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H Hadiyanto
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hadiyanto@che.undip.ac.id
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ijred@live.undip.ac.id
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CBIORE office, Jl. Prof. Soedarto, SH-Tembalang Semarang
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INDONESIA
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development
ISSN : 22524940     EISSN : 27164519     DOI : https://doi.org/10.61435/ijred.xxx.xxx
The International Journal of Renewable Energy Development - (Int. J. Renew. Energy Dev.; p-ISSN: 2252-4940; e-ISSN:2716-4519) is an open access and peer-reviewed journal co-published by Center of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE) that aims to promote renewable energy researches and developments, and it provides a link between scientists, engineers, economist, societies and other practitioners. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development is currently being indexed in Scopus database and has a listing and ranking in the SJR (SCImago Journal and Country Rank), ESCI (Clarivate Analytics), CNKI Scholar as well as accredited in SINTA 1 (First grade category journal) by The Directorate General of Higher Education, The Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology, The Republic of Indonesia under a decree No 200/M/KPT/2020. The scope of journal encompasses: Photovoltaic technology, Solar thermal applications, Biomass and Bioenergy, Wind energy technology, Material science and technology, Low energy architecture, Geothermal energy, Wave and tidal energy, Hydro power, Hydrogen production technology, Energy policy, Socio-economic on energy, Energy efficiency, planning and management, Life cycle assessment. The journal also welcomes papers on other related topics provided that such topics are within the context of the broader multi-disciplinary scope of developments of renewable energy.
Articles 724 Documents
Nickel-vanadium impregnated to hydrotalcite for hydrocracking of waste cooking oil Marlinda, Lenny; Priyanto, Sugeng; Oktiarmi, Peri; Marbun, Maja Pranata; Dewi, Aisha Andini Indira; Sudibyo, Sudibyo; Yati, Indri; Aziz, Abdul; Nugraha, Reva Edra; Al Muttaqii, Muhammad
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 3 (2026): May 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61972

Abstract

Hydrotalcite (HT) is a type of clay mineral belonging to the group of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) or anionic clays, which has a layered structure like brucite (Mg(OH)₂), but some of the divalent cations (such as Mg²⁺) are replaced by trivalent cations (such as Al³⁺). HT as a heterogeneous catalyst is particularly attractive because it is easy to separate and resistant to high temperatures. HT as a catalyst can be used in hydrocracking reaction to produce biofuel. Metal impregnation on HT is very promising to enhance catalytic activity especially with the bifunctional mechanism of catalyst. Ni-V metal impregnation has been successfully carried out on HTc using wet impregnation method which is indicated by the results of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) which shows the emergence of typical peaks of both metals and HTc in 2θ = 35‒70⁰ for HTc, 2θ = 37.22⁰ (NiO) and 37.35⁰ (V2O5) regions, 2θ = 43.58⁰ for NiO, 2θ = 61.26⁰ (V) and 63.07⁰ (Ini). Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) show a shape that is consistent with the characteristics of HT, namely the shape of the particles layered overlapping each other. In addition, the particle size of HTc is quite small with a scale of 1 μm indicating a particle size of hundreds of nanometers. EDX mapping shows that Ni and V have been dispersed evenly on the HTc surface. Based on the results of N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, it shows that mesopores are formed which are characterized by hysteresis loops. Ni-V metal impregnation increases the surface area up to 19.915 m2/g and the pore diameter up to 37,642 nm. The results of the Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) hydrocraking reaction show that Ni-V metal impregnation can reduce the carboxylic acid composition up to 67.81% and increase hydrocarbons up to 15% at 10% Ni-V/HTc 1:2. 
Assessing energy policy effectiveness in Vietnam using multi-criteria decision making Duong, Thi Thuc Anh; Le, Viet Khai; Le, Ngoc Doanh; Vu, Minh Thai; Nguyen, Tien Dat
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 3 (2026): May 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62318

Abstract

Vietnam's energy transition is strong, and therefore, Vietnam needs a policy framework appropriate to the current context to promote this sustainable transition. This study assesses energy policy alternatives in Vietnam in order to identify the best policy strategies for sustainable energy transition by using a hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approach. The research basically applies a DEMATEL-VIKOR framework to discuss five policy alternatives: Renewable Energy Promotion (RP), Energy Efficiency and Demand-Side Management (EE&DSM), Grid Modernization (GM), Fossil Fuel Transition (FFT), and Institutional, Regulatory and Market Reform (IR). Seven criteria, from Economic Efficiency (EE) to Policy Consistency (PC), were used for evaluation. The analysis by DEMATEL points to the Institutional and Regulatory Effectiveness (IE) as being the most crucial causal driver with the highest prominence score of 3.84 and a net causality value of 0.53. These results give direct information to the VIKOR analysis, where IR (A5) is the best compromise solution with a perfect Q-index value of 0.00 and the lowest individual regret (R-index) value of 0.08. In comparison, Fossil Fuel Transition (FFT) ranked the worst with a Q-index of 1.00. Sensitivity analysis to prove the robustness of IR as the dominant policy for all decision-making parameters (v). The results have illustrated that the energy policy of Vietnam should place more emphasis on institutional strengthening and grid modernization (Q = 0.22) than stand-alone technological deployment to ensure a stable, efficient, and equitable energy transition.
The polluters' paradox: Exploring the impact of green transition potential on carbon emissions in top ten emitters Hamrouni, Daghbagi; Kahouli, Zohra; Hasni, Radhouane; Ouerghi, Imen
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 2 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62024

Abstract

Understanding the determinants of CO2emissions and the real possibilities for energy transition is essential to supporting sustainable growth, particularly for the world's ten largest emitters. These countries present a notable paradox: despite high economic complexity and efforts towards green transition, their emissions remain among the highest, revealing a persistent structural dependence on carbon-intensive activities and thus calling into question their effective capacity to sustainably reduce their emissions. This study fills a gap by simultaneously analyzing polluting specialisation and green transition potential using two indicators derived from economic complexity: the Brown Lock-In Index (BLI) and the Green Complexity Potential (GCP). The analysis, conducted on a panel of the ten largest CO2 emitters between 1999 and 2023 using FMOLS and PCSE estimators, shows that a carbon-intensive economic structure significantly increases emissions, while a higher green complexity potential contributes to their reduction. Furthermore, while economic growth and the use of non-renewable energies intensify environmental pressure, the consumption of renewable energies plays an important mitigating role. By highlighting the combined effect of polluting specialization and transition potential, this study offers decision-makers a structured understanding of the sources of their emissions and the real margins for transitioning to a low-carbon economy.
Characterization of zirconia sulfate catalyst for sustainable aviation fuel from waste cooking oil Widasgantri, Treisnaning; Widjaja, Tri; Dahnum, Deliana; Altway, Ali; Lamhotmatua, Thasya; Antonius, Kevin
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 3 (2026): May 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62076

Abstract

The growing accumulation of waste cooking oil (WCO) in Indonesia presents serious environmental concerns while offering potential as a renewable feedstock for sustainable aviation fuel. This study evaluates the conversion of WCO into bio-jet fuel via pyrolytic catalytic cracking (PCC) using cobalt-dispersed sulfated zirconia (Co/ZrO₂–SO₄, Co/SZ) catalysts under atmospheric pressure. Sulfated zirconia was synthesized hydrothermally and impregnated with 1, 3, and 5 wt% cobalt. Catalyst characterization by FTIR, XRD, BET, and SEM–EDX confirmed successful cobalt dispersion, preservation of the monoclinic ZrO₂ phase, and increasing surface area with higher cobalt loading (83.93 to 111.19 m² g⁻¹). Catalytic performance was tested in a fixed-bed reactor at 400, 430, and 460 °C with a feed-to-catalyst ratio of 100:1. GC–MS analysis revealed that both temperature and cobalt loading significantly influenced selectivity toward the jet fuel fraction (C₁₂–C₁₆). The highest bio-jet fuel selectivity (68.63%) and yield (57.46 wt%) were obtained using 5 wt% Co/SZ at 400°C. At 430 °C, excessive secondary cracking reduced selectivity to 27.78% for 3 wt% Co/SZ, with gasoline-range products reaching 62.70%. Increasing the temperature to 460 °C partially restored jet-range selectivity to 62.67% for 5 wt% Co/SZ due to enhanced isomerization and aromatization reactions. Reusability tests indicated gradual catalyst deactivation caused by coke deposition and loss of acid sites. These results demonstrate that the synergistic interaction between sulfated zirconia acidity and cobalt’s deoxygenation functionality enables efficient WCO conversion into bio-jet fuel, highlighting Co/SZ as a promising catalyst for sustainable aviation fuel production.
Integrated upgrading of waste cooking oil–derived biodiesel via reaction pathway selection, adsorption, and feedstock blending Gozan, Misri; Efendi, Mochamad Yusuf; Harahap, Andre Fahriz Perdana; Thanapimmetha, Anusith; Saisriyoot, Maythee; Krajomethong, Pattarawit; Srinophakun, Penjit
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 2 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62204

Abstract

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO) offers environmental and economic advantages but is constrained by degraded feedstock quality and unstable fuel properties. This study evaluates an integrated upgrading strategy combining reaction pathway selection, adsorption-based purification, and feedstock blending to produce fuel-grade biodiesel. WCO was pretreated by moisture removal and acid esterification using H₂SO₄ to reduce free fatty acids. Transesterification was conducted in a temperature-controlled batch reactor at 60 °C using 6:1–12:1 methanol-to-oil mass ratios, 1.0–2.0 wt% KOH catalyst loadings, and 60–120 minute reaction times. The maximum FAME content achieved was 93.94 wt% at 6:1 methanol ratio, 1.5 wt% KOH, and 90 min reaction time. Post-reaction upgrading was performed via batch adsorption using activated carbon (0.5–2 wt%, 60 °C) and silica gel (3 wt%, 112 °C). Adsorption improved FAME content to 94–95 wt% (maximum 95.3 wt% with silica gel) and reduced acid value and carbon residue. However, oxidation stability decreased slightly after adsorption (from 4.20 to 4.05 h), indicating partial removal of natural antioxidants. GC–MS analysis confirmed the dominance of methyl esters and the reduction of minor impurity-related peaks after purification. To comply with multi-parameter fuel requirements, WCO was blended with palm olein prior to conversion at ratios of 100:0 to 10:90 (w/w). Full EN 14214 compliance (FAME ≥ 96.5 wt%) was achieved at ≥50% palm olein, with oxidation stability of 10.2 h at a 10:90 ratio. These findings demonstrate that adsorption enhances compositional purity, whereas feedstock blending is decisive for restoring oxidative stability and achieving robust, fuel-grade biodiesel.
The effect of different surface functionalization of SBA-15 catalysts on the production of C16 bio-aviation fuel precursor Yati, Indri; Mukhayani, Feri; Salsabila, Denisa Fitri; Kurnia, Irwan; Al Muttaqii, Muhammad; Amin, Amalia Kurnia; Adany, Fildzah; Tachrim, Zetryana Puteri; Andreani, Agustina Sus; Jawad, Ali H; Ridwan, Muhammad
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 3 (2026): May 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61977

Abstract

The increasing global demand for sustainable aviation fuels has driven extensive research on developing efficient heterogeneous catalysts. This study investigates the effect of different surface functionalization methods of mesoporous SBA-15 on its catalytic activity for the production of a C16 precursor of bio-aviation fuel. The SBA-15 surfaces were modified by two acid functionalization routes, namely sulfonation and sulfation, to enhance its surface acidity and catalytic activity. Sulfonation was carried out using 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) followed by oxidation to obtain the SO3H–SBA-15 catalyst containing sulfonic acid groups (–SO3H), while sulfation using ammonium sulfate as a precursor produced the SO4–SBA-15 catalyst containing sulfate groups (SO42-). Both catalysts were characterized using NH3-TPD and acid-base titration to quantify the total acidity. The catalytic performance was evaluated through hydroxyalkylation-alkylation (HAA) reaction between 2-methylfuran (2-MF) and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) to synthesize a C16 bio-aviation fuel precursor, 5,5′-(4-methylpentane-2,2-diyl) bis(2-methylfuran) abbreviated as MPM. The results revealed that both modification methods effectively increased the total acid of SBA-15. However, the sulfated SBA-15 catalyst exhibited superior catalytic activity and stronger acid strength than the sulfonated one due to formation of more acid sites on its surface. Therefore, the sulfation route was identified as a more effective strategy for developing highly active solid acid catalysts. This research demonstrates the superior properties of sulfated mesoporous SBA-15 as a promising and sustainable heterogenous catalyst for converting biomass-derived platform chemicals into advanced C16 bio-aviation fuel precursors.
Investigation of a PCM-based latent heat storage system combined with an adiabatic compressed air energy storage system in a renewable energy context Karam, Tony; Maatouk, Chantal; Al Sarraf, Elias
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 2 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61995

Abstract

The intermittent nature of renewables has increased the reliance on energy storage technologies to boost the efficiency and stability of power systems. Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage (A-CAES) systems, which recover and reuse the heat generated during compression, have attracted significant attention in recent years. While A-CAES combined with thermal energy storage (TES) systems show promising potential, especially in renewable-integrated power systems, their commercial implementation remains limited, with only a few A-CAES power plants operating and which rely solely on sensible heat storage. The relatively low energy density of sensible heat storage opens the door to exploring latent heat storage (LHS) systems using Phase Change Materials (PCM’s), which could play a significant role in enhancing the performance of A-CAES systems. Although high-temperature PCM’s have demonstrated efficiency benefits in concentrated solar plants and energy-intensive industries, their integration into A-CAES systems requires further exploration. Accordingly, this paper aimed at simulating and assessing the performance of a combined A-CAES and PCM-based LHS system coupled to a gas turbine and an air turbine, alongside a wind farm. The simulations were conducted for charging durations ranging between 2 and 10 hours, with a fixed 2-hour discharge operation. The resulting fuel-saving efficiency in the gas turbine configuration improved with extended charging durations, ranging between 63.8 % and 66.1%. Furthermore, the exergetic roundtrip efficiency remains higher in the gas turbine configuration for charging durations shorter than 7 hours. Beyond this threshold, however, the air turbine configuration becomes more appealing when the combined CAES–LHS systems are coupled to it, exhibiting higher exergetic roundtrip performance under extended charging conditions. These findings, although theoretical in nature, could serve as a starting point for estimating the performance of the combined CAES-LHS systems and promoting their deployment into power generation applications in a renewable energy context.
Chemically activated biochar derived from mangrove litter with enhanced CO2 adsorption capacity for carbon sequestration Ariyanti, Dessy; Syifa, Viona; Hapsari, Farida Diyah; Widiasa, I Nyoman; Widayat, Widayat; Silviana, Silviana; Purbasari, Aprilina; Setiabudi, Herma Dina; Hamzah, Fazlena
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 3 (2026): May 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62059

Abstract

Overcoming climate change is crucial to ensure environmental sustainability. This research focuses on the development of chemically activated biochar (CAB) from mangrove litters that can be used for CO2 adsorption, which leads to reducing the impacts of climate change. The synthesisation of CAB was carried out via pyrolysis at 400℃ for 2 hours under nitrogen gas flow, followed by treatment using various activating agents (0.1 M of H2SO4, HCl, KOH, and NaOH) for 2 hours with a biochar-to-solution ratio of 1 g : 4 mL. The activation process was designed to enhance surface area, pore characteristics, and functional groups associated with CO2 adsorption performance. The observation on the characteristics of CAB using Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX), The Brunauer, Emmett, Teller and Barret-Joyner-Halenda (BET-BJH), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), CHN Analyser, and static batch CO2 adsorption tests shows the ability of CAB in capturing CO2 through several possible mechanism. Among the samples, KOH-activated biochar (B-KOH) exhibited the highest CO2 adsorption capacity, reaching 12.47 mmol CO2 g-1 biochar. This high performance is attributed to a potassium (K) composition of 9.74%, which effectively catalyzed the development of a microporous structure, resulting in a micropore volume of 5.927 x 10-3 cm3/g and an optimized average pore width of 1.543 nm. Furthermore, B-KOH maintained the highest O-H group area (1.533 a.u. x cm-1), enhancing its affinity for CO2 molecules. This research offers an innovative and practical solution to reduce greenhouse gases and is expected to have a significant impact, both locally and globally, in advancing sustainable development.
Wind turbine fault estimation using sliding mode observer based on Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model Taouil, Mohammed; Zouirech, Salaheddine; El Ougli, Abdelghani; Tidhaf, Belkassem
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 2 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61895

Abstract

This paper presents a fault-estimation approach for utility-scale wind turbines that combines Takagi–Sugeno (TS) fuzzy modeling with a sliding-mode observer (SMO). The nonlinear dynamics of the 4.8 MW benchmark turbine are represented by a TS structure, enabling an LMI-based synthesis of a robust TS–SMO. The proposed observer reconstructs both actuator faults affecting generator torque and sensor faults in blade-pitch measurements. MATLAB/Simulink validations under realistic operating conditions (operating-point variations, wind fluctuations, and disturbances) demonstrate accurate tracking and fast, stable fault reconstruction over the complete simulation horizon. Performance is assessed using the Normalized Sum of Squared Errors (NSSE): the reconstructed faults exhibit low NSSE values in the considered fault scenarios, with the blade-pitch sensor fault achieving NSSE =0.087 %. These results indicate reliable fault estimation while maintaining bounded residuals and avoiding drift. The method relies on standard industrial signals and entails modest online computations (matrix operations and a bounded switching term), facilitating integration into existing condition-monitoring and fault-tolerant control architectures. Overall, TS-guided sliding-mode observation is shown to be an effective and robust solution for wind-turbine fault diagnosis under nonlinearities and exogenous perturbations.
Towards self-diagnostic solar farms: Leveraging EfficientNet and class activation mapping for predictive maintenance Nguyen, Du; Nguyen, Thi Bich Ngoc; Nguyen, Duc Chuan; Chau, Thanh Hieu; Duong, Minh Thai; Dang, Thanh Nam
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 2 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62298

Abstract

The high rate of utility photovoltaic (PV) system development has increased the demand for stable, automated, and interpretable fault diagnostic systems that can be utilised in real-world environments. Solar farms with a large size are increasingly making conventional manual inspection methods impractical, and triggering the use of intelligent data-driven solutions. This paper presents a justifiable deep learning model for automated fault classification of solar panels based on the EfficientNet-B2 architecture combined with Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM). A six-class image dataset made of clean panels and five prevalent fault types is used. The two stages of transfer learning used to train the model include a warm-up phase and selective fine-tuning of upper network layers. Data augmentation is also performed extensively to make it more robust to changing illumination, viewing angles, and environmental noise. The experimental findings reveal consistent convergence and excellent generalization ability, and a high level of classification accuracy of all types of faults, as it achieved high classification accuracy, macro-averaged F1-scores exceeding 0.90 for most fault classes, and a macro-averaged ROC–AUC of approximately 0.981, highlighting the robustness and reliability of the proposed diagnostic model. The suggested structure will provide a scalable, interpretable, and realistic predictive maintenance of solar farms of the next generation with self-diagnostic capabilities.

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