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Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, & NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY, this journal is published to attract and disseminate innovative and expert findings in the fields of plant, animal, and microorganism secondary metabolite, and also the effect of natural product on biological system as a reference source for researchers in these fields, and with the aim to set international standards in their methodology.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 452 Documents
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The Effect of Pilocarpine Hydrochloride on The Occurrence of Temporal Lobe Epileptic Seizures in White Mice (Mus musculus L.) BALB/C Strain Audria, Intan Safira; Harkitasari, Saktivi; Diah Witari, Ni Putu; Ningrum, Rima Kusuma; Putra Parwati, Tjok Istri; Sumadewi, Komang Trisna; Wiranatha, I Gede; Pratiwi, Cokorda Agung
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.141.67-72

Abstract

The objective of this research was to determine the effective dosage of pilocarpine hydrochloride to provoke epileptic seizures in animal models. In this study, a true-experimental method was utilized, employing a post-test only control group design. A total of 32 white mice (Mus musculus Linnaeus UICC 524) BALB/c strains were divided into four different groups for this study. The experimental groups were subjected to varying dosages of pilocarpine hydrochloride: 220 mg/kgBW as group I, 320 mg/kgBW as group II, and 350 mg/kgBW as group III. On the other hand, the control group was administered a saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) at a dosage of 0.16% ml/kgBW. Both pilocarpine hydrochloride and saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) were injected intraperitoneally (i.p) into mice. In group I, none of the mice experienced epileptic seizures, and they all survived. In contrast, in group III, all the mice experienced epileptic seizures, but none of them survived. The Man-Whitney Test showed significant differences in seizure occurrence across doses (p<0.01). The effective dose of pilocarpine hydrochloride for inducing epileptic seizures associated with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in this study appears to be in the range of 320 mg/kgBW to 350 mg/kgBW.
Phytochemical Profiling, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Activities of Tamarindus indica Pulp Extracts: A Comprehensive Evaluation Mohamed, Nidal Eisa Abdalla; Ismail, Ayman A. A.; Eisa, Alaa
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.141.51-56

Abstract

The study looks at the antioxidant, antibacterial, and phytochemical characteristics of pulp extracts from Tamarindus indica. Several solvent fractions were obtained from the extraction process, such as hexane, butanol, ethyl acetate, crude, and aqueous, all of which indicated the existence of primary and secondary metabolites. High amounts of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and steroids were found by phytochemical screening, especially in the butanol and ethyl acetate fractions. With an inhibition zone of 17 mm against Bacillus subtilis, the ethyl acetate extract had the most excellent antibacterial activity in antimicrobial tests conducted using the cup-plate agar diffusion method. With a radical scavenging activity of 11 ± 0.1%, the crude extract's antioxidant activity was found to be modest, in contrast to the positive control's 87% activity, propyl gallate (PG). These findings show that T. indica extracts have a promising antibacterial potential, despite their still-low antioxidant efficiency. According to the research, T. indica may be a valuable source of bioactive substances for medical and pharmacological uses, especially in the treatment of infections.
Protein Hydrolysates from Cucumeropsis mannii Seed Inhibit Alpha-amylase In-vitro: Potential for Managing Postprandial Hyperglycemia Babatunde, Oladimeji Taiwo; Bewaji, Clement Olatunbosun; Igunnu, Adedoyin
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.141.57-66

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a significant global cause of mortality. A hallmark of diabetes pathophysiology is postprandial hyperglycaemia (PPH). PPH is defined as a sudden and exponential increase in blood glucose levels after meals, typically above 140 mg/dL, which does not return to pre-meal levels after two to three hours, leading to glucose toxicity, oxidative stress, cardiovascular risks, and diabetes complications. A management option for PPH is the inhibition of carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, such as alpha-amylase. However, current inhibitors are associated with gastrointestinal side effects. Therefore, the search for novel inhibitors is a rational research endeavor. Recent studies highlight plant-derived protein hydrolysates as inhibitors of alpha-amylase. In this study, proteins from Cucumeropsis mannii (C. mannii) were isolated using alkaline solubilization-acid precipitation method and enzymatically cleaved using pepsin and pancreatin to yield C. mannii seed protein hydrolysates. The ?-amylase inhibitory property of the hydrolysates was investigated, using starch as the substrate. The IC50 values for ?-amylase inhibition were 8.77 ± 0.35 mg/mL (pancreatin-derived) and 14.80 ± 0.50 mg/mL (pepsin-derived). Kinetic studies indicated uncompetitive inhibition for pancreatin-derived hydrolysate and mixed uncompetitive for pepsin-derived hydrolysate at 9 mg/mL. These results suggest that C. mannii seed protein hydrolysates may aid in postprandial hyperglycemia management through ?-amylase inhibition.
The Potential of Spirulina platensis Biostimulan as a Seed Priming Agent to Enhance the Vigor and Viability of Cucumber Seeds (Cucumis sativus) Rahmawati, Fitri Ayu; Pratiwi, Indah Wahyu; Samtani, Kariena; Atuillah, Nuning; Hidayatullah, Reza Aris; Ermawati, Netty; Sya'ban, Rahmat Ali; Kurniasari, Leli; Adnan, Moch. Rosyadi
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.141.129-141

Abstract

Spirulina platensis is a microalgae that can grow in waste media, including Sugar Mill Effluent (SME). In addition, Spirulina contains phytohormones that can be utilized to enhance seed germination. Cultivating microalgae will produce biomass that can be used for priming cucumber seeds. This research aims to determine the effect of Spirulina biomass and soaking time on the germination of cucumber seeds. In this research, a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used, consisting of 5 levels of microalgae biomass concentration: control (untreated seeds), 0, 30, 45, and 60%, with soaking time of 3 levels: 1, 2, and 3 hours. The results demonstrated that Spirulina can grow in SME-based media, as indicated by the increase in size and density of microalgae cells.  Analysis of the seed priming test results of 45% algae biomass concentration for 1 and 3 hours showed a significant effect on the parameter of vigor index, seed growth rate, and simultaneous seed growth. In the treatment with a 60% concentration and soaking time of 1, 2, and 3 hours, significant effects were observed on the parameters of MGT, vigor index, seed growth rate, and shoot length. Even though the 45% and 60% treatments showed no significant differences in the few parameters, the priming with Spirulina platensis exhibited no decrease in cucumber seed germination, these applications indicated no decrease in seed germination. This demonstrates that priming treatment with Spirulina platensis is not toxic to seedling growth.
Platelet-rich plasma as an Alternative Supplement for Enhancing CD Marker Expression in Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Prianggodo, Putra Agung; Septiana, Wahyunia Likhayati; Junaidi, Helsy; Astuti, Sastia Winda
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.141.249-257

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) as culture supplements for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from umbilical cord tissue. The study focused on the efficiency of xeno-free PRP in enhancing cell adhesion and proliferation and looked at cell surface markers for MSC characterization. Until the cells achieved 80% confluency, three repeats of FBS and PRP were added to the culture medium of mesenchymal stem cells derived from umbilical cord tissue in passage 10. Following harvesting, an assay kit for human mesenchymal stem cells was used to color the cells. Using flow cytometry, the surface markers CD73, CD90, CD105, and the negative marker CD44 were evaluated in the samples. Cells supplemented with PRP expressed more positive indicators and fewer negative markers. Whereas the results for CD90, CD105, and the negative marker were insignificant, the expression of CD73 increased significantly. PRP can enhance CD marker expression by acting as a substitute for FBS in the culture of xeno-free umbilical cord-derived MSCs.
Subacute Toxicity Study of Leaf Extract of Saccharum officinarum Edem, Utibe A; Okokon, Jude E
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.141.91-100

Abstract

Saccharum officinarum (Family-Poaceae) is used traditionally to treat malaria and fever, among others. Evaluation of subacute administration ethanol leaf extract of Saccharum officinarum for possible effect on hematological indices, liver and kidney functions, and lipid profile of rats was carried out. The leaf extract (170, 340, 510 mg/kg body weight) was orally administered to male Wistar rats daily for 30 days, and the rats were sacrificed under light diethyl ether anesthesia after the administration. Subacute administration of S. officinarum leaf extract resulted in an insignificant increase in the body weights of rats without any significant (p>0.05) effect on the weights of liver and kidney when compared to control. The leaf extract treatment did not affect WBC, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophil, and basophil percentages. However, it caused significant (p<0.05) decreases in RBC and platelet counts, hemoglobin concentration, and PCV percentage, especially at the middle dose (374 mg/kg), and also prolonged bleeding and clotting time significantly (p<0.05) when compared to control.  The leaf extracts non-dose-dependently caused insignificant (p>0.05) decreases in total protein, albumin, and ALT levels. ALP was significantly (p<0.05) decreased at the highest dose (510 mg/kg). However, AST, total and conjugated bilirubin levels were significantly (p<0.01-0.001) decreased only at higher doses (340 and 510 mg/kg) of the extract. The leaf extract did not cause any significant (p>0.05) effect on urea, creatinine, potassium, and sodium as well as total cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, and LDL levels of rats, but the highest dose (510 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.05) increased Cl level and reduced HDL level of rats when compared to control.  The leaf extract exerts mild to moderate effects on the histology of the livers and kidneys of rats. Chronic study is advocated to investigate the effect of prolonged administration of rats’ extract organs and systems.
Phytochemical Screening and Determination of Total Flavonoid Content of Keji Beling Leaves Ethanol Extract (Strobilanthes crispa Bl.) Mahyantika, Seftya Putri; Husain, Muhammad Hafizh; Nirwana, Linggar; Aldina, Devana Rahma; Gemilang, Satria; Nafisa, Nafisa; Ramadhan, Majida; Sjakoer, Nour Athiroh Abdoes; Faisal, Faisal
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.141.219-224

Abstract

This study aims to determine the total flavonoid content in the ethanol extract of keji beling (Strobilanthes crispa) leaves using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method with AlCl3 reagent. The research process includes maximum wavelength testing, preparation of quercetin standard solution, and analysis of total flavonoid levels. The results showed that the total flavonoid content in the extract was 144.347 ± 134.854 mg QE/g extract, with an extract yield of 0.4% and extract moisture content of 5.256%, which showed good potential in preventing the growth of microorganisms. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins, while saponins, triterpenoids, and steroids were not detected. These findings confirm the importance of secondary metabolite compounds in plants and the potential of keji beling leaf extract as a source of active compounds with health benefits, including antioxidant and antibacterial activities. This study provides a basis for further research into the medical applications of this plant extract.
Encapsulation of Extracted Oil from Mentha piperita in Alginate Beads Shrestha, Kriti; Kunwar, Manish; Kunwar, Alina; Pokharel, Prayan
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.141.337-343

Abstract

Encapsulating essential oils derived from traditional medicinal flora within alginate beads represents an up-and-coming technique for enhancing their stability, bioavailability, and controlled release properties. In this study, we employed a Clevenger apparatus to extract the essential oil from Mentha piperita. The hydrodistillation process of M. piperita yielded an essential oil extraction of 0.27 ± 0.05%. The ionic gelation methodology facilitates the cross-linking of alginate with Calcium chloride, forming a gel-like matrix that effectively encapsulates essential oil droplets within stable, gelled beads. The essential oil-loaded beads were quantified spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 340 nm (λmax). Furthermore, we evaluated and characterized the beads for size, weight analysis, sphericity, swelling behavior, dissolution kinetics, pH stability, drying rate, and accelerated stability studies. The size of alginate beads exhibited a significant increase concomitant with an elevation in sodium alginate concentration. The release profile of the oil content demonstrated a more sustained and regulated release within a phosphate buffer at pH 6.8 as opposed to that observed in 0.1N HCl.
Presence of Salmonella sp. In Tilapia and Catfish from Cages in Pahandut Seberang Along the Kahayan River Flow Kurniawan, Mutiara; Praja, Rian Ka; Widiarti, Astri; Hanasia, Hanasia; Toemon, Angeline Novia
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.141.185-191

Abstract

Salmonellosis is a zoonosis, which means that it may be spread from animals to people through fish meat. It is a sickness brought on by an infection with the salmonella bacteria that infect humans and animals and invade the digestive tract. According to data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, the global rate of salmonellosis in 2019 was 4.22 cases per 100,000 people, with a 1.72 fatality rate. Indonesia had a mortality rate of 2.42 and 5.82 per 100,000 people 2019. The objective of this study is to identify Salmonella sp. bacteria in 14 samples of river water, catfish (Clariidae), and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) raised in rivers. This study includes two water samples, three catfish samples, and nine tilapia samples from the cage of the Pahandut Seberang River in Palangka Raya City. It employs a descriptive research design using an experimental technique. Among the metrics noted is the detection of Salmonella sp. The study found that all water samples, tilapia, and catfish tested positive for Salmonella sp bacteria in the selective media Salmonella Shigella Agar (SSA), that 14 samples (100%) in the gram staining test displayed the traits of Salmonella sp bacteria, and that 5 samples (B N1, C N2-3 samples in tilapia, B L1 samples in catfish, and water sample 2 showed the type of Salmonella paratyphoid b bacteria) and 9 samples, namely samples Salmonella tyhpimarium bacteria were found in samples A L1, C L1 in catfish, B N2-3, C N1 in tilapia, and water 1. As a result, every sample surpassed the SNI 7388:2009 maximum level of microbial contamination, which is positive/25g. According to the Indonesian National Standardization Agency's SNI 7388:2009 guidelines for the upper limit of microbial contamination in food, the tilapia meat, catfish, and river water in the river cage of Kahayan Pahandut Seberang Palangka Raya City do not satisfy the requirements.
Molecular Identification of Fungal Complex Associated with Stored Maize Grains Vended in Some Local Government Areas of Adamawa State, Nigeria Peter, Patricia Sanum; Haruna, Aishatu; Abaka, AbdulAzeez Mumsiri
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.141.299-308

Abstract

Maize is a crucial global crop but remains highly vulnerable to fungal contamination, which poses serious threats to food safety and agricultural productivity. This study aimed to identify fungal species associated with maize samples from Adamawa State, Nigeria, using morphological and molecular techniques. Morphological analysis facilitated genus-level identification, while rDNA ITS sequencing provided precise species-level classification. The identified fungal species included Lichtheimia ramosa, Aspergillus latus, Aspergillus flavus, Amesia atrobrunnea, and Cladosporium cladosporioides. Among them, Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent (48.1%), followed by A. latus (22.1%), L. ramosa (14.3%), C. cladosporioides (12.9%), and A. atrobrunnea (2.6%). Yola North recorded the highest level of fungal contamination. Growth rate analysis showed that L. ramosa exhibited the fastest growth, while A. atrobrunnea had the slowest. Molecular identification confirmed the fungal species, with ITS sequences displaying 81% to 95% similarity to reference strains. Phylogenetic analysis further clarified the evolutionary relationships among the isolates. The dominance of Aspergillus species, particularly A. flavus, raises concerns due to their mycotoxin-producing capabilities, which pose health risks and compromise food safety. While these findings align with previous reports on fungal contamination in stored grains, they differ from studies highlighting Fusarium and Penicillium as dominant contaminants in other regions. This study emphasizes the need for accurate fungal identification, improved storage techniques, and advanced molecular tools to mitigate contamination. These insights are essential for enhancing food security, promoting agricultural sustainability, and safeguarding public health in maize-reliant regions such as Nigeria.

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