelopak bunga rosela dapat dianalisis kadarnya menggunakan metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Prinsip dasar Spektrofotometri UV-Vis adalah analisis yang didasarkan pada pengukuran serapan  sinar monokromatis oleh suatu laju larutan berwarna pada panjang gelombang spesifik dengan menggunakan monokromator prisma atau kisi difraksi dengan detektor fototube. Kelarutan dari delphinidin antara lain larut dalam akuades, metanol dan etanol pada berbagai suhu berkisar antara (298 sampai 343) K di bawah tekanan atmosfer. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis solven yang paling sesuai sebagai pelarut delphinidin dan pH yang paling optimum. Pada penelitian ini digunakan variabel tetap yaitu bunga rosela dan suhu percobaan : 30oC. Sedangkan variabel berubahnya yaitu jenis solven (akuades, metanol, dan etanol) serta pH dengan variasi pH 4; 4,5; 5; 5,5; 6. Hasil percobaan, menunjukkan bahwa metanol merupakan solven yang paling sesuai untuk melarutkan senyawa delphinidin, sedangkan pH yang paling optimum untuk analisis senyawa delphinidin dengan metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis adalah 4,5.
STUDI PENGARUH PROSES PERENDAMAN DAN PEREBUSAN TERHADAP KANDUNGAN KALSIUM OKSALAT PADA UMBI SENTHE (Alocasia macrorrhiza (L) Schott) Rizka Amalia; Riris Yuliana Y.S.; Andri Cahyo Kumoro
JURNAL TEKNOLOGI KIMIA DAN INDUSTRI Volume 2, Nomor 3, Tahun 2013
Publisher : Jurusan Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Diponegoro,

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Abstract

 Senthe (Alocasia macrorrhiza (L) Schott) is a kind of tuber that grows widely in the tropical area. Senthe has the potential as a staple food or as a interlude food with a high carbohydrate content. However, senthe contain oxalic acid which can reduce absorption of calcium  in the digestive system and calcium oxalate which causes itchiness. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of soaking and boiling process toward calcium oxalate and nutritional value in the tuber chips.In this research, the variables are the thickness of slicing (0.5 cm, 1 cm, 1.5 cm), soaking time (2 hours and 4 hours,) weight ratio between tuber and volume of salt soluion (1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7) w/v , and the boiling time at (10 min, 20 min and 30 min). Based on research result obtain that the slice thickness 1 cm is the optimum value in the reduction process. While soaking weight ratio and optimum soaking time is at 1:6 (w / v) and 4 hours. Optimum boiling time is 30 minutes. Combination of all treatments can reduce the content of calcium oxalate in senthe of 79.53%. Calcium oxalate reduction in senthe is 351 mg/100g, whereas allowable oxalate levels is 71 mg/100g (Sefa-Dedeh and Agyir-Sackey, 2004), thus,the senthe is still not safe for human consumption.
Co-Authors . Widayat Adi Cifriadi Adi Cifriadi, Adi Agus Suprihanto Ahmad - Fauzan Aji Prasetyaningrum Alfariji, Moh Ana Farida Aprilina Purbasari Arkie Septiana A. Arkie Septiana A. Aryanti, Nita Asep Muhamad Samsudin, Asep Muhamad Asron Ferdian Falaah Asron Ferdian Falaah, Asron Ferdian Avriliana Dewi A. Bakti Jos Bakti Jos Budiyono Budiyono C Sri Budiyati Catarina Sri Budiyati Catarina Sri Budiyati Catarina Sri Budiyati Cindi Yasintasia Dessy Ariyanti Diah Permata Wijayanti Diah Susetyo Retnowati Didi Dwi Anggoro Dwi Haryanti Evi Ristanti R F Widhi Mahatmanti Ferry Hermawan Fitra Pradhita Frans Arienata H. Frans Arienata H. H Hadiyanto H. Hargono Hacker, Viktor Hargono . Hargono Hargono Hargono Hargono Kharis Yohan Abidin Kristinah Haryani Kurniawan, Tonni Agustiono Laeli Kurniasari M. Djaeni Maharani Ratridewi Marcelinus Christwardana Margaretha Praba Aulia Marissa Widiyanti Masitah Hasan Misbahudin Alhanif Moh Djaeni Monica Setiono H. Muhammad Haqqiyuddin Robbani Nafiunisa, Aininu Nasher, Kharissa Nor Basid Adiwibawa Prasetya Nur Rokhati Nurul Aini Pamungkas, Prihantoro Pandapotan, Boris Poltak Putra, Ade Septia Ratnawati Ratnawati Retno Wulandari Riris Yuliana Y.S. Rizka Amalia Rizka Amalia Rizka Amalia Roschger, Michaela Setia Budi Sasongko Silviana Silviana Sofiah Sofiah Sri Sinto Dewi Sulardjaka Sumardi Sumardi Tutuk Djoko Kusworo Utomo, Dani Puji Wahyono, Yoyon Wahyudi, Dhiky Wardhani, Dyah Hesti Wikanastri Hersoelistyorini Wilis Ari Setyati Yuni Susanti, Devi Zahra, Nurul Afifah Zaim, Hanif Fawwaz