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INDONESIA
Harmoni
Published by Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia
ISSN : 1412663X     EISSN : 25028472     DOI : -
Core Subject : Education,
Education
Ruang lingkup jurnal ini meliputi: 1. Aliran, Paham dan Gerakan Keagamaan 2. Pelayanan Keagamaan 3. Hubungan Antarumat Beragama 4. Toleransi Umat Beragama
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 372 Documents
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VALUES ORIENTATION CHANGING IN SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF THE ADHERENTS TAREKAT NAQSYABANDIYAH MUDZAHARIYAH Zen Amrullah; Hoddin, Muhammad Sholeh; Belvage, Rio Heykhal
Harmoni Vol. 22 No. 2 (2023): Juli-Desember 2023
Publisher : Research and Development Center for Guidance for Religious Societies and Religious Services, the Research and Development and Education and Training Agency of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia (MORA)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32488/harmoni.v22i2.702

Abstract

Research on social change in a tarekat has been conducted by many researchers. However, the results of the research are still descriptive narrative. Therefore, this study focuses on changes in the value orientation of the behavior of Naqsyabandiyah Mudzhariyah adherents, a congregation that is widely adhered to by Madurese people, especially residents of Gersempal Omben Sampang village. As part of religious teachings, tarekat not only functions as a doctrine and dzikr ritual, but also as a social control that can shape people’s behavior. This research aims to obtain data about the Naqsyabandiyah Mudzhariyah tarekat which is influenced by the doctrine of the tarekat ‘s teachings. This research method is qualitative. Data collection techniques in this study used interviews, documentation, and observation. While for data analysis, researchers dialogued the data with the theory of Sufism and social behavior. The results of this study obtained aspects of religiosity of tarekat adherents grouped into four groups, namely the ideological dimension, the ritual dimension, the experience dimension, and the religious knowledge dimension. In addition, this study also produced findings of four social behaviors reflected in the behavior of Gersempal villagers as adherents of the Naqsyabandiyah Mudzhariyah order. 1). Ascetic orientation reflected in work ethic behavior. 2) Al-Ta’awun value orientation which is manifested in helping behavior. 3) Futuwwah value orientation, which is reflected in giving behavior, and 4). Transcendental communication which is reflected in silaturrahmi behavior. These four behaviors are the result of the accumulation of the Tarekat doctrine.
ACCULTURATION OF ISLAM AND CHRISTIAN IN BALINESE CULTURE: A HISTORICAL AND SOSIOLOGICAL STUDY Cakranegara, Joshua Jolly Sucanta; Nadira Salsabila
Harmoni Vol. 23 No. 1 (2024): Januari-Juni 2024
Publisher : Research and Development Center for Guidance for Religious Societies and Religious Services, the Research and Development and Education and Training Agency of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia (MORA)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32488/harmoni.v23i1.705

Abstract

Abstract This study aimed to explore the comparative acculturation of Islam and Christianity, both Catholic and Protestant, within Balinese culture throughout Bali's history. Employing a qualitative descriptive method with a historical approach, this research conducted a thorough literature review encompassing history, religion, and culture. Data were gathered from historical sources and pertinent literature, with comparative analysis utilized to scrutinize these materials. The findings uncovered that the Balinese community, characterized by both closed and open cultural traits, embraced the arrival of Islam and Christianity in a harmonious manner. Both religions successfully assimilated into Balinese culture, predominantly shaped by Hindu teachings. Since Islam's introduction in the 15th century and Christianity's in the 20th century, diverse forms of acculturation have emerged, particularly evident in places of worship like mosques and churches. Despite initial resistance from rulers and the community, the acculturation process persisted. The study concluded that the integration of Islam and Christianity significantly influenced the contemporary image of Balinese culture, illustrating a continuous acculturation process throughout Bali's history. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi akulturasi perbandingan Islam dan Kristen, baik Katolik maupun Protestan, dalam budaya Bali sepanjang sejarah Bali. Menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan historis, penelitian ini melakukan tinjauan literatur yang komprehensif meliputi sejarah, agama, dan budaya. Data dikumpulkan dari sumber-sumber sejarah dan literatur terkait, dengan analisis komparatif digunakan untuk mengkaji materi tersebut. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa komunitas Bali, yang ditandai dengan karakteristik budaya tertutup dan terbuka, menerima kedatangan Islam dan Kristen secara harmonis. Kedua agama berhasil beradaptasi dalam budaya Bali yang sebagian besar dipengaruhi oleh ajaran Hindu. Sejak kedatangan Islam pada abad ke-15 dan Kristen pada abad ke-20, berbagai bentuk akulturasi telah muncul, terutama terlihat dalam tempat-tempat ibadah seperti masjid dan gereja. Meskipun menghadapi resistensi awal dari penguasa dan masyarakat, proses akulturasi tetap berlanjut. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa integrasi Islam dan Kristen secara signifikan memengaruhi citra budaya Bali kontemporer, menggambarkan proses akulturasi yang berkelanjutan sepanjang sejarah Bali.
SEHATI PROGRAM: A FLEXIBLE MODEL FOR EFFECTIVE HALAL CERTIFICATION Nur Kasanah; Rosita Novi Andari
Harmoni Vol. 23 No. 1 (2024): Januari-Juni 2024
Publisher : Research and Development Center for Guidance for Religious Societies and Religious Services, the Research and Development and Education and Training Agency of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia (MORA)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32488/harmoni.v23i1.706

Abstract

Abstract This field research, employing a descriptive qualitative approach, explores the innovation in implementing the Sehati program by the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA) of Taman District, Madiun City. The program facilitates and accelerates the free halal certification process for Micro and Small Businesses (MSEs) in Taman District, Madiun City, during 2021-2023. Data was collected through document analysis, interviews, and observations with KUA officials, Halal Product Process Assistants (P3H), and MSE actors who participated in the Sehati acceleration program. The findings indicate that the KUA of Taman District innovated in the Sehati program by managing flexible service business processes, strengthening the role of Islamic religious instructors as P3H, collaborating with agencies related to MSEs, involving madrasahs within the KUAΓÇÖs jurisdiction, and promoting MSEs with issued halal certificates. As a result, eight P3H successfully assisted 773 MSE actors and issued 508 halal certificates. Halal labels on MSE products improved product packaging, increased consumer confidence, and expanded marketing areas, leading to higher business turnover. This innovation can serve as a reference for implementing the Sehati program in other regions in Indonesia, thereby accelerating the achievement of halal certification as a primary guarantee of MSE product quality in Indonesia. Abstrak Penelitian lapangan dengan pendekatan kualitatif deskripstif ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi inovasi implementasi program Sehati yang dilakukan oleh Kantor Urusan Agama (KAU) Kecamatan Taman Kota Madiun dalam memfasilitasi dan mengakselerasi proses sertifikasi halal gratis bagi pelaku Usaha Mikro dan Kecil (UMK) di Kecamatan Taman Kota Madiun selama periode tahun 2021-2023. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui metode analisis dokumen, wawancara dan observasi dengan pejabat KUA, Pendamping Proses Produk Halal (P3H) dan pelaku UMK di wilayah Kecamatan Taman Kota Madiun yang telah mengikuti program akselerasi Sehati. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa KUA Kecamatan Taman Kota Madiun melakukan inovasi dalam implementasi program Sehati melalui manajamen proses bisnis layanan yang fleksibel yaitu dengan cara penguatan peran penyuluh agama Islam sebagai P3H, kerjasama dengan instansi yang berkaitan dengan UMK, pelibatan madrasah yang berada di wilayah kerja KUA Kecamatan Taman Kota Madiun, dan publikasi UMK yang sudah terbit sertifikat halalnya. Hasil inovasi implementasi tersebut yaitu terdapat delapan P3H yang telah berhasil mendampingi 773 pelaku UMK dan menerbitkan 508 sertifikat halal, dan adanya label halal pada produk UMK berdampak pada perbaikan kemasan produk, meningkatnya kepercayaan konsumen, dan perluasan wilayah pemasaran yang berdampak pada kenaikan omzet usaha. Inovasi ini dapat menjadi acuan bagi praktik implementasi program Sehati di daerah lainnya di Indonesia sehingga dapat mengakselerasi capaian sertifikasi halal sebagai jaminan utama kualitas produk UMK di Indonesia.
ON NETNOGRAPHY: DIGITAL PROMOTION TO BUILD RELIGION MODERATION IN INDONESIA Puspita, Rosana Eri; Jayanthi, Ria; Satria, Oga
Harmoni Vol. 22 No. 2 (2023): Juli-Desember 2023
Publisher : Research and Development Center for Guidance for Religious Societies and Religious Services, the Research and Development and Education and Training Agency of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia (MORA)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32488/harmoni.v22i2.708

Abstract

The digital world is constantly evolving, and online promotion of religious moderation is a strategy that must be pursued. Habib Jafar is an influencer who actively promotes religious moderation in online media. This study analyzes netizens’ attitudes towards tolerance between Islam and other religions or belief groups in Indonesia. The research method used is qualitative with a netnographic approach. The content samples were selected by purposive sampling, and six videos were selected to observe netizens’ attitudes towards Buddhism, Hinduism, Coptic Christianity, Orthodoxy, Taoism, and Kebatinan sects, minorities in Indonesia. The sample size used was 4,376 netizen comments extracted with NAWALA software. Data is processed with NVIVO software. The data analysis results show that two things must be considered in making digital marketing concepts, namely content and influencers. Content must have helpful information and attract netizen attention. At the same time, influencers must have enabled enticing and enriching. The novelty offered in this study is a netnographic study on religion moderation research between religious people and believers in Indonesia.
CHRISTIAN FUNERAL RITES AND RAMBU SOLO’ IN TANA TORAJA Maulana, Abdullah Muslich Rizal; Karomi, Kholid; Ahyadi, Nur Afifah R Arman
Harmoni Vol. 22 No. 2 (2023): Juli-Desember 2023
Publisher : Research and Development Center for Guidance for Religious Societies and Religious Services, the Research and Development and Education and Training Agency of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia (MORA)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32488/harmoni.v22i2.709

Abstract

This article aimed to elaborate on the death ritual carried out by the society of Tana Toraja. Tana Toraja people, apart from their official affiliation to Christianity, yet practised an indigenous ceremony known as Rambu Solo’ as a part of Aluk Todolo, which is identified as a local belief system of the Tana Toraja. To describe a proper image of both rituals simultaneously, this paper used some methods: structuralism, comparison, and interviewing. The structuralism method of research came more profound into a comprehension of the funerals regarding their prominent position within Tana Toraja people; the comparison method traced both similarities and differences of the ritual based on its theological origin and practises while interviewing was done formulating pieces of information derived from Tana Toraja religious figures and intellectuals, stood for an additional effort enriching available documented sources. This research concluded that the community of Tana Toraja combined their death ritual from both Christianity and Rambu Solo’ basis, making it an inevitably distinguished ritual practise. Considering the traditions’ divergent values, the discussion suggests multiple identity belongings in the local Indonesian context.
PERAN STRATEGIS JAMAΓÇÖAH TABLIGH DAN MUHAMMADIYAH DALAM PENCEGAHAN ANCAMAN RADIKALISME Ismail, M. Syukri; Novita, Mona; Fatwa Nurul Hakim
Harmoni Vol. 23 No. 1 (2024): Januari-Juni 2024
Publisher : Research and Development Center for Guidance for Religious Societies and Religious Services, the Research and Development and Education and Training Agency of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia (MORA)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32488/harmoni.v23i1.710

Abstract

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan peran Jama'ah Tabligh dan Muhammadiyah dalam mencegah radikalisme agama di Kabupaten Bungo setelah adanya bom dan pembakaran di kantor polisi Dharmasraya oleh dua warga Bungo serta penangkapan beberapa tersangka terorisme. Pendekatan studi kasus kualitatif digunakan dengan mengumpulkan data melalui wawancara dan dokumentasi. Model analisis interaktif Miles dan Huberman digunakan untuk reduksi data, display data, dan verifikasi data. Studi ini menemukan bahwa Jama'ah Tabligh dan Muhammadiyah melakukan upaya besar untuk melawan radikalisme agama melalui beberapa strategi: (1) mengelola tempat ibadah dan masjid dengan menyaring konten ceramah dan penceramah; (2) merancang narasi lokal anti-radikalisme, dengan Jama'ah Tabligh menekankan pada pemahaman Ahlussunnah Wa Al-Jama'ah Islam dan dukungan terhadap negara demokratis, sementara Muhammadiyah mempromosikan nilai-nilai Islam progresif; dan (3) melakukan kegiatan rutin seperti musyawarah harian, sesi belajar di rumah, dan diskusi kelompok yang mendorong pemikiran moderat. Penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya pendekatan berbasis masyarakat dan upaya pendidikan yang konsisten dalam mencegah radikalisasi. Temuan ini menyarankan bahwa inisiatif semacam itu penting dalam membentuk respons komunitas yang tangguh terhadap ekstremisme di Kabupaten Bungo. Abstract This study aimed to describe the roles of Jama'ah Tabligh and Muhammadiyah in preventing religious radicalism in Bungo Regency following the bombing and arson at the Dharmasraya Police station by two Bungo residents and the arrest of several terrorism suspects. A qualitative case study approach was employed, utilizing interviews and documentation for data collection. Miles and Huberman's interactive analysis model guided data reduction, display, and verification. The study found that Jama'ah Tabligh and Muhammadiyah made significant efforts to combat religious radicalism through several strategies: (1) managing places of worship and mosques by screening lecture content and preachers; (2) framing local anti-radicalism narratives, with Jama'ah Tabligh emphasizing adherence to Ahlussunnah Wa Al-Jama'ah Islam and support for a democratic state, while Muhammadiyah promoted progressive Islamic values; and (3) conducting regular activities such as daily deliberations, home study sessions, and group discussions that fostered moderate thinking. The research underscored the importance of community-based approaches and consistent educational efforts in preventing radicalization. The findings suggest that such initiatives were crucial in shaping a resilient community response to extremism in Bungo Regency.  
TRANSFORMASI NILAI SOSIAL-SPIRITUAL PENGHAYAT KEPERCAYAAN DALAM MEMBANGUN MODERASI BERAGAMA DI INDONESIA Mustolehudin; Muntakhib, Ahmad; Muawanah, Siti; Eko Wahyono
Harmoni Vol. 23 No. 1 (2024): Januari-Juni 2024
Publisher : Research and Development Center for Guidance for Religious Societies and Religious Services, the Research and Development and Education and Training Agency of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia (MORA)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32488/harmoni.v23i1.711

Abstract

Abstrak Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi dinamika sosial para pengikut Penghayat Kepercayaan dan mengungkap transformasi sosio-spiritual Paguyuban Cahya Sejati dalam mempromosikan harmoni di Cilacap. Dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan desain studi kasus, data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi partisipatif, analisis dokumen, dan tinjauan literatur komprehensif. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan: 1) komunitas Penghayat Kepercayaan di Cilacap mengalami transformasi sosio-spiritual setelah mendapatkan pengakuan resmi dari pemerintah, yang memberi mereka kebebasan lebih untuk mengembangkan organisasi mereka; 2) Paguyuban Cahya Sejati, sebagai bagian dari organisasi MLKI di Cilacap, mewujudkan moderasi keagamaan melalui dialog antar komunitas, pertunjukan seni budaya, dan partisipasi dalam kegiatan masyarakat. Ajaran spiritual seperti memayu hayuning sasomo (berbuat baik kepada sesama), memayu hayuning bawono (peduli pada alam semesta), karakter sosial, bantuan saling menolong, dan kepatuhan terhadap regulasi negara mewakili praktik moderasi keagamaan yang berkelanjutan. Implikasi dari penelitian ini menyoroti peran penting pengakuan resmi dalam memfasilitasi perkembangan sosio-spiritual komunitas Penghayat Kepercayaan dan kontribusi positif mereka terhadap harmoni sosial. Studi ini memperkaya pemahaman kita tentang bagaimana pengakuan formal mendukung komunitas-komunitas ini dalam menjaga moderasi keagamaan dan mempengaruhi harmoni sosial secara positif. Abstract This study aimed to explore the social dynamics of Penghayat Kepercayaan followers and elucidate the socio-spiritual transformation of Paguyuban Cahya Sejati in promoting harmony in Cilacap. Employing a qualitative approach with a case study design, data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observations, document analysis, and comprehensive literature reviews. The research findings show: 1) the Penghayat Kepercayaan community in Cilacap experienced a socio-spiritual transformation after receiving official recognition from the state, allowing them more freedom to develop their organization; 2) Paguyuban Cahya Sejati, as part of the MLKI organization in Cilacap, embodies religious moderation through inter-community dialogues, cultural art performances, and participation in community activities. Spiritual teachings such as memayu hayuning sasomo (doing good to others), memayu hayuning bawono (caring for the universe), social character, mutual assistance, and adherence to state regulations represent a sustainable practice of religious moderation. The implications of this research highlight the pivotal role of official recognition in fostering the socio-spiritual development of Penghayat Kepercayaan communities and their constructive contribution to social cohesion. This study enriches our understanding of how formal acknowledgment supports these communities in maintaining religious moderation and positively influencing societal harmony.
THE PARADOX OF MUSLIM IDENTITY REPRESENTATION IN COMEDIC CONTENT: A NETNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF STEREOTYPES OF MUSLIM WOMEN ON INSTAGRAM Tahir, Muhammad; Agustin, Riska Dwi; el-Rumi, Umiarso
Harmoni Vol. 22 No. 2 (2023): Juli-Desember 2023
Publisher : Research and Development Center for Guidance for Religious Societies and Religious Services, the Research and Development and Education and Training Agency of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia (MORA)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32488/harmoni.v22i2.715

Abstract

This article attempts to analyze gender stereotypes that portray Muslim women as subjects of ridicule and mockery on social media, especially on Instagram. These stereotypes depict Muslim women as arrogant, selfish, troublemakers, and unintelligent. Based on this focus, this research aims to interpret gender stereotypes on Instagram through the assimilation of comedic content. The study employs a qualitative approach with netnography to understand and interpret these dynamics. Research data is collected through content observation on Instagram and a review of previous studies. Data analysis is conducted using an interactive data analysis model. The research finds that gender stereotypes in the virtual space stem from paradigmatic social gender biases in the real world. These biases are used as material for designing comedic content on Instagram that mocks and ridicules Muslim women. The economic motives of Instagram account owners primarily drive stereotypes in the virtual space. The representation of Muslim identity depicted is far from gender consciousness. This situation creates a paradox between reinforcing the authenticity of Muslim women and the virtualization of their reality in various activities. Literacy and gender awareness based on the theological values of account owners offer a solution to address the paradox of Muslim identity representation.
PROMOTING PATRIOTISM AND RELIGIOUS MODERATION: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF SANADMEDIA.COM Setiyanto, Danu Aris
Harmoni Vol. 23 No. 1 (2024): Januari-Juni 2024
Publisher : Research and Development Center for Guidance for Religious Societies and Religious Services, the Research and Development and Education and Training Agency of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia (MORA)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32488/harmoni.v23i1.716

Abstract

Abstract This study aims to investigate the role of Sanadmedia.com in promoting patriotism and religious moderation through digital media in Indonesia. Employing a critical discourse analysis framework, the research examines five selected articles from Sanadmedia.com, focusing on patriotism and religious moderation themes. Data collection involved systematic sampling of articles published between 2020 and 2022. The study utilized thematic content analysis as the primary method to explore how Sanadmedia.com integrates classical Islamic teachings. The findings reveal that Sanadmedia.com strategically employs QurΓÇÖanic verses, hadiths, and scholarly opinions to construct narratives that emphasize national values and religious teachings, fostering a discourse of balanced faith and strengthened national identity. While effectively reaching a religiously literate audience, the platformΓÇÖs approach could benefit from broader inclusivity strategies to engage a wider spectrum of Indonesian society. This research underscores the potential of digital media in promoting religious harmony and countering radicalism by presenting a narrative of patriotism rooted in Islamic principles. The study concludes with recommendations for enhancing the platformΓÇÖs outreach and impact, suggesting opportunities for future research into digital mediaΓÇÖs role in shaping societal values in diverse cultural contexts. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki peran Sanadmedia.com dalam mempromosikan patriotisme dan moderasi beragama melalui media digital di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan kerangka analisis wacana kritis, penelitian ini mengkaji lima artikel terpilih dari Sanadmedia.com, dengan fokus pada tema patriotisme dan moderasi beragama. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan mengambil sampel sistematis dari artikel yang diterbitkan antara tahun 2020 dan 2022. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis konten tematik sebagai metode utama untuk mengeksplorasi bagaimana Sanadmedia.com mengintegrasikan ajaran Islam klasik. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa Sanadmedia.com secara strategis menggunakan ayat-ayat Al-Qur'an, hadis, dan pendapat para ulama untuk membangun narasi yang menekankan nilai-nilai kebangsaan dan ajaran agama, menumbuhkan wacana tentang iman yang seimbang dan identitas nasional yang diperkuat. Meskipun efektif menjangkau audiens yang melek agama, pendekatan platform ini dapat mengambil manfaat dari strategi inklusivitas yang lebih luas untuk melibatkan spektrum yang lebih luas dari masyarakat Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggarisbawahi potensi media digital dalam mempromosikan kerukunan beragama dan melawan radikalisme dengan menyajikan narasi patriotisme yang berakar pada prinsip-prinsip Islam. Penelitian ini diakhiri dengan rekomendasi untuk meningkatkan jangkauan dan dampak platform ini, serta menunjukkan peluang untuk penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai peran media digital dalam membentuk nilai-nilai masyarakat dalam konteks budaya yang beragam.
THE RETHINKING OF COMMUNICATION IDENTITY OF COPAS USTAZAH IN THE WAG: CASE STUDY IN “GROUP OF MOTHERS WHO LOVE SHARING” Pambayun, Ellys Lestari; Fahruddin, Ahmad
Harmoni Vol. 22 No. 2 (2023): Juli-Desember 2023
Publisher : Research and Development Center for Guidance for Religious Societies and Religious Services, the Research and Development and Education and Training Agency of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia (MORA)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.32488/harmoni.v22i2.719

Abstract

The issue that becomes the focus is the phenomenon of identity formation “like an ustazah” which was built by “ Group of Mothers Who Love Sharing in Bojong” through the habit of copying verses, hadith, religious studies, and tafsir. Their behavior is often without filters, explanations, and text corrections. The research method used is Communication Mediated Computer (CMC) with online interview and online discussion. Research findings report that in the view of identity communication, the formation of identity in the Group of Mothers Who Love Sharing Bojong is built through symbolic activities resulting from the fusion of their characters and thoughts with their social environment. Meanwhile, from a feminine writing perspevtive criticizes that copypas behavior in WAG indicates a sexist and ideological structure: women who do not write in their own language and body are assumed they deny their independence, authenticity, transformation, and strength. In conclusion, women can actually preach on social media freely and actively, and even become active copy-paste agents but still remain tabayun and critical.

Page 35 of 38 | Total Record : 372

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