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Rusydiah: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam
Published by STAIN Sultan Abdurrahman Kepulauan Riau
ISSN : 27234894     EISSN : 27234886     DOI : https://doi.org/10.35961/rsd.v1i1.128
Core Subject : Religion, Humanities, Education, Art, Social,
Religion Arts Humanities Social Sciences Other
Jurnal Rusydiah fokus mempublikasikan artikel berdasarkan penelitian yang berkaitan dengan pemikiran Islam
Arjuna Subject : Seni dan Humaniora - Studi Agama
Articles 63 Documents
 3   4   5   6   7 
PENGARUH DINASTI AL SA’ID TERHADAP SEJARAH PERADABAN OMAN Budi Darmawan; Faras Puji Azizah
RUSYDIAH: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam Vol. 4 No. 1 (2023)
Publisher : Jurnal Pemikiran Islam

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35961/rsd.v4i1.849

Abstract

This article studies various things that happened and existed in the Sultanate of Oman, starting from the pre-Islamic period to the modern period, especially during dinasty Al Sa’id, because it has become an important area for the West Asia region, especially during the time of Sultan Qaboos, where Oman experienced progress and liberalization on many sides such as economy, culture, and others. The method used is the historical method by performing several stages such as heuristics, source criticism, synthesis, and finally writing or historiography. The results of this research are, Oman is an important port country, especially for West Asian countries, since the time of ancient Oman. from the coastal areas of Oman, the distribution of various cultures from various worlds, and spread to mainland West Asia. Judging from the significance of Oman for West Asian countries, it is important for us to be able to see and examine what has happened in Oman in the development of its civilization, both in terms of economy, culture, religion, politics, or even from its history.
Implementation of ibn Miskawaih's Ethical Thought on Self-Meaning in the Social Environment Mujtahid, Mujtahid; Assidiqi, Ali Hasan; Sadiyah, Dini; Soleh, Achmad Khudori; Maulana, Hafidz Fajar
RUSYDIAH: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam Vol. 5 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : STAIN Sultan Abdurrahman Kepulauan Riau

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35961/rsd.v5i1.1067

Abstract

Belakangan ini, moralitas terhadap Tuhan dan manusia mulai menurun. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan banyaknya berita terkait keseharian masyarakat yang menyimpang dari ajaran agama dan norma sosial, sehingga karena perbedaan menjadi pemicu kekerasan dan pembulian. Tujuan penelitian ini sebagai sebuah solusi bagi seseorang yang belum bisa mengendalikan dan menempatkan diri dengan memahami konsep etika Ibnu Miskawaih dan implementasinya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka, dengan pendekatan historis-kritis. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan pemikiran etika Ibnu Miskawaih didasarkan pada pandangan tentang jiwa manusia. Tempat dimana seseorang pertama kali mengenal jiwanya dengan menyucikannya dari penyakit hati, dusta, dengki dan cinta berlebihan terhadap dunia. Penyakit hati dan penyucian jiwa bisa dicapai dengan belajar untuk selalu  banyak beramal, menjauhi teman-teman yang serakah, hidup sederhana, belajar tentang agama dan mawas diri. Seseorang juga tidak boleh mempunyai ekstrim kelebihan dan ekstrim kekurangan, sehingga wajib memposisikan di tengah. Implementasi pemaknaan diri di lingkungan sosial dapat dilakukan dengan membersihkan hati, kemudian membiasakan diri berbuat baik sehingga nantinya menjadi kebiasaan yang mengarah pada kesehatan ilahi. Puncaknya adalah mampu berbuat baik secara langsung tanpa berpikir karena sudah menjadi kebiasaan untuk berbuat baik kepada siapapun walau berbeda keyakinan atau suku hinga negara. Penelitian  ini  memberikan  wawasan  tentang  kontribusi  pemikiran Ibnu Miskawaih  dalam pemaknaan diri di lingkungan sosial.   Recently, morality towards God and man has begun to decline. This is evidenced by the many news related to people's daily lives that deviate from religious teachings and social norms, so that differences trigger violence and bullying. The purpose of this research is as a solution for someone who has not been able to control and position themselves by understanding the concept of Ibn Miskawaih's ethics and its implementation. The research method used is literature study, with a historical-critical approach. The findings of the study show that Ibn Miskawaih's ethical thinking is based on a view of the human soul. A place where a person first knows his soul by purifying it from liver disease, lies, envy and excessive love of the world. Liver disease and purification of the soul can be achieved by learning to always do a lot of charity, stay away from greedy friends, live simply, learn about religion and introspection. One should also not have extreme advantages and extreme disadvantages, so it is mandatory to position in the middle. The implementation of self-meaning in the social environment can be done by cleansing the heart, then getting used to doing good so that later it becomes a habit that leads to divine health. The peak is being able to do good directly without thinking because it has become a habit to do good to anyone regardless of beliefs or tribes to countries. This research provides insight into the contribution of Ibn Miskawaih's thought in self-meaning in the social environment.
The Concept of Character Education in Al-Azhar Tafsir by Buya Hamka Zamsiswaya, Zamsiswaya; Ajmain, Nahrim; Kirin, Arwansyah
RUSYDIAH: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam Vol. 5 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : STAIN Sultan Abdurrahman Kepulauan Riau

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35961/rsd.v5i1.1388

Abstract

Hasil akhir dari sebuah proses pendidikan adalah pembentukan karakter. Penelitian ini menggali Tafsir al-Azhar karya Buya Hamka untuk menguji perspektifnya tentang pendidikan karakter, dengan meneliti terminologi yang ia gunakan untuk menjelaskan maknanya. Menurut Buya Hamka, pendidikan karakter memiliki implikasi yang sangat besar bagi pendidikan nasional saat ini. Melalui pendekatan penelitian kualitatif yang berpusat pada investigasi berbasis kepustakaan, penelitian ini mengeksplorasi konseptualisasi Buya Hamka dengan menggunakan sumber-sumber primer dan sekunder. Ada banyak terminologi yang berkaitan dengan pendidikan karakter, namun dalam Tafsir al-Azhar, Buya Hamka menggunakan istilah ta'lim dan tarbiyyah sebagai padanan untuk pendidikan karakter. Dalam menjelaskan ayat-ayat tersebut, beliau sering menggunakan istilah akhlak karimah dan budi pekerti untuk menjelaskan makna karakter. Menurutnya, pendidikan karakter hanya akan membuahkan hasil jika dilandasi oleh nilai-nilai ketuhanan dan kesadaran diri bahwa manusia adalah hamba dan menjadi khalifah di muka bumi. Hal inilah yang membedakan konsep pendidikan karakter Buya Hamka dengan konsep pendidikan karakter pada umumnya, terutama dalam konteks Barat.   The final outcome of an educational process is the formation of character. This study delves into Buya Hamka's Tafsir al-Azhar to examine his perspective on character education, by scrutinizing the terminology he uses to elucidate its significance. According to Buya Hamka, character education holds profound implications for national education today. Through a qualitative research approach centered on library-based investigation, this study explores Buya Hamka's conceptualizations using primary and secondary sources. There are many terminologies related to character education, but in Tafsir al-Azhar, Buya Hamka uses the terms ta’lim and tarbiyah as equivalents for character education. In explaining these verses, he often uses the terms akhlak karimah and budi pekerti to elucidate the meaning of character. According to him, character education will only yield results if it is based on divine values and the self-awareness that humans are servants and serve as vicegerents in the world. This is the distinguishing aspect of Buya Hamka's concept of character education compared to general concepts of character education, especially those in Western contexts
The Conflict Between Social Classes in Qur'anic and Marxist Expression: An Expressive and Interpretive Research Makmun, Muhammad; Marpuah, Siti
RUSYDIAH: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam Vol. 5 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : STAIN Sultan Abdurrahman Kepulauan Riau

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35961/rsd.v5i1.1461

Abstract

This article aims to present the expressions of the Qur'an and the thoughts of Karl Marx on the issue of social class conflict. In contexts where human differences can become sources of conflict and contention, often leading to mutual degradation and destruction, this study is crucial. This research employs the "expressive approach" and the "hermeneutic approach" to analyze the expressions of the Qur'an and Marx's thoughts on social class conflict. The findings indicate that the Qur'an addresses this issue within a religious context as guidance for humanity, acknowledging social disparities and affirming individual ownership rights without denying the existence of social class conflict. The Qur'an uses this conflict as an opportunity to return to tolerance, balance, and justice without rejecting or abolishing any social class. Conversely, Karl Marx discusses this theme in a political and economic context, recognizing social class disparities and striving to eliminate them to overcome the injustices perpetrated by the wealthy against the weak. He proposes communist ideology as a solution to create a classless social system, where thought, governance, and wealth are distributed equally, with political power that he considers ideal.
The Review of 'Illat Riba in the Thought of Tafsir Scholars: A Comparative Study of the Thought of M. Quraish Shihab and Ahmad Mustofa Al-Maraghi Huda, M. Ikhwanul; El Hijri, Muhammad Faqihuddin; Rahmi, Lailatul
RUSYDIAH: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam Vol. 5 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : STAIN Sultan Abdurrahman Kepulauan Riau

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35961/rsd.v5i1.1661

Abstract

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan antara 'illat yang digunakan oleh para ulama saat ini dengan para ulama sebelumnya dalam memahami riba dalam Surah Ali Imran [3]: 130 dan Surah Al-Baqarah [2]: 178-179. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan pemikiran M. Qurais Shihab sebagai ulama saat ini dan Ahmad Mustofa Al-Maraghi sebagai cendekiawan klasik untuk memahami arti riba. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian literatur dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, dan analisisnya menggunakan analisis deskriptif dengan menganalisis sumber atau literatur yang berkaitan dengan penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 'illat yang digunakan oleh Muh. Quraish Syihab, tentang pengertian larangan riba dalam Al-Qur'an adalah sosio-historis tentang praktik riba di era pra-Islam, etika yang menjunjung tinggi prinsip-prinsip keadilan, substansi yang tidak hanya riba dimaknai sebagai jumlah 'tambahan' dan kontekstual sesuai perkembangan zaman. Sementara itu, pendekatan tafsir Al-Maraghi terhadap makna ad 'aafan mud}aa'afah (melipatgadakan) adalah bahwa sebagai syarat larangan riba, jika tidak ada penambahan yang berlipatganda dan tidak menimbulkan penganiayaan, maka tidak dikatakan bahwa riba tidak. Kata Kunci: Riba, ‘illat, Tafsir, Muh. Qurais, Syihab, Ahmad Mustofa Al-Maraghi  Abstract The purpose of this study is to find out the difference between the 'illat used by the current scholars and the previous scholars in understanding riba in Surah Ali Imran [3]: 130 and Surah Al-Baqarah [2]: 178-179. In this study, the researcher uses the thought of M. Qurais Shihab as a scholar today and Ahmad Mustofa Al-Maraghi as a classical scholar to understand the meaning of riba. This type of research is literature research using a qualitative approach, and the analysis uses descriptive analysis by analyzing sources or literature related to this research. The results of the study show that the 'illat used by Muh. Qurais, Syihab, about the meaning of the prohibition of riba in the Qur'an is socio-historical about the practice of riba in the pre-Islamic era, ethics that uphold the principles of justice, a substance that is not only riba is interpreted as an 'additional' amount and contextual according to the development of the times. Meanwhile, Al-Maraghi's interpretation approach to the meaning of ad 'aafan mud}aa'afah (multiplication) is that as a condition for the prohibition of usury, if there is no multiplication and does not cause persecution, then it is not said that riba is not. Keywords: Usury, ‘illat, Muh. Qaraish Shihab, Ahmad Mustofa al-Maraghi
Women's Essence, Perception, and Premarital Education Case Study of Marriage Guidance at the KUA of Lohbener District Sahmiatik, Elis; Rian Hidayat, Ario; Leany, Muhammad; Sulistio, Dody
RUSYDIAH: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam Vol. 5 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : STAIN Sultan Abdurrahman Kepulauan Riau

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35961/rsd.v5i1.1690

Abstract

Artikel ini membahas bimbingan perkawinan yang diberikan kepada calon pengantin khususnya perempuan, dalam mempersiapkan peran sebagai istri dan ibu. Fokusnya pada materi bimbingan, kesiapan mental calon pengantin, serta persepsi perempuan terhadap esensi dan perannya setelah menikah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan studi kasus di KUA Kecamatan Lohbener, melalui observasi partisipan, wawancara mendalam, dan dokumentasi. Temuan utama mencakup desain pendidikan pranikah memiliki materi yang meliputi strategi kesiapan mental menghadapi pernikahan dan pemahaman atas peran perempuan untuk mendewasakan usia menikah pertama. Meskipun materi yang diberikan mencakup aspek hukum, ekonomi, dan manajemen rumah tangga, namun belum menjangkau materi psikologis yang disampaikan oleh para ahli seperti psikolog.   This article discusses premarital counseling provided to prospective brides, particularly women, in preparing them for their roles as wives and mothers. The focus is on the counseling material, the mental readiness of brides-to-be, and women's perceptions of the essence and their roles after marriage. This research employs a qualitative method with a case study conducted at the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA) in Lohbener District, utilizing participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The key findings reveal that the design of premarital education includes material covering strategies for mental readiness in facing marriage and understanding women's roles in ensuring maturity at the time of their first marriage. Although the material addresses legal, economic, and household management aspects, it does not yet cover psychological topics delivered by experts such as psychologists.  
Ideological Contestation of Islamic Organisations in Indonesia: A Case Study of Muhammadyah and Nahdlatul Ulama Rohman, Alif Nur; Assaiq, Muhammad Royhan; Ulfah, Mailani; Sudi, Ahmad; Siswanto, Siswanto; Wijaya, Roma
RUSYDIAH: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam Vol. 5 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : STAIN Sultan Abdurrahman Kepulauan Riau

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35961/rsd.v5i2.1695

Abstract

This article discusses the ideological contestation between Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), where Muhammadiyah was established in the early 20th century. The birth of the two mass organisations is inseparable from the influence of thought that developed in the Islamic world at that time, which has implications for the ideological differences between the two. Therefore, this research specifically examines the characteristics of ideological contestation between Muhammadiyah and NU. This research is a qualitative literature study that collects data from various documents, such as books, journal articles, and other sources. The ideology that becomes the material object in this research is then analysed using the theory of ideological contestation. This theory will reveal four characteristics of contestation, namely: variations in different norms, two modes of contestation, three stages of norm implementation, and four cycles of validation. This research shows that differences in basic norms, modes of contestation, and norm implementation are the main drivers of the dynamics between Muhammadiyah and NU. The ideological contestation between Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) is reflected in their different approaches to religious norms, where Muhammadiyah emphasises purification of Islamic teachings through the establishment of modern institutions such as schools and hospitals, while NU adapts local traditions through pesantren that integrate traditional religious values. Their validation also differs, with Muhammadiyah gaining formal recognition from the colonial government, while NU gains strong cultural legitimacy in rural communities through deep-rooted religious ritual traditions. This contestation not only shaped the socio-political identity of Muslims in Indonesia, but also contributed to the formation of a national identity rich in religious and cultural values.
Mualaf Manado: Post-Conversion Type and Religious Life Hafsah, Umi; Tubagus , Najwa Indrayani Putri
RUSYDIAH: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam Vol. 5 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : STAIN Sultan Abdurrahman Kepulauan Riau

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35961/rsd.v5i2.1701

Abstract

Artikel ini membahas tipe mualaf berdasarkan motif konversi dan mengaitkannya dengan kehidupan keagamaan mualaf pasca konversi. Konversi agama merupakan bagian dari dinamika keagamaan di kota Manado yang kondisi masyarakatnya heterogen dan multikultur. Meskipun merupakan fenomena sosial, keputusan menjadi mualaf merupakan hal yang personal. Selain itu, perpindahan ke agama minoritas merupakan peristiwa unik karena individu mendobrak tatanan sosial yang mapan. Artikel ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi. Data diambil dengan wawancara dan observasi kepada 15 mualaf yang tersebar di beberapa kecamatan di kota Manado. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan motifnya, terdapat 3 tipe konversi agama, yaitu affectional, intelectual dan mystical conversion. Terdapat pula tipe gabungan dari ketiga tipe tersebut, yaitu mysctical-affectional, intelectual-affectional, eksperimental-affectional dan intelectual-eksperimental-affectional conversion. Tipe konversi tersebut menunjukkan kehidupan keagamaan yang berbeda pada masing-masing mualaf. Mualaf tipe affectional conversion cenderung kurang berkomitmen pada ritual keagamaan, terumata yang sifatnya personal. Sementara mualaf dengan tipe lainnya mempunyai kesadaran bahwa agama merupakan tanggungjawab pribadi, sehingga kualitas kehidupan keagamaannya pun lebih baik.   This article discusses the type of mualaf based on conversion motives and relates it to the religious life after conversion. Religious conversion is part of the religious dynamics in Manado, which has a heterogeneous and multicultural society. Although it is a social phenomenon, the decision to mualaf is a personal matter. In addition, conversion to a minority religion is a unique event because individuals break through the established social order. This article uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. Data were collected through interviews and observations with 15 mualaf spread across the districts of Manado. The results of this research showed that based on their motives, there were three types of religious conversion, namely affectional, intellectual, and mystical conversion. There was also a combination of types, namely mystical-affectional, intellectual-affectional, experimental-affectional, and intellectual-experimental-affectional conversion. These conversion types show different religious lives in each mualaf. Mualaf, with an affectional conversion type, tends to be less committed to religious rituals, especially in personal worship. Meanwhile, converts with other types are aware that religion is a personal responsibility, so the quality of their religious life is better.
Reform of Islamic Theology in India: Sheikh Waliullah Ad-Dahlawi and Syed Ahmad Khan Mujibuddin , M; Abrahem Masuwd, Mowafg; Irfan Achfandhy, Mochammad
RUSYDIAH: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam Vol. 5 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : STAIN Sultan Abdurrahman Kepulauan Riau

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35961/rsd.v5i2.1708

Abstract

The decline of the Muslim community in India during the 18th and 19th centuries was attributed to both internal and external factors. Internally, it was driven by the collapse of the Mughal dynasty, particularly after the death of Emperor Aurangzeb. This internal decline was also exacerbated by stagnation within the Indian Muslim community. Externally, the influence of modern Western knowledge introduced by the British played a significant role. These two factors prompted theological movements initiated by Syaikh Waliyullah ad-Dahlawi and Seyyed Ahmad Khan, both of whom aspired to uplift the Indian Muslim community from its backwardness. The efforts of these two scholars were focused on reconstructing the theological framework that had long been established among Indian Muslims. Syaikh Waliyullah ad-Dahlawi aimed to free the Muslim community from religious orthodoxy. Meanwhile, Seyyed Ahmad Khan, in addition to advancing ad-Dahlawi’s efforts, introduced fresh ideas regarding Islamic education. Seyyed Ahmad Khan successfully integrated Islam as a religion with modern education, culminating in the establishment of the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College (M.O.A.C.), later known as Aligarh Muslim University. At the time, this institution became one of the largest centers of Islamic learning in Asia. Kemunduran umat Muslim di India pada abad 18-19 disebabkan oleh dua faktor, yaitu faktor eksternal dan internal. Faktor internal disebabkan karena adanya kehancuran dinasti Mughal, terutama setelah kematian raja Aurangzeb. Di sisi lain, faktor internal ini juga disebabkan adanya kejumudan dalam umat muslim India. Sedangkan faktor eksternal disebabkan adanya ilmu pengetahuan modern Barat yang dibawa oleh Inggris. Kedua faktor tersebut yang mempengaruhi adanya gerakan teologi yang diprakarsai oleh Syaikh Waliyullah Ad-Dahlawi dan Seyyed Ahmad Khan. Kedua ulama tersebut sama-sama menginginkan agar uma muslim India bisa bangkit dari keterbelakangannya. Upaya yang dilakukan oleh kedua orang tersebut adalah dengan merekonstruksi teologi yang selama ini sudah mapan di muslim India. Syaikh Waliyullah ad-Dahlawi menginginkan agar umat Islam terbebas dari ortodoksi agama. Sedangkan Seyyed Ahmad Khan, di samping menyempurnakan usaha ad-Dahlawi, Seyyed Ahmad Khan juga memberikan pemikiran segar tentang pendidikan Islam. Seyyed Ahmad Khan berhasil memadukan antara Islam sebagai agama dan pendidikan modern. Hasilnya berupa berdirinya sekolah Mohammaden Anglo Oriental Collage (M.O.A.C.) atau dikenal dengan Universitas Islam Aligarh yang pada saat itu menjadi salah satu universitas Islam besar di Asia.
Critique of the Hadith Matan of Salah al-Din al-Idlibi as a Method of Countering Hoaxes on Social Media Mubarok, Fajar Syarif; Razi, Fahrur; Qadafi, Muammar; Supriyadi, Imam
RUSYDIAH: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam Vol. 5 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : STAIN Sultan Abdurrahman Kepulauan Riau

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35961/rsd.v5i2.1764

Abstract

Abstract Social media is a more dominant channel for spreading hoaxes than other channels. Hoaxes or fake news can be dangerous because they can lead the recipient to the wrong understanding. Therefore, the spread of hoaxes needs to be addressed. This can be done by borrowing the methods used by hadith scholars in selecting hadith. One aspect that has come to the attention of hadith scholars is matan criticism. This study is a literature research that elaborates on the method of criticism of hadith matan by ?al?? al-D?n al-Idlib?. The rules of matan criticism expressed by al-Idlib? can be applied to select information on social media by identifying the characteristics of hoaxes. In terms of language, hoaxes can be identified by: provocative titles; excessive punctuation; imperative elements; non-standard language; and sarcasm. In terms of comparison, it can be done by comparing it with news from credible sources. Abstrak  Media sosial menjadi saluran penyebaran hoaks yang lebih dominan dibandingkan saluran lain. Hoaks atau berita palsu dapat membahayakan sebab dapat menggiring penerima kepada pemahaman yang keliru. Oleh sebab itu penyebaran hoaks perlu diatasi. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan meminjam metode yang digunakan oleh ahli hadis dalam menyeleksi hadis. Salah satu aspek yang menjadi perhatian ulama hadis adalah kritik matan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan yang mengelaborasi metode kritik matan hadis oleh ?al?? al-D?n al-Idlib?. Kaidah kritik matan yang diungkapkan oleh al-Idlib? dapat diterapkan untuk menyeleksi informasi di media sosial dengan mengidentifikasi ciri-ciri hoaks. Dari segi bahasa, hoaks dapat diketahui dengan: judul yang provokatif; tanda baca yang berlebihan; terdapat unsur imperatif; bahasa tidak baku; dan mengandung sarkasme. Sedangkan dari segi perbandingan, dapat dilakukan dengan membandingkannya dengan berita dari sumber yang kredibel.  

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