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Hubungan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 dengan Penyakit Ginjal Kronis: Tinjauan Literatur: The Relationship Between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Literature Review Salsabila, Nuzulia Hikmah; Adhayati, Baety; Selfie, Selfie; Harahap, Alfuu Nur; Sitanggang, Ervina Julien; Prameswari, Yuda Nabella
Journal of Health and Physical Vol. 2 No. 1 (2026): April
Publisher : BALE LITERASI

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58218/jhp.v2i1.2703

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major global health problem and one of the leading causes of chronic kidney disease. Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes plays a crucial role in the development of kidney damage, which may progress to end-stage renal disease if not properly managed. This review aims to explore the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, focusing on underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical implications. A narrative review approach was conducted using literature from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar published between 2016 and 2026. The findings indicate that persistent hyperglycemia contributes to kidney damage through multiple interconnected mechanisms, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. These processes lead to structural and functional alterations in the kidney, such as glomerular dysfunction, declining glomerular filtration rate, and accumulation of metabolic waste products. Furthermore, the coexistence of diabetes and chronic kidney disease is associated with a higher risk of systemic complications, particularly cardiovascular disease, anemia, and metabolic disturbances, which significantly impact patient outcomes. Overall, type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease have a strong and complex relationship. Effective glycemic control, early detection, and comprehensive monitoring of kidney function are essential strategies to prevent disease progression and reduce the burden of complications, highlighting the importance of integrated management in patients with diabetes.
CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS: EPIDEMIOLOGI, PATOGENESIS, MANIFESTASI KLINIS, DIAGNOSIS, DAN PENATALAKSANAAN: TINJAUAN LITERATUR Irawati, Nur Bebi Ulfah; Hermawati, Luluk; Nasution, Silvia Fitrina; Damayanti, Putri; Prameswari, Yuda Nabella; Zulfa, Hilizza Awalina
JURNAL BIOSENSE Vol 9 No 2 (2026): Edisi April 2026
Publisher : Universitas PGRI Banyuwangi, Jalan Ikan Tongkol No 01, Telp (0333) 421593, 428592 Banyuwangi 68416

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36526/biosense.v9i2.7673

Abstract

Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic infection caused by protozoa of the Cryptosporidium genus that infect humans and animals worldwide. The disease remains a significant public health concern, particularly in regions with limited access to clean water and adequate sanitation. This study aimed to review recent scientific evidence regarding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of cryptosporidiosis. A literature review method was employed by analyzing scientific articles published between 2015 and 2025 retrieved from databases including PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. Relevant studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria and analyzed narratively. The review indicates that Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum are the most common species causing human infection and account for the majority of cases worldwide. Transmission primarily occurs through the fecal–oral route via contaminated water or food, as well as direct contact with infected hosts. Infection involves parasite attachment and invasion of intestinal epithelial cells, leading to mucosal damage, malabsorption, and diarrhea. Clinical manifestations vary depending on the host's immune status, ranging from mild self-limiting diarrhea in immunocompetent individuals to severe and chronic infection in immunocompromised patients. Diagnosis is commonly established through microscopic detection of oocysts, antigen-based assays, and molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Current management mainly focuses on supportive therapy, while nitazoxanide remains the only antiparasitic drug approved by the FDA for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis. Therefore, improvements in sanitation, development of diagnostic methods, and effective prevention strategies are essential to reduce the global burden of cryptosporidiosis.