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Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, & NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY, this journal is published to attract and disseminate innovative and expert findings in the fields of plant, animal, and microorganism secondary metabolite, and also the effect of natural product on biological system as a reference source for researchers in these fields, and with the aim to set international standards in their methodology.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 452 Documents
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Phytochemical and Toxicity Analysis of Sonneratia alba Mangrove Leaf Extract using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) Method Arta, Ni Kadek Dewi Asri Tiara; Indraningrat, Anak Agung Gede; Wijaya, Made Dharmesti
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 13, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2024.132.443-448

Abstract

Mangroves are plants that contain various secondary metabolites with various potential pharmacological activities, one of which is cytotoxic activity. However, researchers have not extensively explored the evidence of secondary metabolite compounds and their toxicity effects in mangrove plants. This research aims to determine the content of secondary metabolite compounds and the toxicity of the leaf extract of the Sonneratia alba mangrove plant in the Ngurah Rai Grand Forest Park (TAHURA), Bali. In this experimental research, compound extraction was carried out using a maceration technique for 2x24 hours using two types of solvents, namely methanol and n-hexane. Phytochemical tests were carried out using qualitative methods and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), while the toxicity test used was the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) method. Potassium dichromate and sea water without extract were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The LC50 value was calculated using probit analysis in Microsoft Excel. Phytochemical test results showed that the methanol extract contains phenol, saponin, tannin, and steroid compounds. Meanwhile, n-hexane extract only contains steroid compounds. GC-MS analysis showed that the compounds with the largest area percentages in the methanol and n-hexane extracts were 1,2,3-benzenetriol (3.94%) and n-hexadecenoic acid (2.41%), respectively. Based on the LC50 value, the methanol extract of S. alba mangrove leaves was moderately toxic (178.17 ppm), while the n-hexane extract was weakly toxic (567.23 ppm). The results of this study provide information that the type of chemical solvent has a major influence on the level of toxicity of S. alba leaf extract, with polar methanol solvent providing the highest toxicity effect compared to nonpolar n-hexane solvent.
The Effect of Paracetamol on The Development of Chicken Embryos Saragih, Hendry Tri Sakti Surya Gunawan; Primahesa, Alfian; Oktaviana, Shintia; Setyo, Agnessia Asian Budi; Anisya, Alifia; Allimi, Hayu Swari; Zusrina, Laili Mufli; Saribu, Ruth Liananda Citra Dolok; Nuriliani, Ardaning; Septriani, Nur Indah
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 13, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2024.132.559-564

Abstract

Paracetamol (N-Acetylaminophenol) is the most widely used over-the-counter drug in the world. Although considered safe for pregnant mothers, there is a concern regarding the teratogenic effect of paracetamol. This study aims to observe the teratogenic effect of paracetamol developing embryos. Using chicken embryos, the embryos were incubated for 48 hours and then injected with paracetamol in 3 concentrations, namely 10 ppm, 15 ppm, and 20 ppm. The control group and treatment group consisted of 3 replicates of fertile embryos. Then, the embryos were incubated again for 48 hours in the incubator. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively by observing any developmental alterations. Results showed that paracetamol caused enlargement of the head and heart edema. Exposure to paracetamol at concentrations of 15 ppm and 20 ppm affects the morphology of chicken embryos, especially the formation of the head and disrupts the process of angiogenesis and normal heart formation, causing bleeding and edema at higher concentrations.
Preparation of Ni/Bentonite Acid-Activated using Dragon Fruit Peel Extract (Hylocereus polyrhizus) As a Reductor for One Pot Synthesis of Menthol Marhayuni, Yuni; Widiakongko, Priyagung Dhemi
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 13, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2024.132.523-530

Abstract

Ni/Bentonite is acid-activated has been synthesized using dragon fruit peel extract (Hylocereus polyrhizus) as a reductor through an impregnation method. This research aims to characterize Ni/Bentonite acid-activated using dragon fruit peel extract as a reductor based on FTIR and XRD instruments and to analyze the product obtained in one pot synthesis of menthol from citronellal using Ni/Bentonite acid-activated catalyst. Preparation of Ni/Bentonite acid-activated catalyst was carried out using a wet impregnation method with dragon fruit peel extract as a natural reductor. The successful synthesis of Ni/Bentonite acid-activated was confirmed by FTIR spectrum identification, showing absorptions at wavelengths of 1049.28 cm?¹ and 694.37 cm?¹, indicating Si-O groups in the bentonite, and XRD diffractogram indicating the presence of Ni at diffraction peaks of 2? = 40.5° and 2? = 47.74°. The catalyst was able to convert menthol by 0.77% through one pot synthesis without using H? sources such as potassium formate.
Effect of Trichosanthes cucumerina Methanol Extract on CRP and Fibrinogen Levels in Diabetic Ulcer Rat Models Shafriani, Nazula Rahma; Astuti, Tri Dyah; Amri, Shofy Farha Aulia; Permana, Riski Aditya; Fridhoriansyah, Zuvi; Maharani, Intan
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 13, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2024.132.493-496

Abstract

Diabetic ulcers can be fatal for people with long-term diabetes. This is caused by the spread of diabetic ulcers and inadequate care for the wound, which can induce an infection and even death. This study aims to determine inflammatory markers, specifically fibrinogen and C-Reactive Protein (CRP), as indicators of healing, particularly in a rat model of diabetic ulcers treated with Trichosanthes cucumerina methanol extract. The methods used were making extracts, measuring blood glucose levels, measuring CRP, and measuring fibrinogen levels in 25 male Wistar rats. Based on the results of glucose and fibrinogen examinations in all groups before treatment and after treatment, it showed a decrease in glucose and fibrinogen levels. Meanwhile, the results of CRP examinations, before and after treatment did not show any differences. The results of statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference of p<0.05 in pre and post glucose, as well as pre and post fibrinogen.The extract that reduced fibrinogen levels the most was group 3 with 500 mg/KgBW. Meanwhile, CRP levels before and after treatment did not show a decrease.
Comparison of Interleukin-1b-511 C/T Polymorphism in Schizophrenia of Batak and Minangkabau Ethnicities in Pematang Siantar Wijaya, Raysha Awlia; Fachrial, Edy; Lister, I Nyoman Ehrich; Ariatama, Bayu
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 13, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2024.132.601-608

Abstract

This research is an overview of a comparative study on the Interleukin-1β-511 C/T polymorphism in individuals with schizophrenia of Batak and Minangkabau ethnicities in Pematang Siantar, Indonesia. The study aims to investigate genetic differences among these ethnic groups to better understand susceptibility to schizophrenia, which is influenced by multiple factors including genetics. The research uses a comparative categorical analytic approach with a cross-sectional method and involves DNA isolation and polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) examinations. Based on the results,  significant demographic differences between the Batak and Minangkabau ethnic groups, particularly in gender distribution, age, onset of illness, duration of illness, and PANSS scores. Notably, it finds a significant difference in the occurrence of the C allele and the T allele between the two ethnic groups, with the C allele being more prevalent in the Minangkabau group and the T allele more so in the Batak group. This suggests that the IL-1β -511 C/T polymorphism may play a differential role in the susceptibility to schizophrenia among these ethnicities, indicating a potential for ethnic-specific risk factors or protective elements.
Antibacterial Activity of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peel Tea against Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from a Water Depot Yumiko, Yumiko; Suhartomi, Suhartomi; Nasution, Sri Wahyuni; Syarifah, Siti; Simaremare, Ade Pryta R.
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 13, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2024.132.449-458

Abstract

Most orange peels are not utilized and become useless waste that is thrown away. Orange peels contain many nutrients and compounds, such as flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and essential oils, which are secondary metabolites that act as antibacterial agents. This study intends to investigate the antibacterial activity of sweet orange peel tea against isolated Enterobacteriaceae from a random water depot sample around Universitas Prima Indonesia. This experiment used disc diffusion for antibacterial assay. Meanwhile, the sweet orange peel was brewed using two different methods, including infusion and decoction, in two different masses (3 grams and 5 grams). These sweet orange peel tea formulations were compared to standard (chloramphenicol) and control (distilled water). Enterobacteriaceae was isolated and identified from a random water depot sample around Universitas Prima Indonesia, which included colony identification in EMB agar and MacConkey agar, gram staining, and biochemical test. This study showed that a random water depot sample contaminated by Enterobacteriaceae had properties similar to Citrobacter sp. Sweet orange tea formulation inhibited this isolated Enterobacteriaceae growth (P-Value: 0.010). Antibacterial activity was observed in 3-gram infusion, 5-gram infusion, and 5-gram decoction. However, the antibacterial activity was not better than the standard (chloramphenicol). Overall, it can be concluded that the sweet orange peel tea as infusion or decoction has weak antibacterial activity against Enterobacteriaceae bacteria isolated from water depots, which had some properties similar to Citrobacter sp.
Formulation and Effectiveness Test of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) and Starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) Combination Shampoo Against Pediculus humanus capitis Anindita, Reza; Harahap, Salwa Zhafarina; Beandrade, Maya Uzia; Putri, Intan Kurnia
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 13, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2024.132.565-573

Abstract

Some of the natural ingredients that have the potential to be developed into a health product for pediculosis are red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) and star fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L.). Secondary metabolite compounds in red ginger extract and star fruit that can potentially kill head lice Pediculosis humanus capitis include alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical fitness and effectiveness of the lethal power of the combination of red ginger extract and star fruit with formula 1 (F1) 1.5%, formula 2 (F2) 2%, and Formula 3 (F3) 2.5%. The tests carried out were phytochemical screening tests (alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and flavonoids), physical stability of shampoo (organoleptic, homogeneity, foam height, viscosity, and pH) for four weeks of storage, and testing the effectiveness of shampoo killing power against head lice Pediculus humanus capitis. Data analysis was carried out descriptively and comparatively using one-way ANOVA. Phytochemical screening of red ginger extract and star fruit was positive for alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and flavonoids. The organoleptic test of the shampoo on all three formulas produced a light brown colour, a distinctive aroma of lemon oil, and a thick shape. The homogeneity test showed a homogeneous shampoo preparation. F1 foam level test (7.7-11 cm), F2 (7.3-11 cm), and F3 (7.2-11 cm). F1 viscosity test (2,010-2,020 cps); F2 and F3 (2,020 cps). One-way ANOVA pH F1 test (8.54-8.77); F2 (8.01-8.70); F3 (8.61-8.77) and One-way ANOVA results for pH values obtained significant values of 0.096 > 0.05, while the killing power of aphids was 0.02 < 0.05. The three shampoo formulas of red ginger extract and star fruit showed good physical evaluation and still entered the test requirement range for four weeks of storage. Based on the results of statistical analysis, it was shown that the variation in the concentration of the formula did not cause a change in pH during four weeks of storage. The administration of a combination shampoo of red ginger extract and star fruit with a formulation of F1 1.5%, F2 2%, and F3 2.5% was able to have a natural effect on the average number of head lice deaths of Pediculus humanus capitis.
Effectiveness of Ethanol Extract Clove Leaves (Syzygium aromaticum) In Inhibiting Biofilm of Candida Albicans ATCC 14053 Nuzula, Firdausi; Masfufatun, Masfufatun
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 13, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2024.132.407-413

Abstract

Candida albicans is the most common type of Candida. It is a normal microbiota in the healthy human body that can become pathogenic when its balance is disturbed, causing an infection referred to as candidiasis. Antifungal resistance to biofilms is estimated to be 10,000 times that in planktonic form. Clove leaves (Syzygium aromatium) can treat infectious diseases, including candidiasis. This study aimed to analyze whether the ethanol extract of clove leaves (S. aromaticum) destroys the biofilm of C. albicans ATCC 14053. The research designwas pure experimental with a post test control group only design approach. The extraction method used was maceration. Test antibiofilm activity of ethanol extract of clove leaves using microtiter plate biofilm assay method. Measurement of results with a microplate reader was carried out using a wavelength of 595nm in accordance by the wavelength of crystal violet used as a colouring agent. The results showed that ethanol extract of clove leaves (S. aromaticum) has significant effectiveness against the maturation of C. albicans biofilm (p<0.05) with the highest percentage of activity at 20% concentration. The MBEC50 was determined by probit analysis, so the concentration of clove leaf ethanol extract (S. aromaticum) that can eradicate 50% of C. albicans biofilm is located at a concentration of 0.45%. The clinical benefits that can be developed from the results of this study are the potential use of clove leaf ethanol extract as an alternative therapy for C. albicans infection in the form of soap or ointment.
Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Activities of Cornhusk Extract of Zea mays and Leaf Extract of Sacharum officinarum Akpan, Emem Eyo; Anagboso, Martin Osita; Johnny, Imoh Imeh; Ebong, Nwakaego Omonigho; Okokon, Jude Efiom
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 13, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2024.132.531-540

Abstract

Zea mays husk and Saccharum officinarum have been used for years in ethnomedicine for their antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antidiabetic, and antiphlogistic activities. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Zea mays husk and Saccharum officinarum leaf extracts on the root meristem cells of Allium cepa were investigated. Onion bulbs were exposed to 2.5 mg/ml, 5mg/ml, and 10 mg/ml concentrations of the extracts for macroscopic and microscopic analysis. Tap water was used as a negative control and Methotrexate (0.1 mg/ml) was used as a positive control. There was statistically significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of root growth depending on concentration by the extracts when compared with the negative control group. All the tested extracts were observed to have cytotoxic effects on cell division in A. cepa. The extract induced chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei (MNC) formations in A. cepa root tip cells were significant (p<0.05) when compared with the control group. The extracts treatment further induced cell death, ghost cells, cells membrane damage, and binucleated cells. The Zea mays husk extract was found to exhibit higher cytotoxic and genotoxic potential than Saccharum officinarum leaf extract. These results suggest that Zea mays husk and Saccharum officinarum leaf extracts possess cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on A. cepa.
Quantitative Analysis, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Ethanol Leaf Extract and Fractions of Microsorium scolopendria (Burm. f.) Copel. in Mice Umoh, Uwemedimo Francis; Ubengama, Ekikere Ezekiel; Ramos, Gina; Onyido, Victor Chubueze
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 13, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2024.132.497-503

Abstract

Microsorium scolopendria, a fern was studied for phytochemicals, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects to add credence to its various folkloric applications. Phytochemicals were analyzed quantitatively, anti-inflammatory experiment was carried out with egg albumin- induced paw oedema and xylene-induced ear oedema models while analgesic effects were studied using formalin-induced paw licking, acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate-induced pain models. The results revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, and phenols with alkaloids (14.6 %w/w) as the most predominant phytoconstituent. In anti-inflammatory experiments, M. scolopendria extract reduced oedema caused by egg albumin and xylene in a dose related manner and comparable to standard agents. Also, in analgesic experiments, the extract reduced pain induced by formalin, acetic acid, and hot plate. These reductions were statistically (p?0.05) significant. Considering the fractions in all experiments, butanol and ethyl acetate fractions were prominent in anti-inflammatory effect while ethyl acetate fraction was at top in reduction of pain. This study supports the use of M. scolopendria in ethnomedicinal practice.

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