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Ivandini Tribidasari A.
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Makara Journal of Science
Published by Universitas Indonesia
ISSN : 23391995     EISSN : 23560851     DOI : https://doi.org/10.7454/mss
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Makara Journal of Science publishes original research or theoretical papers, notes, and minireviews on new knowledge and research or research applications on current issues in basic sciences, namely: Material Sciences (including: physics, biology, and chemistry); Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology (including: microbiology, physiology, ecology, taxonomy and evolution); and Biotechnology.
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Articles 880 Documents
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Observations on the Biodegration by Solid State Fermentation of the Giant Swamp Taro (Cyrtosperma merkusii) Biomass by two endolichenic fungi isolates Helena, Maria; Lawalata, Helen Joan; Rahardiyan, Dino; Rawung, Livana Dethris; Moko, Emma Mauren
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 28, No. 4
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Abstract

Giant swamp taro (GST/Cyrtosperma merkusii), a local North Sulawesi coastal plant, is underutilized but has high po-tential for cultivation as a paludiculture plant on rewetted peatland restorations. GST has high starch content and is currently being explored for potential use. This study explored the potential of using the biomass pulp yielded as resi-dues of the starch extraction process. Endolichenic fungi (Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus aculeatus) isolated from local lichens, were inoculated on the GST biomass in a solid state fermentation (SSF). Findings of this study indicate that both isolates were effective in degrading the lignocellulosic biomass of GST over an incubation period of 28 days, focusing on cellulose as the targeted polysaccharide. Although T. reesei requires a more adjusted carbon source than A. aculeatus to effectively process the biomass, the effectiveness of the bioprocess after adjustment matched that of A. aculeatus. When hemicellulose is targeted, other strategies must be used to prevent destruction of hemicellulose during the process. This phenomenon should be explored in further studies. These findings indicate the potential of industrial-izing cellulose-based products from GST using local North Sulawesi fungal species abundantly occurring in local eco-systems.
Phytoplankton as a Bioindicator for Evaluation of the Irrigation Water Quality near a Metal-Coating Factory Nasihah, Mimatun; Ardyati, Ardyati; Siswanto, Dian; Retnaningdyah, Catur
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 28, No. 4
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Abstract

The irrigation water quality in Plosowahyu village, Lamongan District, Indonesia, has declined because of industrial waste disposal in irrigation canals. Specifically, waste from a metal-coating factory considerably threatens the aquatic ecosystem. To assess the impact, we evaluated water quality on the basis of phytoplankton diversity and various phys-icochemical parameters. We collected water and phytoplankton samples from four locations in Plosowahyu village: before the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) outlet of the metal-coating factory, at this outlet, and from two sites in Wahyu River, with three repetitions at each site. The study measured several physicochemical parameters, including total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids, conductivity, temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), bio-logical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate, orthophosphate, bicarbonate, total organic matter, sodium adsorption ratio, and lead (Pb) concentration. Phytoplankton diversity, indicated by the Shannon–Wiener index, suggested that water quality was moderately polluted at the locations before and at the WWTP outlet, lightly polluted at Wahyu River 2, and clean at Wahyu River 1. Physicochemical tests revealed that irrigation water quality parameters were below Indonesian government standards at several locations: TDS at the WWTP outlet of the metal-coating factory, DO at Wahyu River 1 and Wahyu River 2, and COD at the WWTP outlet and both Wahyu Riv-er locations. BOD, nitrate, bicarbonate, and Pb concentrations were below standards at all study sites. Principal compo-nent analysis confirmed that the metal-coating factory considerably degrades water quality. A comprehensive irriga-tion water management plan must be implemented to protect and improve irrigation water quality in Plosowahyu vil-lage.
Synthesis of Activated Carbon from Coconut Shell and Recycled Styrofoam Nanofiber for Water Filtration Dani, Rahma; Ismet, Ismet; Marlina, Leni; Alisya, Rona; Aldi, Muhamad Abel Kirana; Ludiansyah, Anggi; Kurdiati, Lintang Auliya; Idjan, Meutia Kamilatun Nuha AP; Mataram, Agung; Almafie, Muhammad Rama; Sriyanti, Ida
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 28, No. 4
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Abstract

Water pollution affects life sustainability; hence, several efforts have been exerted to overcome this problem. For ex-ample, nanofiber membrane technology is introduced to retain solutes while allowing only water molecules to pass through the system. Therefore, this study aimed to maximize the technology for water filtration using the electrospin-ning method by combining Styrofoam waste-based polymer with activated carbon from coconut shell waste (ACCS). The nanofiber diameter produced ranged from 590 nm to 610 nm with porous characteristics and without beads. The carbon content varied from 68.04% to 69.84%, according to the energy dispersive X-ray measurement, demonstrating the composite’s effectiveness. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results also indicated carbonization and activation, along with water removal, associated with O-H stretching vibrations of alcohol and phenol, as well as N-H stretching vibrations of amino bonds. Moreover, the mechanical properties were measured using a single-fiber tensile test on X-ray diffractometry (XRD) analysis, and Young’s modulus was successfully maintained at 3,209.15 ± 632.877 and 1,839.12 ± 212.637 kPa due to the material amorphous nature. The contact angles were 126.5° and 131°, demon-strating ultra-hydrophobic properties. The addition of ACCS has led to a superior porosity structure for waste filtration. The clean water permeability test also showed that the membrane can withstand a 1–4 bar pressure for 15–60 seconds, demonstrating its strength in resisting water resistance. The trend shows the capacity of the material to potentially func-tion as a superior candidate for water filtration.
Analysis of Dense Metals Accumulation in Shikaripara Stone Mines Gorai, Gopinath; Mandal, Nirajan Kumar
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 28, No. 4
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Abstract

This study aimed to measure the amount of dangerous substances in the cultivated area of the Shikaripara stone mines in Jharkhand, India, which are well known for their stone quarrying. Sixteen soil samples were collected at varying dis-tances from the Shikaripara stone mines in the Dumka District of Jharkhand. The metals found in these samples in-clude Pb, As, Zn, Mn, Cd, Cu, Fg, and Fe. The combined amount of the elements was calculated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Enrichment factor, accumulation index, contamination factor, pollution load index (PLI), Nemerow index, and ecological risk index (RI) were employed to assess the level of concentration. Nearly all of the soil samples had lower metal concentrations than normal shale. Among the anthropogenic contributions, principal compo-nent analysis identified three components accounting for 82.6% of the data variability. PLI, RI, and index Nemerow were calculated to ascertain the effects of different toxic substances on the soils. The results revealed that 50% of the total of the areas had considerable pollution of Cu, Zn, Hg, Mn, Cd, As, Fe, and Pb. Extremely high levels of Cu, Zn, and As pollution were located in the soils used in agriculture, and these pollution levels were influenced by how close the areas were to copper mining and processing operations. This study found that the study area had a lower degree of el-emental pollution compared with other countries and places.
Roles of the Survivin BIR Domain in Cellular Apoptosis and Proliferation: An In Silico Study Nihayah, Silviatun; Wanandi, Septelia Inawati; Erlina, Linda; Syahrani, Resda Akhra
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 29, No. 1
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Abstract

Survivin is an antiapoptotic protein that is highly expressed in cancer cells. We investigated the dual roles of the Bacu-lovirus IAP Repeats (BIR) domain within survivin, encompassing both apoptosis and proliferation, through an in silico study. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of survivin was analyzed using Cytoscape software. Functional enrichment (FE) analysis and data from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were used to identify the implicated signaling pathways. The binding affinity of the BIR domain with the targeted proteins was visualized via molecular docking analysis. Drawing insights from the PPI network and FE analysis, we identified two key proteins in-volved in apoptosis such as X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (XIAP) and caspase-9, and proliferation such as Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 (CDK1) and Inner Centromere Protein (INCENP) for further analysis of their binding with the survivin BIR domain. These proteins were found to bind to the BIR domain at the Thr34, Thr48, and Ser20 resi-dues that have critical roles to regulate the apoptosis and proliferation. This study provides future insights into how the BIR domain of survivin could emerge as a potential target for cancer treatment, such as determining knockout targets for the development of genome editing technology
Morphological, Molecular, and Morphometric Analysis of Aphelenchoides besseyi on Organic Rice (Oryza sativa) Seeds in the Beringin District, Deli Serdang Regency, Indonesia Suswati, Suswati; Azwana, Azwana; Candra, Ifan Aulia; Kuniawati, Fitrianingrum; Siregar, Khofifah Muhaimini; Hasanah, Asmaul; Nasution, Aldy Elvanandar
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 29, No. 1
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Abstract

Aphelenchoides besseyi, a nematode, can infect rice resulting in the white shoot disease, which decreases the germina-tion rate and even causes seedling death. A. besseyi has recently been reported to mainly attack the organic rice varie-ties especially Pandanwangi and Ciherang in the Pasar Kawat, Beringin District, Deli Serdang, Indonesia. This research investigated A. besseyi via morphological, molecular, and morphometric approaches. The nematodes were observed in an area of 2000 m2, divided into five sample plots each with an area of 400 m2 on which Pandan Wangi and Ciherang rice were cultivated. Nematode morphology was observed using a stereo microscope at a 10–100x magnification. Mo-lecular identification employed PCR, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. This nematode possessed typ-ical morphological characteristics namely a longer female body (457.07–738.86 µm) than males (385.23–505.29 µm), and cured spicules, 17 to 21 µm long. The tail was ribbon-shaped with a tapered tip that had a mucrone with 2–4 points. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that A. besseyi isolated from Indonesia (Deli Serdang/North Sumatra) was closely related to those from China, India, Russia, Taiwan, and Portugal with a 98% homology level.
Phytoremediation of Lead Heavy Metals in the Mangrove Ecosystem of the Lembar Harbor Area, West Lombok Regency, Indonesia Rahman/Firman, Firman Ali; Ihsan, Muhammad Shohibul; Agustini, Dwi; Jayanti, Ervina Titi
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 29, No. 2
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Abstract

Mangroves play a vital role as bioindicator plants in port areas with the potential for non-essential heavy metal contamination. This study aimed to determine the potential for phytoremediation of lead heavy metal in mangrove vegetation resulting from port operations. The research was conducted in the mangrove ecosystem of Lembar Harbor, West Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Substrate, leaf, and root samples were collected using a purposive random sampling technique and analysis for testing the lead heavy metal content using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed that the average heavy metal content of lead accumulated in the substrate in each mangrove stand (14.35 ± 2.711 ppm) was higher than the average heavy metal content in the roots (5.48 ± 2.300 ppm) and leaves (3.55 ± 1.623 ppm). Further analysis showed that nine out of 10 mangrove species act as a phytostabilizer against the lead heavy metal with an average translocation factor of no more than one (0.59 ± 0.176). Only Rhizophora stylosa showed the ability for phytoextraction with a translocation factor more than one (1.488). All types of mangroves in the Lembar Harbor area had a bioconcentration factor lower than one, with an average leaf bioconcentration factor of 0.25 ± 0.115 ppm and a root bioconcentration factor of 0.39 ± 0.161 ppm. The ecological function of the mangroves in Lembar Harbor is more specifically an excluder plant for lead heavy metal bioaccumulation with a biological concentration factor (BCF) < 1 and phytoremediation (FTD) < 1, which can be affected by the low accumulated BCF of leaves and roots.
Systematic Review: Recent Developments in Magnetic-Nanoparticle-Based DNA Extraction Tjoa, Stanley Evander Emeltan; Mudasir, Mudasir; Suharyadi, Edi; Daryono, Budi Setiadi
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 29, No. 2
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Abstract

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a research object for various molecular fields of study, and DNA extraction is a basic procedure in molecular biology laboratories. DNA extraction methods are evolving, from several steps using organic solvents to recent technology using magnetic nanoparticles as adsorbents for the purification step. The use of magnetic nanoparticles for DNA extraction is magnetizing because it is simple without heavy machinery, such as centrifugation and organic solvents. The application of this method is extensive and diverse. This systematic review summarizes current development trends for some aspects of this DNA extraction system from the magnetic nanoparticle synthesis method, extraction protocol, and different types of samples used. The main purpose of this review is to provide an overall perspective of the use of magnetic nanoparticles in DNA extraction for researchers to start their exploration of this safe, simple, and rapid technique. In general, the most well-known magnetic nanoparticle preparation uses the coprecipitation method. The preferred particle is a plain and silica-coated magnetic nanoparticle using tetraethyl orthosilicate. The most common buffer systems for binding, washing, and elution are Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and NaCl, 70% ethanol, and Tris–EDTA, respectively. The extraction system with magnetite can be used for various types of samples, ranging from human specimens to animal, plant, and bacterial specimens. The extraction yields using the magnetic-nanoparticle-based method were between 0.03 µg and 116.63 µg with a DNA purity ratio between 1.09 and 1.99.
Porous Calcium Carbonate-Poly-2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropanesulfonic Acid Microspheres Embedded with Silver-Based Nanoparticles as Potential Antibacterial Carriers for Bone Infections Rini, Novi Dwi Widya; Asmoro, Adinda; Rachmawati, Systi Adi; Ardy, Husaini; Aimon, Akfiny Hasdi; Kishimura, Akihiro; Katayama, Yoshiki; wibowo, arie
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 29, No. 2
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Abstract

Implant-associated infections (IAIs) are a significant complication following orthopedic surgeries and are mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, microspheres based on hybrid calcium carbonate–poly-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (CaCO3-PAMPS) embedded with silver-based nanoparticles (AgNPs) were developed as potential antibacterial drug carriers for IAIs. AgNPs were prepared via a green synthesis approach, which employed Indonesian wild honey as a reducing and capping agent. PAMPS concentrations (0.025%, 0.050%, and 0.075% w/v) and silver ion (Ag+) concentrations in solution (0%, 2.5%, and 4% w/v) were varied. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that samples with 0.050% w/v PAMPS and 2.5% w/v Ag+ exhibited remarkable stability against recrystallization and aggregation. The sample exhibited more homogeneous, free-standing vaterite particles. Moreover, the particles obtained displayed a porous structure, promising for loading active ingredients. In addition, the X-ray diffraction results confirmed that the Ag-based particles embedded were not only AgNPs but were also predominantly composed of AgCl. AgNPs and AgCl in this sample demonstrated antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (zone of inhibition of 7.2 ± 0.6 mm). The development of stable, homogeneous microspheres with antibacterial properties and drug-loading potential offers a promising solution for the prevention and treatment of IAIs, addressing a critical challenge in orthopedic surgery.
Enhanced Crack Resistance of Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide Grown on a Tubular Substrate with the Additive Ethylene Glycol Sianturi, Manogari; Juwono, Ariadne Laksmidevi; Anawati, Anawati
Makara Journal of Science Vol. 29, No. 2
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Abstract

The growth of a porous anodic aluminum oxide (PAAO) layer with fewer cracks on a tubular substrate is quite challenging. The PAAO layer on a curved surface grows slower than that on a flat surface and is susceptible to cracking. This study aims to improve the crack resistance of the PAAO layer grown on a tubular aluminum substrate by adding ethylene glycol (EG). Each bath contained additive concentrations of 0, 5, 10, and 15 vol% EG. Anodization proceeded for 4 h at a temperature of 10 ℃ using the potentiostatic mode at 25 V in a sulfuric acid bath and 40 V in an oxalic acid bath. The crack and pore structure were investigated using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The kinetic curve and FE-SEM investigation indicated that the addition of EG in the bath slowed the growth rate of the PAAO layer in both anodization baths. The lower oxidation rate drastically improved the crack resistance, as revealed by the significant reduction in the crack population and narrower crack width. The additive EG presumably enhanced the electrolyte viscosity and reduced the heating effect released during oxide growth. Consequently, the layer thickness and pore size decreased with the increase in the EG concentration.

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