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Corporate Criminal Liability for Criminal Acts of Corruption: A Comparison of State Criminal Law Systems and Civil Law Systems Seri Karna, Kadek Yoga Maheswara; M.E. Purwani, Sagung Putri
West Science Interdisciplinary Studies Vol. 3 No. 08 (2025): West Science Interdisciplinary Studies
Publisher : Westscience Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58812/wsis.v3i08.2188

Abstract

This study examines corporate criminal liability in corruption cases within the civil law system, comparing the legal frameworks of Indonesia and France. The civil law system, adopted by both countries, relies on codified laws rather than judicial precedents. In Indonesia, corporate liability for corruption is regulated under Law No. 31 of 1999, as amended by Law No. 20 of 2001, while in France, it is governed by the French Penal Code (Code Pénal Français). Findings show that neither country provides a single explicit provision detailing which corruption offenses corporations can commit, requiring semiotic and systematic interpretations to determine applicable liability. In France, corporations may be held liable for active and passive bribery, influence peddling, unlawful benefit-taking, and favoritism in procurement, as stipulated in Articles 433-1, 435-1, 432-11, 432-12, and 432-14 of the Code Pénal Français. Similarly, Indonesia allows corporate liability for bribery, misuse of authority, unlawful enrichment, obstruction of justice, and related offenses, though certain crimes involving personal duties such as abuse of office remain limited to natural persons. Despite regulatory differences, both systems emphasize that only offenses feasibly committed by corporations may incur liability, highlighting the need for clearer procedural guidelines and legal harmonization.
Legal Legism in the Era of the National Criminal Code: The Prosecutor's Office as a Fair Law Enforcer Resta, Ngurah Wahyu; Swardhana, Gde Made; Kasih, Desak Putu Dewi; Purwani, Sagung Putri M.E.
International Journal of Social Service and Research Vol. 5 No. 10 (2025): International Journal of Social Service and Research
Publisher : Ridwan Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46799/ijssr.v5i10.1339

Abstract

The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (National Criminal Code) affects the duties and functions of the Prosecutor's Office as a law enforcer, which has tended to be formalistic and procedural, thus encouraging this institution to place more emphasis on fulfilling the principles of justice, the effectiveness of law enforcement, and the protection of victims' rights, while strengthening its strategic role in the prevention and prosecution of criminal acts in accordance with the new norms in the Criminal Code. However, the recognition of the National Criminal Code regarding the existence of living law in society other than written law creates tension between legal certainty and substantive justice (social justice). Prosecutors face a dilemma when an act that is recognized as criminal under customary law is not written in the law, thus creating legal uncertainty in the practice of prosecution. The result of this study is the principle of formal legality Article 1 paragraph (1) of the National Criminal Code which is linear with the view of the school of legalism emphasizes that every act can only be punished based on written law, ensuring legal certainty and protection of human rights. The enactment of Article 2 of the National Criminal Code, the principle of legality has expanded its meaning, which in its regulation recognizes the laws that live in society (living law) and social values, customary norms, and substantive justice in the sense of the principle of material legality. The real implementation can be seen in the innovation of the Bali High Prosecutor's Office through Bale Kertha Adhyaksa Jaga Desa and Umah Restorative Justice, which integrates positive law and customary law of Tri Hita Karana. The Prosecutor's Office now plays an adaptive, humanist, and fair role, guarding social harmony as well as legal certainty.
TOWARDS A RECOGNISED RIGHT TO A SHARED CULTURE AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL: How Will ASEAN Address Diversity? Arsika, I Made Budi; Suyatna, I Nyoman; Purwani, Sagung Putri M.E
Jurisdictie: Jurnal Hukum dan Syariah Vol 15, No 1 (2024): Jurisdictie
Publisher : Fakultas Syariah

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18860/j.v15i1.27149

Abstract

ASEAN documents have officially upheld the principle of unity in diversity and agreed on the spirit of one identity and community. However, there is a pronounced tendency for ASEAN countries to struggle with each other with several differences, including cultural tensions. This paper aims to analyse the possibility of recognising a regionally shared culture as jointly claimed collective cultural rights by taking the example of Intangible Cultural Heritage ICH. It is designed as legal research applying statutory, historical, conceptual, and comparative approaches. This research collects norms and principles covering the issues of ICH and cultural rights and conducts a literature study, suggesting that cultural rights, which represent the intersecting of cultural and human rights aspects, have yet to be fully understood as collective cultural rights. ICH is an example of how ASEAN countries are sometimes heated up in non-harmony relations. The possibility of recognising a regionally shared culture in the context of collective cultural rights then, more or less, relies on the ongoing development of the Narrative of ASEAN Identity, the routine convening of human rights dialogues, and the initiation of the ASEAN Cultural Heritage List. These findings are then expected to be considered by ASEAN policymakers. Dokumen-dokumen ASEAN mencatumkan iktikad untuk menjunjung tinggi prinsip persatuan dalam keberagaman dan menyepakati semangat satu identitas dan komunitas. Dalam kenyatannya, negara-negara anggota ASEAN justru bergelut dengan sejumlah persoalan antara negara yang satu dengan negara lainnya, termasuk mengenai ketegangan budaya. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kemungkinan mengakui budaya bersama secara regional sebagai hak budaya kolektif yang diklaim bersama dengan mengambil contoh warisan budaya tak benda (WBTB). Artikel ini dirancang sebagai penelitian hukum yang menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan, sejarah, konsep, dan perbandingan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan norma-norma dan prinsip-prinsip yang mengatur isu WBTB dan hak budaya serta melakukan studi literatur. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa hak budaya, yang mewakili persilangan antara aspek budaya dan hak asasi manusia (HAM), belum sepenuhnya dipahami sebagai hak budaya kolektif. WBTB menjadi contoh bagaimana negara-negara ASEAN terkadang berada dalam hubungan yang tidak harmonis antara satu dengan lainnya. Adapun kemungkinan untuk mengakui budaya bersama secara regional dalam konteks hak budaya kolektif dapat disandarkan pada pengembangan Narasi Identitas ASEAN, penyelenggaraan dialog HAM secara rutin, dan upaya pembentukan Daftar Warisan Budaya ASEAN. Temuan-temuan ini diharapkan dapat dipertimbangkan oleh para pengambil kebijakan di ASEAN.
Analysis Of The Suitability Of INA-CGBS Claim Coding at BPJS Kesehatan Wasin at RSUP prof. dr. I.G.N.G.NGOERAH Denpasar Sutrisnawati, Gusti Ayu Eka; Manuaba, Fajar; Purwani, Sagung Putri M.E
Jurnal Health Sains Vol. 4 No. 12 (2023): Journal Health Sains
Publisher : Syntax Corporation Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46799/jhs.v4i12.1162

Abstract

RSUP Prof.Dr.I.G.N.G.Ngoerah Denpasar is an advanced service facility which is part of supporting the running of national insurance programs processed by the BPJS agency. The BPJS Health wasin audit aims to ensure that companies or participants have fulfilled their obligations regarding health insurance provided by BPJS Health, where reimbursement for advanced health services costs uses the INA-CGBs E-Claim application. INA-CBG E-Claim is an application specifically designed to assist hospitals in the national health insurance claim process. INA-CBG's is the amount of claim payment by BPJS to health facilities where the INA-CBG's rate uses a coding system with ICD-10 for diagnosis and ICD 9CM for procedures or actions. The aim of this research is to obtain the suitability of INA-CBGs claim coding on BPJS Health wasin at Prof. Dr. IGNGNgoerah Denpasar Hospital. Empirical legal research used in this research, with a quantitative approach. which exists in fact. The results of this research are that the impact of losses from discrepancies in the coding of clinical data affects the financing of health services, so there is a need for a BPJS Health data processing process regarding re-confirmation regarding the advantages and disadvantages of claims that will be paid. In August 2023, there was confirmation that there were 638 inpatient data processing data, 2339 outpatient data. Then action was taken by the hospital to provide training to coding officers and continue to regularly monitor and check the hospital's internal verification.
Analysis of The Regulation of The Minister of Health Regulation Number 24 of 2022 Concerning Medical Records in Terms of Conventional Medical Record Management Juniati, Ni Ketut; Purwani, Sagung Putri M.E; Linawati
Jurnal Health Sains Vol. 4 No. 12 (2023): Journal Health Sains
Publisher : Syntax Corporation Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46799/jhs.v4i12.1170

Abstract

Health is part of basic human needs. Because without health it is difficult for a person to carry out daily activities and meet other needs in this life. The following are some sources of data/legal materials that can be used for research on the Juridical Review of the Minister of Health Regulation Number 24 of 2022 concerning Medical Records. The theoretical basis of research on the Juridical Review of the Minister of Health Regulation Number 24 of 2022 concerning Medical Records, in the Management of Conventional Medical Records, includes.
PENYELESAIAN MASALAH KETERSINGGUNGAN HUKUM PIDANA DAN HUKUM ADMINISTRASI NEGARA DALAM PENYALAHGUNAAN DISKRESI PEJABAT PUBLIK I Putu Gede Putra Sentana; Sagung Putri M.E Purwani; Ni Gusti Ayu Dyah Satyawati
Kertha Semaya: Journal Ilmu Hukum Vol. 13 No. 12 (2025)
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Udayana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/KS.2025.v13.i12.p10

Abstract

Penanganan penyalahgunaan diskresi oleh pejabat publik berada diantara dua lapangan hukum, yaitu hukum administrasi dan hukum pidana. Dalam hukum administrasi, penyalahgunaan diskresi terjadi karena tindakan melampaui wewenang, mencampuradukkan wewenang, dan sewenang-wenang. Sementara dalam hukum pidana penyalahgunaan diskresi tergolong pada penyalahgunaan kewenangan yang menimbulkan kerugian negara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan solusi atas persinggungan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, perbandingan, dan konseptual. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan pertama, Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014 telah mengatur sanksi yang cukup komprehensif terhadap penyalahgunaan diskresi, termasuk sanksi administratif, ganti rugi dan penggantian kerugian negara serta memberikan kewenangan absolut penilaian penyalahgunaan kewenangan pada pengadilan tata usaha negara. Kedua, kedudukan mekanisme administratif sebagai primum remidium dan mekanisme pidana sebagai ultimum remidium ditegaskan melalui penafsiran konstitusional Mahkamah Konstitusi melalui Putusan Nomor 25/PUU-XIV/2016. ABSTRACT The abuse of discretion by public officials intersects administrative and criminal law. In administrative law, it arises from actions that exceed, conflate, or misuse authority. Meanwhile, in criminal law, abuse of discretion falls under abuse of power that causes state financial losses. This study aims to find a solution to this overlap. It employs normative legal research methods with statutory, comparative, and conceptual approaches. The findings of this study conclude, first, that Law Number 30 of 2014 provides comprehensive sanctions for abuse of discretion, including administrative sanctions, compensation, and restitution of state losses, and grants absolute authority to the administrative court to assess abuse of power. Second, the position of the administrative mechanism as primum remedium and the criminal mechanism as ultimum remedium is affirmed through the constitutional interpretation of the Constitutional Court in Decision Number 25/PUU-XIV/2016.
Obstruction of Justice Against Advocates in Indonesian Corruption Cases: Implications of Article 21 for Professional Independence Made Suardana, I; Putri M.E Purwani, Sagung
International Journal of Science and Environment (IJSE) Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): February 2026
Publisher : CV. Inara in Colaboration with www.stie-sampit.ac.id

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51601/ijse.v6i1.405

Abstract

The offense of obstruction of justice (OJ) functions to safeguard the integrity of the administration of justice from acts that intentionally interfere with law enforcement processes. In the context of corruption eradication in Indonesia, the regulation of OJ under Article 21 of the Anti-Corruption Law is designed as a protective instrument for the judicial system. However, the elastic formulation of the norm—particularly the phrase “directly or indirectly”—creates significant legal problems when applied to advocates, who are doctrinally positioned as independent officers of the court. This article examines the boundary between legitimate adversarial defense and obstruction of justice committed by advocates in the legal representation of corruption cases by analyzing the structure of the offense, the relationship between actus reus and mens rea, and its implications for professional independence and the principle of fair trial. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and doctrinal approaches, supported by national and international literature review. The findings demonstrate that the lack of precision in defining the elements of conduct, causality, and the threshold of intent in Article 21 of the Anti-Corruption Law has the potential to obscure the boundary between lawful defense actions and criminal obstruction, thereby increasing the risk of overcriminalization and creating a chilling effect on advocacy practices. This article proposes a framework for normative reform through rule-sharpening and role-based screening liability approaches to ensure that the criminalization of obstruction of justice continues to function as a safeguard for the judicial system without undermining the independence of the legal profession and the right to effective legal representation.
Reformulation of the Prosecutor’s Office’s Regulatory Role in the Legislative Process for Sustainable Economic Development Pramana, I Gede Willy; Swardhana, Gde Made; Kasih, Desak Putu Dewi; Purwani, Sagung Putri M.E.
Asian Journal of Social and Humanities Vol. 4 No. 6 (2026): Asian Journal of Social and Humanities
Publisher : Pelopor Publikasi Akademika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59888/ajosh.v4i6.694

Abstract

The phenomenon of sustainable economic development in Indonesia reveals the increasing complexity of national strategic policies and projects, which necessitate preventive and sustainable legal safeguarding. Normatively, the Indonesian Prosecutor's Office is positioned not only as a repressive law enforcement body but also as an institution with preventive and protective functions through its law enforcement intelligence authority, as stipulated in Article 30B of Law Number 11 of 2021 concerning Amendments to Law Number 16 of 2004 concerning the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Indonesia (the Amendment to the Prosecutor's Law). However, its implementation reveals that the Prosecutor's Office's role in the legislative process and development policy planning has not been optimally actualized. Juridically, this is due to the ambiguous norm (vague norm) in Article 34 of the Amended Prosecutor's Law, which uses the permissive phrase "may" in providing legal considerations to the President and other government agencies. This phrasing fails to establish a legal obligation for the Prosecutor's Office's involvement in the development legislation process. Sociologically, the absence of a clear regulatory model and mechanism regarding the Prosecutor's Office's security function during the early stages of policy formulation leads to weak preventive legal supervision. Consequently, this creates fertile ground for conflicts of interest, legal uncertainty, and potential abuse of authority in sustainable economic development. This research employs a normative legal research method, focusing on the ambiguity of norms, particularly the phrase "may" in Article 34 of the Amended Prosecutor's Law. This ambiguity underscores the urgent need for a regulatory framework that explicitly mandates the active role of the Prosecutor's Office in the legislative process at every level, given its unique authority in law enforcement intelligence and its mandate to provide legal considerations to the President and other government agencies.
Co-Authors A A Sagung Cahaya Dewi Savitri Anak Agung Ayu Anaya Widya Sukma Anak Agung Ayu Windah Wisnu Kesuma Sari Anak Agung Ngurah Wirasila Anak Agung Ngurah Yusa Darmadi Anak Agung Sinta Paramisuari Anggun Kharisma Dewi Bagus Gede Brahma Putra Darwin Jeremia Sitinjak Desak Putu Dewi Kasih Dewa Nyoman Rai Asmara Putra Dwipayana Putra, Kadek Angga Eriska Kurniati Sitio GDE MADE SWARDANA Gde Made Swardhana Hariyawan, Agus Sukma I Dewa Ayu Diah Anjani I G A Ayu Dewi Satyawati I Gusti Agung Mas Rwa Jayantiari, I Gusti Agung I Gusti Ayu Putri Kartika, I Gusti Ayu I Gusti Ketut Ariawan I Gusti Made Adika Kornia I Gusti Ngurah Nyoman Krisnadi Yudiantara I Kadek Niko Suardi I Ketut Rai Setiabudhi I Made Budi Arsika I Made Tjatrayasa I Made Walesa Putra I Nengah Maliarta I Nyoman Agus Adi Priantara I Nyoman Suyatna I Putu Gede Putra Sentana I Wayan Parsa Ida Bagus Miswadanta Pradaksa Ida Bagus Surya Dharma Jaya Juniati, Ni Ketut Kadek Ayu Trisnawati Kadek Novita Dwi Irianti Kadek Setia Budiawan Kadek Velantika Adi Putra Kadek Yogi Barhaspati Linawati Luh Amelia Savitri Luh Putu Divani Anggarani Mulyawan Made Sisca Anggreni Made Suardana, I Manuaba, Fajar N Wahyu Triashari Ni Desak Gede Sekar Widhiasih Ni Gusti Ayu Dyah Satyawati Ni Gusti Ayu Dyah Satyawati Ni Kadek Ayu Wistiani Ni Kadek Dwi Oktiapiani Ni Kadek Eniantari Ni Komang Hyang Permata Danu Asvatham Ni Luh Putu Ratih Sukma Dewi Ni Made Sutrisna Dewi Ni Nengah Adiyaryani Ni Putu Resha Arundari Ni Putu Tya Suindrayani Ni Putu Yulita Damar Putri Nyoman Kinandara Anggarita Pramana, I Gede Willy Putu Ayu Gayatri Putu Eka Oktaviani Putu Mas Ayu Cendana Wangi Putu Mery Lusyana Dewi Putu Mita Apsari Dewi Putu Reksa Rahmayanti Pratiwi Putu Ria Purnami Putu Trisna permana Radha Rani, Ni Made Dwi Rainer S.C. Sinaga Resae Novita Resta, Ngurah Wahyu Restiana, Adevia Ayu Robertus Dicky Armando Rohmatul Hajiriah Nurhayati Sagung Dinda Surya Paramitha Seri Karna, Kadek Yoga Maheswara Sutrisnawati, Gusti Ayu Eka Yosef Faizal Frans Yutika Tri Bhuana Dewi