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All Journal Melintas An International Journal of Philosophy and Religion Jurnal Hukum PRO JUSTITIA Insignia: Journal of International Relations JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies) Jurnal Ilmiah HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL Jurnal Studi Diplomasi dan Keamanan Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Global Strategis Jurnal Hubungan Internasional Indonesian Perspective Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Verity: Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional (International Relations Journal) Jurnal Pertahanan : Media Informasi tentang Kajian dan Strategi Pertahanan yang Mengedepankan Identity, Nasionalism dan Integrity Mandala: Jurnal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional Andalas Journal of International Studies AEGIS : Journal of International Relations NUSANTARA : Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial Indonesian Journal of International Relations Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi dan Kajian Hukum Publica: Jurnal Pemikiran Administrasi Negara Academia Praja : Jurnal Ilmu Politik, Pemerintahan dan Administrasi Publik DINAMIKA GLOBAL : JURNAL ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi: Media Pengembangan Ilmu dan Praktek Administrasi Jurnal Syntax Imperatif : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan Jurnal Kewarganegaraan Jurnal Maritim Indonesia (Indonesian Maritime Journal) Jurnal Politica Dinamika Masalah Politik Dalam Negeri dan Hubungan Internasional Indonesian Journal of Peace and Security Studies East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (EAJMR) International Journal of Humanities Education and Social Sciences Formosa Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (FJMR) Intermestic: Journal of International Studies Indonesian Perspective Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional Aurelia: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Indonesia Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi: Media Pengembangan Ilmu dan Praktek Administrasi Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Aksaqila International Humanities and Social Sciences [AIHSS] Journal Jurnal TNI Angkatan Udara International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences
Anak Agung Banyu Perwita
Universitas Pertahanan RI
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Journal : Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art

 1 
Hedging through Defense Diplomacy: Indonesia’s Non-Alignment in the Age of Emerging Technologies Suminar, Sekar Hesti; Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu; Ramsi, Oktaheroe
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 3 No 4 (2025): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v3i4.7112

Abstract

Indonesia’s long-standing doctrine of a “free and active” foreign policy is increasingly reinterpreted in the 21st century as a strategic hedging approach, enabling the state to navigate intensifying great-power competition and rapid technological change. This study examines the emergence of defense diplomacy as a core instrument of Indonesia’s hedging strategy, allowing engagement with major powers and access to evolving defense technologies without compromising its non-aligned identity. Using a qualitative case study method, the research contrasts two key partnerships: the PT Len–Thales combat management system contract, representing Indonesia’s engagement with Western technology, and the ongoing Indonesia–India BrahMos missile negotiations, exemplifying diversification beyond traditional suppliers. The findings demonstrate that cultivating diverse, well-managed defense relationships mitigates overdependence on a single partner, enhances indigenous technological capacity, and advances strategic autonomy. This analysis argues that Indonesia’s hedging constitutes a contemporary articulation of non-alignment, reconciling normative commitments to sovereignty with pragmatic uncertainty management amid emerging technologies. By situating this dynamic within the broader framework of middle power diplomacy in the Indo-Pacific, the study underscores the growing relevance of defense diplomacy in safeguarding national interests in a fluid and contested geopolitical environment.
Hedging at Sea: Indonesia–Russia Defense Diplomacy through ORRUDA 2024 in the Indo-Pacific Norlyanti, Nia; Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu; Hendarwoto, Yermia
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 3 No 4 (2025): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v3i4.7123

Abstract

Amid intensifying great-power rivalries in the Indo-Pacific, Indonesia’s defense strategy has shifted toward multidirectional engagement to preserve strategic autonomy without committing to any single bloc. This study examines the strategic significance of the ORRUDA 2024 joint naval exercise between Indonesia and Russia as a case of defense diplomacy within a hedging framework. Drawing on neorealism, hedging theory, and the actor–process–issue model of defense diplomacy, the research adopts a qualitative case study approach that integrates primary sources, including press releases and official statements, with secondary scholarly literature. The findings reveal that ORRUDA operates both as a balancing mechanism against U.S.-led regional security architectures such as AUKUS and the Quad, and as a diplomatic signal affirming Indonesia’s bebas-aktif foreign policy. The exercise strengthens operational cooperation with non-Western partners, reinforces national security, and contributes to regional stability. It also demonstrates the utility of defense diplomacy as a non-aligned, peacetime instrument of strategic statecraft involving coordinated planning, communication, and issue-specific collaboration. Overall, the analysis underscores the role of calibrated, non-provocative military engagement in managing geopolitical uncertainty and highlights the importance of diversifying defense partnerships and enhancing strategic communication to sustain Indonesia’s agency in a contested Indo-Pacific environment.
U.S.-China Rivalry Controls AI-Based Defense Machine in the Natuna Sea and Malacca Strait: Indonesia's AI Governance Diplomacy in Navigating International Regulations Baresi, Muhammad Jordan; Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu; Hendarwoto, Yermia
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 3 No 5 (2025): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v3i5.7594

Abstract

This research examines the intensifying military artificial intelligence (AI) rivalry between the United States and China in the Southeast Asian maritime domain, with a focus on its implications for Indonesia’s sovereignty and regional security, particularly in the Natuna Sea and the Strait of Malacca. Despite the strategic significance of this technological contest, its impact on Indonesia’s defense and diplomatic posture remains underexplored. The study aims to analyze how the U.S.–China military AI competition is reshaping regional security dynamics and how Indonesia’s defense diplomacy navigates international legal frameworks amid emerging AI-based threats. Adopting a qualitative descriptive approach with a comparative case study design, the research draws on diplomatic documents and reports from international institutions such as the UN, ASEAN, SIPRI, and IISS. Data were analyzed using thematic coding via NVivo 14 and triangulated across multiple sources. Findings reveal that military AI has transformed conventional security concerns into an era of algorithmic rivalry that remains largely unregulated under existing international law. In response, Indonesia has pursued a form of AI Governance Diplomacy, a defense diplomacy strategy grounded in the principles of human oversight, algorithmic transparency, and legal accountability. The study concludes that Indonesia’s normative approach contributes to shaping emerging global norms on military AI governance. Theoretically, the findings expand non-traditional security discourse by incorporating algorithmic threats, while practically offering recommendations to strengthen ethical and regulatory frameworks for AI within ASEAN’s regional security architecture.
Safeguarding Maritime Critical Infrastructure: Indonesia’s Defense Diplomacy in the Indo-Pacific Security Architecture under the Joko Widodo Administration (2014–2024) Nurjanah, Ita; Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu; Hendarwoto, Yermia
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 3 No 5 (2025): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v3i5.7607

Abstract

Maritime critical infrastructure (MCI)—comprising undersea data cables, energy pipelines, ports, and shipping lanes—is essential to sustaining global economic stability and digital connectivity. This is particularly critical in Southeast Asia, a region marked by dense maritime traffic and rising geopolitical tensions, including hybrid threats. As the largest archipelagic state in the region, Indonesia plays a pivotal role in safeguarding the security and resilience of these infrastructures. This study analyzes Indonesia’s defense diplomacy in protecting MCI within the broader Indo-Pacific security architecture during the administration of President Joko Widodo (2014–2024). Anchored in Barry Buzan’s Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT), alongside the concepts of hedging and defense diplomacy, the research employs a qualitative descriptive method to examine Indonesia’s strategic positioning. Findings indicate that Indonesia’s approach emphasizes diplomatic engagement, regional institutional cooperation, and strategic autonomy—enabling it to enhance infrastructure resilience while preserving neutrality amid intensifying U.S.–China rivalry. Key enablers include the adoption of technological innovation, improved inter-agency coordination, and multilateral defense partnerships. The study concludes that Indonesia’s defense diplomacy not only contributes to national infrastructure protection but also reinforces the stability of the Indo-Pacific maritime order.
Co-Authors Abdullah Zulkifli Adelia Wulandari Agung Risdhianto Agung Risdhianto Agung Rishdianto Agung Rishdianto Agus Sudarya Agus Sudarya Akhmad Sultoni Yahya Akmal Nugraha, Deja Akmhad Sultoni Yahya Albubaroq, Hikmat Zakky Andriyanto, Kristoforus Evan Annisa Dipa Pertiwi Arcelinocent Emile Pangemanan Asrudin, Muhammad Athar Dil, Saqib Baresi, Muhammad Jordan Brahmana, Dedy Putra BUDI PRAMONO Dedy Putra Brahmana Denisa Rizkiya Denisa Rizkiya Dewi, Dyah Apriliana Chandra Duarte, Rui Eko Hadisancoko, Rizeriu Ernasari, Cici Estirahayu, Ferditania Fadhlur Rivanda Febry Hadiaty Furqon Hananto, Subarkah Hashmi, Hassan Raza Hendarwoto, Yermia Heni Yekti Pamulatsih Hikmat Zakky al Mubaroq Huliyani, Tri I Gusti Bagus Dharma Agastia, I Gusti Bagus Dharma Inkiriwang, Frega F. Wenas Inkiriwang Inkiriwang, Frega Ferdinand Wenas Inkiriwang, Frega Wenas Ircha Tri Meilisa Irene Irene Jennie Joyce Candice Jennie Joyce Candice Joodael, Kim Joseph Tertia Joseph Tertia Kim, Joodael Kurniawan Kurniawan Firmuzi Syarifuddin Lazuardi Loqman Ar Rahman Lazuardi Loqman Ar Rahman Luangphane, Chanthaboun Lubis, Lia Aulia M. Adnan Madjid Madjid, M. Adnan Mahroza, Jonni Makarim Wibisono Masitoh, Yuniar Tri Megawati Putri Militia Christi Pandelaki Militia Christi Pandelaki Montolalu, Reynaldo Rudy Kristian Muhamad Hasanuddin Wahid Muhammad Arkan Muhammad Ilham Razak Munif Prasojo Nisrina Nadhifa Norlyanti, Nia Nugraha, Deja Akmal Nugroho, Riant Nurhayati Pakpahan Nurjanah, Ita Oktaheroe Ramsi Pamulatsih, Heni Yekti Pandelaki, Militia Christi Pedrason, Rodon Peni Hanggarini Praditya, Editha Purwantoro, Susilo Adi R, Andana Prawitra Rahma Yustika Dewi Rahmadhani, Putri Reza A.A Wattimena Ria Putri Santoso Rishianto, Agung Risma Saragih, Herlina Juni Rizerius Eko Hadi Sancoko Rudy, Elphis Santoso, Ria Putri Silaen, Christo Ariel Mario Simamora, Yohana Meyrida Sudibyo Sudibyo Sudibyo Suminar, Sekar Hesti Surachman Surjaatmadja Suyono Thamrin Tertia, Joseph Thamrin, Suyono Tia Dikatama Tsania Vania Lalita Wahid, Muhamad Hasanuddin Wenas Inkiriwang, Frega F. Wicaksono, Tresno Widjayanto, Joni Widya Dwi Rachmawati Wiranto, Surya Yasintha Selly Rossiana Yusuf Ali