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Analisis Varian Histopatologis dan Lokasi Tumor pada Pasien Adenocarcinoma Colorectal di RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung Tahun 2016 Dzikru Rahmah Robbika Az-Zahra; Meike Rachmawati; Tito Gunantara
Bandung Conference Series: Medical Science Vol. 2 No. 1 (2022): Bandung Conference Series: Medical Science
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsms.v2i1.1841

Abstract. Colorectal Adenocarcinoma is the third most common type of cancer and the most frequently diagnosed after lung cancer and breast cancer. Colorectal Adenocarcinoma is a malignant tumor of the colon epithelium with genetic mutations. The number of colorectal adenocarcinoma cases in 2020 were 17,368 or around 4.4% of the total cancer cases in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the characteristics of Colorectal Adenocarcinoma patients based on histopathological variants at RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung period of January 1, 2016—December 31, 2016. This research is an analytical observational study with a cross sectional approach. The data used is secondary data in the form of medical record data. The sampling technique used is total sampling. From this study, it was found that Colorectal Adenocarcinoma patients had histopathological variants in the form of Adenocarcinoma NOS (ratio: 0.906, proportion: 90.6%, 95% CI: 0.835; 0.977), Mucinous Adenocarcinoma (ratio: 0.063, proportion: 6.3%, 95% CI: 0.003; 0.123), and Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma (ratio: 0.031, proportion: 3.1%, 95% CI: -0.011; 0.073). Colorectal adenocarcinoma patients in this study had tumors located in the right colon (ratio: 0.344, proportion: 34.4%, 95%CI: 0.288; 0.46) and tumors located in the left colon (ratio: 0.655, proportion: 65.5%, 95% CI 0.54; 0.772). The conclusion of this study is that colorectal adenocarcinoma patients tend to have histopathological variants in the form of adenocarcinoma NOS and have tumors located in the left colon. Abstrak. Adenocarcinoma Colorectal merupakan jenis kanker paling umum ketiga dan paling sering didiagnosis setelah kanker paru-paru dan kanker payudara. Adenocarcinoma Colorectal merupakan tumor epitel ganas usus besar yang mengalami serangkaian mutasi genetik. Jumlah kasus Adenocarcinoma Colorectal di tahun 2020 adalah sebesar 17.368 atau sekitar 4,4% dari total seluruh kasus kanker di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik penderita Adenocarcinoma Colorectal berdasarkan varian histopatologis dan lokasi tumor di Rumah Sakit Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung periode 1 Januari 2016—31 Desember 2016. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik observasional dengan pendekatan potong lintang. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah total sampling. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh pasien Adenocarcinoma Colorectal memiliki varian histopatologis berupa Adenocarcinoma NOS (rasio: 0,906, proporsi: 90,6%, 95% CI: 0,835; 0,977), Mucinous Adenocarcinoma (rasio: 0,063, proporsi: 6,3%, 95% CI: 0,003; 0,123), dan Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma (rasio: 0,031, proporsi: 3,1%, 95% CI: -0,011; 0,073). Pasien Adenocarcinoma Colorectal pada penelitian ini memiliki tumor yang berlokasi di kolon kanan (rasio: 0,344, proporsi: 34,4%, 95%CI: 0,288; 0,46) dan tumor yang berlokasi pada kolon kiri (rasio : 0,655, proporsi : 65 ,5%, 95% CI 0,54; 0,772). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pasien Adenocarcinoma Colorectal cenderung memiliki varian histopatologis berupa Adenocarcinoma NOS dan memiliki tumor yang berlokasi di kolon bagian kiri.

Profil Klinis dan Histopatologi Pasien Adenocarcinoma Colorectal di RSUP Hasan Sadikin Tahun 2016 Meike Rachmawati; Ismawati Ismawati; Meta Maulida; Dzikru Rahmah Robbika Az-Zahra
Jurnal Integrasi Kesehatan dan Sains Vol 4, No 2 (2022): Jurnal Integrasi Kesehatan dan Sains
Publisher : Universitas Islam Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/jiks.v4i2.10261

AbstrakAdenocarcinoma colorectal merupakan keganasan paling umum ketiga setelah kanker paru dan payudara. Adenocarcinoma colorectal merupakan tumor epitel ganas usus besar yang mengalami serangkaian mutasi genetik. Jumlah kasus adenocarcinoma colorectal pada tahun 2020 adalah 17.368 atau 4,4% kasus kanker di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui dan menganalisis hubungan antara tiap-tiap profil klinis dan histopatologis adenocarcinoma colorectal. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik observasional dengan pendekatan potong lintang. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder berupa data rekam medis pasien adenocarcinoma colorectal di Rumah Sakit Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung periode tahun 2016 yang sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi. Penelitian dilakukan selama Februari–Oktober 2021. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah total sampling. Uji analisis Fisher diperoleh p=0,018 (p<0,05) hubungan signifikan antara lokasi tumor dan staging T atau ukuran tumor. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan pula hubungan signifikan grading staging N p=0.002 (p<0.05). Simpulan penelitian ini adalah beberapa kriteria pada pasien memiliki hubungan yang signifikan antara satu sama lain, yaitu lokasi tumor dengan staging T, dan grading dengan staging N. AbstractColorectal adenocarcinoma is the third most common malignancy after lung cancer and breast cancer, and a malignant epithelial tumor of the large intestine that undergoes a genetic mutations. The number of colorectal adenocarcinoma cases in 2020 was 17,368 or 4.4% of the total cancer cases in Indonesia. This study aims to determine and analyze the relationship between each clinical and histopathological profile of Colorectal Adenocarcinoma. This study is an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional approach. The data used in this study is patient's medical record at RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin in 2016 according to the inclusion criteria. The study was carried out during February–October 2021. The sampling technique used is total sampling. From the analytical Fisher test, a p value of 0.018 (p<0.05) was obtained in the analysis of the relationship between location and T staging, which stated that there was a significant relationship between tumor location and T staging. This study also found a significant relationship between grading and staging N with a p=0.002 (p <0.05). The conclusion of this study is that several criteria in patients have a significant relationship with each other, namely tumor location with T staging, and grading with N staging.

Histopathology of Nephrotoxicity Associated with Administered Water Extract Purple Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) in Mice (Mus musculus) in Stratified Phases of Dose Meta Maulida Damayanti; Raden Anita Indriyanti; Yuktiana Kharisma; Yuke Andriane; Uci Ari Lantika; Ratna Damailia; Meike Rachmawati
Global Medical & Health Communication (GMHC) Vol 10, No 3 (2022)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/gmhc.v10i3.9662

The main aim of the registered purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is to provide minimize the adverse chemical drugs, in addition to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. Potentially adverse effects may be observed in laboratory animals in particular, the extent to which this administration can cause toxicity. This study aimed to examine the histopathology of nephrotoxicity associated with administered water extracts of purple sweet potato in mice with stratified doses. The study was conducted at the Biomedical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Bandung on September 2019. Female mice (Mus musculus) strain Swiss Webster, aged between 6–8 weeks weighing 25 to 30 g, were obtained from Biopharma Laboratory, Bandung. The animal was acclimatized for seven days before being administered water extract purple sweet potato: eleven mice, one control group, and ten treatment groups underwent toxicity doses of purple sweet potato water extract administration. Purple sweet potato variant of Ayamurasaki prepared in various oral doses. The results show in the control group there were no histopathological changes, but in the group administered water extract purple sweet potato from the first phase seems in a mild grade of macrophage accumulation, mild vacuolization of tubular epithelial cells, mild vascular dilatation, and mild hydrophilic degeneration. In the second phase, macrophage accumulation was visible in moderate grades. The LD50 of purple sweet potato extract is greater than 5,000 mg/kgBW. The findings of this study indicate that registration of purple sweet potato extract in confirmatory doses is safe to administer and did not exhibit any mortality. The toxicity test of purple sweet potato water extracts in the kidney exhibits minimal chemical effects.

Karakteristik Klinis dan Histopatologi Pasien Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia di Rumah Sakit Angkatan Udara Dr. M. Salamun Kota Bandung Tahun 2020-2021 Hauradarry Aurella Permadi; Meike Rachmawati; Abdul Hadi Hassan
Bandung Conference Series: Medical Science Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023): Bandung Conference Series: Medical Science
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsms.v3i1.6662

Abstract. Globally there were 11.26 million cases of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in 2019. BPH mostly affects men over 60 years old in Indonesia. BPH is the second most common disease found in urology clinics in Indonesia. The quality of life of BPH patients is disrupted due to persistent irritative and obstructive symptoms. Histopathological picture of hyperplasia of prostate gland cells. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical and histopathological features of BPH patients at RSAU dr. M. Bandung City. The sampling technique for this study used total sampling using 36 medical records of BPH patients at RSAU dr. M. Salamun Bandung City. This research uses descriptive method. The results of the study from 36 total samples, the clinical picture of 13 people (36.1%) patients experienced intermittent, 20 patients (55.6%) experienced weak flow, 30 people experienced hesitancy, 13 people (36.1%) experienced dysuria , 12 people (33.3%) had BAK that was not light and a further 13 people (36.1%) had nocturia. Histopathology showed that 19 patients (52.8%) had prostatic acini dilatation, 17 patients (47.2%) had prostatic acini hyperplasia, 16 patients (44.4%) had acini lumen containing corpora amylase, 21 patients ( 58.3%) had hyperplastic acini epithelial cells, then 32 people (88.9%) had nuclei within normal limits. The conclusion of this study is to get the most clinical picture of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia is experiencing a weak bladder flow and hesitancy. The histopathological picture shows that most of the prostatic acini are dilated, the acini epithelial cells are hyperplastic, the nuclei are within normal limits. Abstrak. Secara global terdapat 11.26 juta kasus Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia di tahun 2019. BPH banyak diderita laki-laki lebih dari 60 tahun di Indonesia. BPH termasuk penyakit kedua terbanyak yang ditemukan dalam klinik urologi di Indonesia. Kualitas hidup pasien BPH terganggu akibat gejala iritatif dan obstruktif yang timbul secara terus menerus. Gambaran histopatologi berupa hiperplasia sel-sel kelenjar prostat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai gambaran klinis dan gambaran histopatologi pasien BPH di RSAU dr. M. Kota Bandung.Teknik pengambilan sampel penelitian ini menggunakan total sampling dengan menggunakan 36 data rekam medis pasien BPH di RSAU dr. M. Salamun Kota Bandung. Penelitian ini mengguanakan metode deskriptif . Hasil penelitian dari 36 total sampel, gambaran klinis sebanyak 13 orang (36,1%) pasien mengalami intermittency, 20 pasien (55,6%) mengalami aliran yang lemah, 30 orang mengalami hesistency, 13 orang (36,1%) mengalami disuria, 12 orang (33,3%) mengalami BAK yang tidak lampias dan kemudian 13 orang (36,1%) mengalami nokturia. Gambaran histopatologi menunjukan sebanyak 19 orang (52,8%) pasien mengalami dilatasi acini prostat, 17 pasien (47,2%) mengalami hiperplasia acini prostat, 16 orang (44,4%) terjadi lumen acini yang mengandung corpora amilase, 21 orang (58,3%) terjadi sel-sel epitel acini yang hiperplastis, kemudian 32 orang (88,9%) terjadi inti dalam batas normal. Kesimpulan penelitian ini didapatkan gambaran klinis terbanyak Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia adalah mengalami aliran kemih yang lemah dan hesistency. Gambaran histopatologi menunjukan sebagian besar terjadi dilatasi acini prostat, sel-sel epitel acini yang hyperplastis, inti dalam batas normal. Kata kunci: Benign prostatic hyperplasia, BPH, karakteristik BPH

Hubungan Antara Tingkat Pengetahuan Anggota Persit Paldam Jaya Mengenai Kanker Serviks terhadap Sikap dalam Melakukan Skrining Tes Pap Smear Sabrina Ayu Fitria; Meike Rachmawati; Yanti Daryanti
Bandung Conference Series: Medical Science Vol. 3 No. 1 (2023): Bandung Conference Series: Medical Science
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsms.v3i1.6385

Abstract. Cervical cancer is a type of malignancies that causes millions of deaths among women. One of the population that has high risk of having cervical cancer is Army Wives Union (PERSIT). The objective of this study is to describe the effects of PERSIT Paldam Jaya’s members’ knowledge level of cervical cancer as regards to their attitude towards pap smear test, knowing that cervical cancer is preventable with several actions of preventions, one of them is pap smear test. This study uses observational analytical approach in its research and cross-sectional as its method of research. There are 128 subjects who participated in this study. Subjects aged 36-45 dominate (48.4%) the data. Meanwhile, the knowledge level of cervical cancer of most of the groups is categorized as bad (67.9%) and the attitude towards pap smear test is positive (98.4%). Statistically, there are no correlation between PERSIT Paldam Jaya members’ knowledge level of cervical cancer towards their attitudes in the implementation of pap smear test p= 0.62 (p>0,05). The conclusion of this study is there is no correlation between PERSIT Paldam Jaya members’ knowledge level of cervical cancer and their attitudes in the implementation of pap smear test as cervical cancer screening. Abstrak. Kanker serviks adalah keganasan yang menyebabkan jutaan kematian di kalangan wanita. Salah satu bagian penduduk yang berisiko tinggi terkena kanker serviks adalah Persatuan Istri Tentara (PERSIT). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai hubungan tingkat pengetahuan anggota PERSIT Paldam Jaya terhadap kanker serviks dengan sikap mereka terhadap tes pap smear, mengetahui bahwa kanker serviks dapat dicegah dengan beberapa tindakan pencegahan, salah satunya adalah pap smear. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan observasional analitik dan potong lintang sebagai metode penelitiannya. Ada 128 subjek yang berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini. Subjek berusia 36-45 tahun mendominasi (48,4%) data. Sementara itu, tingkat pengetahuan kanker serviks sebagian besar kelompok dikategorikan buruk (67,9%) dan sikap terhadap tes pap smear positif (98,4%). Secara statistik, tidak ada hubungan tingkat pengetahuan anggota PERSIT Paldam Jaya tentang kanker serviks terhadap sikapnya dalam pelaksanaan tes pap smear p= 0,62 (p>0,05). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah tidak ada hubungan tingkat pengetahuan anggota PERSIT Paldam Jaya tentang kanker serviks terhadap sikap mereka dalam pelaksanaan pap smear sebagai skrining kanker serviks.

Pap Smear sebagai Metode Deteksi Dini Kanker Serviks Khusnul Mulya Kautsar; Meike Rachmawati; Harvi Puspa Wardani
Jurnal Riset Kedokteran Volume 3, No.1, Juli 2023, Jurnal Riset Kedokteran (JRK)
Publisher : UPT Publikasi Ilmiah Unisba

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/jrk.vi.1775

Abstract. Cervical cancer has the third highest mortality rate in the world from all cancer cases. This figure can be prevented through pap smear examination. This study aims to collect adequate data regarding the pap smear as a method of early detection of cervical cancer. The method used is a literature study by collecting several previous studies on pap smears as a method of early detection of cervical cancer. The results of this study explain the pap smear starting from history, definition, principles, purposes, benefits, recommendations, examination procedures, and interpretation of the results. Thus, it can be concluded that the pap smear is an examination that aims to see pre-cancerous lesions which is recommended for women aged 30-60 years every three years to prevent cervical cancer. Abstrak. Kanker serviks memiliki angka mortalitas tertinggi ketiga di dunia dari keseluruhan kasus kanker. Angka ini dapat dicegah melalui pemeriksaan pap smear. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengumpulkan data memadai mengenai pap smear sebagai metode deteksi dini kanker serviks. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi literatur dengan mengumpulkan beberapa penelitian terdahulu tentang pap smear sebagai metode deteksi dini kanker serviks. Hasil dari penelitian ini menjelaskan pap smear mulai dari sejarah, definisi, prinsip, tujuan, manfaat, rekomendasi, prosedur pemeriksaan, dan interpretasi hasil. Dengan demikian dappat disimpulkan pap smear merupakan suatu pemeriksaan yang bertujuan untuk melihat lesi pre kanker yang direkomendasikan bagi wanita usia 30 – 60 tahun setiap tiga tahun sekali untuk mencegah kejadian kanker serviks.

Massage therapy training for daycare caregivers to stimulate children’s mental health in Dago Area Meta Maulida Damayanti; Yuktiana Kharisma; Ayu Prasetia; Ermina Widiyastuti; Meike Rachmawati; Ismet Muchtar Nur; Abdul Hadi Hassan
Abdimas: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Universitas Merdeka Malang Vol 8, No 3 (2023): August 2023
Publisher : University of Merdeka Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26905/abdimas.v8i3.10524

Massage therapy has been shown to be highly effective in preventing premature birth, encouraging infant growth, increasing attention, reducing depression and aggression, treating motor problems, and reducing discomfort. Daycare is a partner institution for parents in childcare that synergizes in observing the growth and development of children's mental health. This community service program aims to increase knowledge about children's mental health, and training and mentoring regarding relaxing massage for children. This service activity plan consists of the preparation, implementation, and evaluation stages. The methods to be carried out vary from giving interactive materials, demonstrations, discussions, and practice. This activity was attended by 24 caregivers, 2 presenters, and 6 community service teams. This program was attended by caregivers aged between 22-50 years, with most of them being married, the highest education level being high school (75%), and the most work experience under 3 years (67%). Based on the results of the evaluation, all participants benefited from the knowledge training on child mental development and the application of baby massage in carrying out their daily duties as caregivers at daycare centers. Training childcare practitioners' metallization and helping them achieve attitude-based metallization is effective in helping them better understand child development.

Pap Smear sebagai Metode Deteksi Dini Kanker Serviks Khusnul Mulya Kautsar; Meike Rachmawati; Harvi Puspa Wardani
Jurnal Riset Kedokteran Volume 3, No.1, Juli 2023, Jurnal Riset Kedokteran (JRK)
Publisher : UPT Publikasi Ilmiah Unisba

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/jrk.vi.1775

Abstract. Cervical cancer has the third highest mortality rate in the world from all cancer cases. This figure can be prevented through pap smear examination. This study aims to collect adequate data regarding the pap smear as a method of early detection of cervical cancer. The method used is a literature study by collecting several previous studies on pap smears as a method of early detection of cervical cancer. The results of this study explain the pap smear starting from history, definition, principles, purposes, benefits, recommendations, examination procedures, and interpretation of the results. Thus, it can be concluded that the pap smear is an examination that aims to see pre-cancerous lesions which is recommended for women aged 30-60 years every three years to prevent cervical cancer. Abstrak. Kanker serviks memiliki angka mortalitas tertinggi ketiga di dunia dari keseluruhan kasus kanker. Angka ini dapat dicegah melalui pemeriksaan pap smear. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengumpulkan data memadai mengenai pap smear sebagai metode deteksi dini kanker serviks. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi literatur dengan mengumpulkan beberapa penelitian terdahulu tentang pap smear sebagai metode deteksi dini kanker serviks. Hasil dari penelitian ini menjelaskan pap smear mulai dari sejarah, definisi, prinsip, tujuan, manfaat, rekomendasi, prosedur pemeriksaan, dan interpretasi hasil. Dengan demikian dappat disimpulkan pap smear merupakan suatu pemeriksaan yang bertujuan untuk melihat lesi pre kanker yang direkomendasikan bagi wanita usia 30 – 60 tahun setiap tiga tahun sekali untuk mencegah kejadian kanker serviks.

Clinicopathological Characteristics of Breast Cancer at Cibabat Regional General Hospital in 2022–2023 Rachmawati, Meike; Acang, Nuzirwan; Purbaningsih, Wida; Robian, Rian; Nugraha, Adhi; Melati, Rina; Aryanti, Aryanti; Anugrah, Aninditya Putri; Laila, Nazmy Noor
Global Medical & Health Communication (GMHC) Vol 12, No 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/gmhc.v12i1.13462

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy found in women throughout the world and is the fifth leading cause of cancer death in the world. Cibabat Regional General Hospital is one of the places for breast cancer examination and treatment in West Java. This study aims to determine the clinical and histopathological features at Cibabat Regional General Hospital. The method used in this research is descriptive-analytic with a total sampling technique using secondary data obtained from the medical records of Cibabat Regional General Hospital patients from 2022 to June 2023. The results show that most cases of breast cancer at Cibabat Regional General Hospital occur in those aged 45–54 (32.3%), left breast (52.1%), grade 3 (44.8%), histopathological type invasive carcinoma of no special type (75%), lymph node status unknown (88.5%), negative lymphovascular invasion (43.7%), and fat invasion status unknown (68.7%). The conclusion is that breast cancer cases at Cibabat Regional General Hospital mainly occur in patients of productive age with a high grade and predominantly in the left breast, with the most common type being invasive carcinoma of no particular type.

Clove Extract and Grape Seed Oil Nanoemulsion for Oral Diseases Therapy: Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities Hartati, Julia; Damayanti, Meta Maulida; Nur, Ismet Muchtar; Furqaani, Annisa Rahmah; Sari, Ajeng Kartika; Rachmawati, Meike; Siddiq, Tita Barriah; Fakih, Taufik Muhammad; Radina, Faqih
Global Medical & Health Communication (GMHC) Vol 11, No 3 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/gmhc.v11i3.12916

The growth of micro-organisms that acquire resistance to most commercially available antibiotics is occurring rapidly. Consequently, a pressing necessity exists to identify and detect new antimicrobial substances. This study aimed to analyze the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of nanoemulsion clove extract and grape seed oil. This research was conducted in June 2023 using experimental methods at the Research Laboratory of the Universitas Islam Bandung Pharmaceutical Study Program by developing a nanoemulsion preparation containing clove extract (Syzygium aromaticum L.) and grape seed oil (Vitis vinifera L.). Antioxidant activity was tested using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Antibacterial activity was tested using the agar diffusion method by measuring the growth inhibitory diameter of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans bacteria and divided into four groups formulas based on the addition of clove extract with different concentrations in the nanoemulsion base (FA=0.25%, FB=0.5%, FC=0.75%, and FD=1%) to see the best results. The result shows nanoemulsion preparations have antioxidant properties in the DPPH test. The FA formula has the highest IC50, namely 1,117.56 ppm. The antibacterial activity of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans has an inhibition zone, although it is still in the category of inhibiting bacterial growth, but does not kill growth. The nanoemulsion formulation, comprising clove extract and grape seed oil, has exhibited exceptional antioxidant properties and substantial antimicrobial efficacy against prevalent oral bacterial strains.

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