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All Journal International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences MANAJEMEN HUTAN TROPIKA Journal of Tropical Forest Management ASEAN Journal of Systems Engineering Majalah Forum Teknik UGM Jurnal Penelitian Saintek Inersia : Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Arsitektur Jurnal Presipitasi : Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology TAMBANG Prosiding Seminar Nasional Sains Dan Teknologi Fakultas Teknik JURNAL TEKNIK SIPIL ITP ISSN 2354-8452 Majalah Geografi Indonesia Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan Eksplorium : Buletin Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Galian Nuklir Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (Indonesian Journal of Community Engagement) JPSE (Journal of Physical Science and Engineering) Jurnal Teknologi Mineral dan Batubara Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum Jurnal Geomine Indonesian Journal of Chemistry PROMINE Conference SENATIK STT Adisutjipto Yogyakarta Civil and Environmental Science Journal (CIVENSE) Jurnal Otomasi Kontrol dan Instrumentasi Journal of Appropriate Technology for Community Services Respati Community Development Journal: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Journal of Applied Geology Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum Jurnal Teknik Sipil Institut Teknologi Padang Techno Indonesian Journal of Physics (IJP) International Journal of Disaster Management JAGE BULLET : Jurnal Multidisiplin Ilmu ALTRON Jurnal Teknologi Mineral dan Batubara Dinamika Teknik Sipil: Majalah Ilmiah Teknik Sipil Jurnal Teknologi Sumberdaya Mineral Eksplorium : Buletin Pusat Pengembangan Bahan Galian Nuklir
Wahyu Wilopo
Department Of Geological Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
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Journal : Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum

 1 
Enhancing Soil Liquefaction Prediction: Overcoming Data Challenges in SPT-Based Machine Learning with Imputation Technique Fadliansyah, Fandi; Faris, Fikri; Wilopo, Wahyu; Ardiansyah
Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum Vol. 12 No. 1 (January 2026)
Publisher : Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jcef.21347

Abstract

In addition to the adverse effects of earthquakes, the loss of soil-bearing capacity during liquefaction can exacerbate damage to buildings. Liquefaction phenomena involve many parameters, making it more complex to evaluate. Machine learning has been studied to deal with liquefaction complexity in recent decades. However, incomplete liquefaction data can result in missing information, complicating model development across various datasets. Therefore, this study aims to assess the capability of machine learning models to predict liquefaction by implementing the missing value imputation technique. Seismicity, soil properties, and soil condition parameters were utilized to develop models. Random Forest (RF), k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN), and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) were trained by applying feature selection and parameter optimization based on standard penetration test (SPT) data. The confusion matrix was used to assess the performance of the model based on the performance matrix of Overall Accuracy (OA), Precision (Prec), Recall (Rec), F1-Score (F1), and Area Under the Curve (AUC). In addition, the preprocessing stage included data normalization and outlier treatment to enhance the reliability of model predictions, ensuring consistent learning behavior across different variable scales. The results show that the RF achieved the highest performance (OA = 90.71%), which is comparable to findings from other previous studies. The AUC results indicate that the models deliver excellent classification performance. These findings suggest that the integration of imputation and preprocessing techniques can significantly improve data-driven approaches in geotechnical earthquake engineering. In conclusion, the missing imputation is quite effective in the predictive model. Finally, this study offers a new perspective on developing machine learning models using a more user-friendly software and applying imputation techniques to handle missing data.
Co-Authors Abd Karim, Amirul Aiman Adelide Asriati Sekar Rianda Adhi Susanto Adi, Restu Dwi Cahyo Adriansyah, Yan Afandi, Moh Fahri Afrizal Abdi Musyafiq Agung Setianto Agus Aktawan Agus Budhie Wijatna Agus Prasetya Agus Prasetya Ahmad Agus Setiawan Ahmad Agus Setiawan Ahmad Taufiq Ahmad Tawfiequrrahman Yuliansyah Ainul Fatayaatis Salaamah Aisyah Shahirah Juhari Alessandro Pagliaroli AM Lelie Novia W Amalina, Anisa Nur Amirul Aiman Abd Karim Andriyanto Andriyanto Anh Bui, Tuan Ansori, Tirangga Aprilia, Faridha Ardiansyah Arief Budiman Arif Kusumawanto Arrisaldi, Thema Aspriadi, Feri Atikah Zahidah Atmaja, Ammar Dwi Avantio Pramaditya Bayu, Himawan Tri Boreborey, Ty Boulom, Johnny Bramono Dwi Kusumo Budi Nur Cahyo Daris, Pieter Jhon Joshua Deepak Chamlagain Defi Rizkasari Denizar Rahman Dianto Isnawan Didit Hadi Barianto Doni Prakasa Eka Putra Dwi Kusumo, Bramono Dwiana Muflihah Yulianti Dwikorita Karnawati Dwikorita Karnawati Egy Erzagian Ekasara, Adam Raka Emanuel G. Manek Endah Retnaningrum Endah Retnaningrum Endah Retnaningrum Endah Retnaningrum Endah Retnaningrum Endah Retnaningrum Endah Retnaningrum Esti Handini Fachry Abda El Rahman Fadliansyah, Fandi Fahriza Fawwas Asrory Fajrianto, Rizq Farma Dyva Ferardi Fathan, Teuku Faisal Fatmawati, Nurlaila Feikal Aprieza Ferardi, Farma Dyva Ferian Anggara Fikri Faris Fikri Faris, Fikri Firginawan Surya Wanda Fuady Ahmad Lathif, Iqbal Fuady Ahmad Galeh Nur Indriatno Putra Pratama Giuseppe Lanzo H Setiawan Harry Leo Kharisma Haryono, Septiawan Nur Hendy Setiawan Heng, Salpisey Hermawan, Much. Taufik Tri Heru Hendrayana Hirajim, Tsuyoshi Hirajima, Tsuyoshi I Gde Budi Indrawan I Wayan Warmada Inderawan, Gde Budi Irvani Irvani Irvani, Irvani Irvani, Irvani Irwan Setyaji Johnny Boulom Joko Waluyo Junji Kiyono Junji Kiyono Junun Sartohadi K D Setyawan Keiko Sasaki Kezia Kartika Windya Kezia Kartika Windya Khan, Kamran Kirbani Sri Brotopuspito Kirbani Sri Brotopuspito Kirbani Sri Brotopuspito Kiyono, Junji Kusumaningrum, Serafica Btari Christiyani Laowattanabandit, Pipat Lathif, Iqbal Fuady Ahmad Luthfi Effendi Luthfi Effendi Makealoun, Somyot Manixone Thepgnothy Maris Setyo Nugroho Mohammad Kholid Ridwan Mohammad Pramono Hadi Muflih, Ghufron Zaida Muhammad Haikal Razi Muhammad Hidayat Furqon Muhammad Sulaiman Muhammad Zulfikrie Myat Thu Naing Nadia Sekarlangit Nugroho, Sunu Ardhi Nurul Huda Phyu Phyu Thin Puji Pratiknyo Puji Pratiknyo Pujo Widiyantoro, Wahid Pulung Arya Pranantya, Pulung Arya Purnamaningsih, Nur Aini Pyi Soe Thein Pyi Soe Thein Qurrahman, Alfian Hardi R Risanti R. Andy Erwin Wijaya Rahman, Denizar Rama Tri Saksono Ramesh Adhikari Restu Dwi Cahyo Adi Restu Tandirerung Retnaningrum, Endah Retnaningrum, Endah Ridwan Budi Prasetyo Rilo Restu Surya Atmaja Ronggo Sadono Salaamah, Ainul Fatayaatis Salahuddin Husein Salpisey Heng Samodra, Guruh Santie, Putri Anjary Widya Sasaki, Keiko Satoru Kawasaki Sekar Rianda, Adelide Asriati Septiawan Nur Haryono Setiawan, Ahamd Agus Setiawan, Muhammad Anggri Shinta Dwi Novianti Slamet Widodo Somyot Makealoun Soutsadachan Chandalsouk Sri Anggoro Prahastono Srijono ., Srijono Srijono Srijono Srijono Srijono Srijono Srijono, Srijono Su Dar mono Subagyo Pramumijoyo Subagyo Pramumijoyo Subagyo Pramumijoyo, Subagyo Subur Priyono Sudarno, Ignatius Sunarko Sunarko Sunarko Sunarko Surya Damar Sasongko Putro Susatio, Raja Taufiq Muhammad Wijayanto Teuku Faisal Fathani Teuku Faisal Fathani Teuku Faisal Fathani Teuku Faisal Fathani Teuku Faisal Fathani Teuku Faisal Fathani Teuku Faisal Fathani Teuku Faisal Fathani Teuku Faisal Fathani Thein, Pyi Soe Thema Arrisaldi, S.T., M.Eng. Thepgnothy, Manixone Tsuyoshi Hirajim Tsuyoshi Hirajima Tsuyoshi Hirajima Tuan Anh Bui Ty Boreborey umi barokah Vienti Hadsari Warmada, Wayan Wawan Budianta Wijayanto, Taufiq Muhammad Wisnu Rachmad Prihadi Yan Adriansyah Yuli Fajarwati Yulianti, Dwiana Muflihah Zuhdi, Rasyid Zulaikha Budi Astuti Zulkifli Zulkifli