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Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari
Published by Universitas Garut
ISSN : 20870337     EISSN : 27159949     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology
Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari fokus pada bidang Farmasi.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 200 Documents
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Review of Utilization, Chemical Content, and Pharmacological Activity of Macroalgaes for Development and Empowerment of Natural Resources on South Garut, Indonesia Amalia, Nur; Okta, Fauzia Noprima; Zahra, Aliya Azkia; Noviyanti, Noviyanti; Najihudin, Aji; Nuari, Doni Anshar
Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari Vol 17 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari
Publisher : Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Garut University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52434/jifb.v17i1.42460

Abstract

Macroalgae are autotrophic organisms that lack organs typically found in plants, such as roots, stems, and leaves. Macroalgae are grouped based on shape, size, and color. One of the coastal areas with abundant natural resources is the Garut Regency, Indonesia. This review aims to provide an updated assessment of the utilization, chemical composition, and pharmacological activities of macroalgae, to develop macroalgae as a natural resource. An updated review of macroalgae's utilization, chemical content, and pharmacological activities for developing and empowering macroalgae as natural resources in South Garut, Indonesia. This article was written by reviewing scientific articles published in the last 10 years on the utilization, chemical content, and pharmacological activities of macroalgae. In the coastal areas of Garut Regency, 44 species of macroalgae are found, comprising three divisions: Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta. Macroalgae have benefited from an ecological and economic perspective. The chemical content of macroalgae can also be utilized as raw materials or additional ingredients in various industries, including the food, supplement, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and cosmetics industries. The bioactive compound content of each type of macroalgae can vary. Sargassum sp. contains bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, phenolics, saponins, steroids, glycosides, and chlorophyll. Glacilaria sp. contains bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, flavonoids, and fatty acids. Ulva lactuca contains flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, triterpenoids, saponins, catechins, quercetin, rutin, campherol, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, and chlorogenic acid. The influence of seasons and variations in harvest will influence the chemical content in macroalgae. Macroalgae possess several pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. Various industries can utilize Macroalgae in the coastal waters of South Garut because they are rich in phytochemical content and pharmacological activity, making them suitable for the development and sustainable use of natural resources essential for human life.
Proximate and Phytochemical Analysis of the Ethanol Extract of Abelmoschus manihot Leaves Collected from Tinoor Dua Village, North Tomohon, North Sulawesi Wilar, Gofarana; Levita, Jutti; Giano Tikoalu, Lie Christian; Wahyuni, Indah Suasani
Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari Vol 17 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari
Publisher : Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Garut University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52434/jifb.v17i1.42999

Abstract

The flowers of Abelmoschus manihot have been broadly studied in China for their phytochemical content and biological activities; however, the leaves have been explored only to a limited extent. In Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia, the leaves of this plant are the most important ingredient in tinutuan porridge. The total phenols (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC) in the leaves collected in Bogor, Manado, Tomohon, and Kotamobagu have been previously reported. This study aimed to provide data on the proximate and phytochemical composition (TPC, TFC, and quercetin levels) of the ethanol extract of A. manihot leaves collected from Tinoor Dua Village, North Tomohon, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Extraction was carried out at room temperature using 70% ethanol. The phytochemical screening test was conducted according to a standard procedure for plant extracts. The proximate composition of the extract was analyzed in accordance with SNI 01-2891-1992. The TPC and TFC were determined by following the procedures outlined in SNI 01-2891-1992. Additionally, the TPC and TFC were also determined in accordance with SNI 01-2891-1992, and the procedures outlined in the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia were followed. Quercetin levels were analyzed using HPLC. Proximate analysis revealed 35.60% of total ash, 28.56% of carbohydrate, 18.31% of water, 11.01% of protein, and 6.53% of fat, whereas the TPC was 1350 mg GAE/100 g extract, the TFC was 2670 mg QE/100 g extract, and quercetin in the extract was 373.7 ± 0.18 mg/L. These findings will support further exploration for the development of A. manihot leaves as a nutritional food or nutraceutical supplement.
In Silico Evaluation of Chitosan's Antibacterial Potential Against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria Maulidya, Selvira; Rahayu, Susi; Permatasari, Lina; Putri, Hudaynu Patya; Juniarza, A'yuni Guban
Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari Vol 17 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari
Publisher : Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Garut University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52434/jifb.v17i1.43047

Abstract

Chitosan, a natural biopolymer, has attracted attention for its potential antibacterial properties against a wide range of pathogens. The escalating crisis of antibiotic resistance necessitates the exploration of novel antibacterial agents effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This study aimed to predict the antibacterial potential of chitosan against Staphylococcus aureus (a Gram-positive bacterium) and Escherichia coli (a Gram-negative bacterium) using a comprehensive in silico approach. Short chitosan oligomers, specifically trimers, were used to ensure computational feasibility and reliable molecular docking, as full-length polymers are too large for standard docking algorithms. Molecular docking simulations were performed using AutoDock to investigate the interactions between 13 chitosan compounds and the essential bacterial protein DNA gyrase, a key enzyme involved in DNA replication and repair. Binding affinities, interaction patterns (such as hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic contacts), and conformational changes were analyzed. The ligand showing the most favorable docking profile was further evaluated via molecular dynamics simulations using OpenMMDL to assess the stability of the complex over time. The results indicated that the chitosan derivatives, namely aminoethyl chitosan and dimethylaminoethyl chitosan, interact favorably with DNA gyrase in S. aureus and E. coli, respectively, with differential binding energies and interaction modes suggesting potential variations in inhibitory mechanisms between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These computational findings support the potential of chitosan as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent and provide a theoretical framework to guide further in vitro and in vivo validation of chitosan as a novel antibacterial compound.
Evaluation of Antiacne Patch Preparations from a Combination of Lemon Juice (Citrus limon L.) and Ethanol Extract of Pure Honey (Honey bee) Tsurayya, Nadya; Choir, Ubaydullah; Kurniawan, Agus; Handayanti, Isnani
Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari Vol 17 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari
Publisher : Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Garut University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52434/jifb.v17i1.43071

Abstract

Acne vulgaris is one of the most common dermatological diseases, affecting individuals of all ages, particularly during adolescence. One of the causes of acne vulgaris is the bacterium Cutibacterium acnes. Acne vulgaris is usually characterized by comedones, papules, pustules, or nodules. Factors influencing acne include genetics, psychological factors, hormones, bacterial infection, and sebaceous gland activity. One regularly used treatment for acne vulgaris is acne patches. With the aid of natural ingredients such as lemon juice and pure honey, an alternative treatment for acne vulgaris can be developed. Lemon juice (Citrus limon L.) can be utilized as an antibacterial agent against Cutibacterium acnes due to its flavonoid content, which has biological activity as an antibacterial. Meanwhile, pure honey (Honey bee) is an antioxidant that can kill bacteria and germs, causing itchy acne on the skin, and can help fade acne scars. The study employed a laboratory experimental design. This research aimed to formulate an anti-acne patch preparation containing a combination of lemon juice (Citrus limon L.) and an ethanol extract of pure honey (Honey bee) that would exhibit good physical stability. Evaluation of the anti-acne patch preparation included organoleptic tests, pH, weight uniformity, patch thickness, moisture absorption, and antibacterial activity tests against Cutibacterium acnes using the disk diffusion method. The results indicated that the anti-acne patch exhibited favorable physical properties. The combination of lemon juice and ethanol extract of pure honey enhanced antibacterial activity against Cutibacterium acnes. The antibacterial activity test results showed that the combination of lemon juice and ethanol extract of pure honey in the anti-acne patch at a concentration of 14% had the highest antibacterial activity, with an inhibition zone diameter of 51.38 mm.
Transdermal Patch of Gnetum gnemon L. Leaf Extract as Drug Delivery System and Anti-Inflammatory Activity Agains Wistar Mice Wijaya, Dina Permata; Amalia, Addienasyifa Nurul; Herlina, Herlina
Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari Vol 17 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari
Publisher : Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Garut University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52434/jifb.v17i1.43085

Abstract

The melinjo leaf (Gnetum gnemon L.) is a plant of the Gnetaceae family that contains compounds including flavonoids, which have the potential to act as anti-inflammatories. Formulating melinjo leaf extract into a transdermal patch aims to deliver active compounds to the systemic circulation via the skin. The research aimed to develop a melinjo leaf extract into a transdermal patch its anti-inflammatory activity. The extraction of melinjo leaf using the maceration method with 70% ethanol. The transdermal patch containing melinjo leaf extract is formulated in three versions, each containing 20%, 25%, or 30% propylene glycol. The formulation was characterised by organoleptic, pH, moisture content, uniformity of thickness and weight, and elongation. The best formula is characterised by stability, uniformity of drug content, and anti-inflammatory activity in Wistar mice. The results indicated that transdermal application and oral administration of the melinjo leaf extract produced anti-inflammatory effects comparable to those of the positive control group. There were no significant differences between the transdermal treatment group and the positive control in terms of percentage inflammation (48.35%) and inflammation inhibition (45.75%). Similarly, the oral treatment group exhibited an inflammatory percentage of 63.44% and an inflammatory inhibition of 52.21%. It can be concluded that the transdermal patch formulation of melinjo leaf extract is effective as an anti-inflammatory treatment.
Formulasi dan Karakterisasi Buccal Film Mengandung Nanoemulsi Ekstrak Daun Kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata.L) sebagai Antidiabetes Nur Fadilah, Yayang; Nurdianti, Lusi; Sutiawan, Agus; Ardiansyah, Dandi; Puspita, Puput Resti; Mustafidah, Syifa; Setiawan, Fajar
Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari Vol 17 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari
Publisher : Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Garut University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52434/jifb.v17i1.43103

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus tipe 2 menjadi tantangan kesehatan global yang membutuhkan terapi efektif dan aman. Daun kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata L.) dipilih karena kandungan flavonoid, fenol, tanin, alkaloid, dan saponin yang berpotensi sebagai antidiabetes serta memiliki aktivitas antioksidan kuat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan dan mengevaluasi karakteristik buccal film yang mengandung nanoemulsi ekstrak daun kirinyuh sebagai alternatif penghantaran obat antidiabetes. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan etanol 96% karena pelarut ini efektif mengekstraksi senyawa polar seperti flavonoid dan memberikan rendemen ekstrak yang optimal. Nanoemulsi dibuat dengan metode emulsifikasi spontan karena metode ini sederhana, murah, dan menghasilkan ukuran droplet nano yang stabil serta cepat terbentuk dalam media air, sehingga cocok untuk sistem penghantaran obat. Evaluasi karakteristik meliputi organoleptik, pH, ukuran globul, indeks polidispersitas, zeta potensial, viskositas, ketebalan, keseragaman bobot, daya tahan lipat, dan pH permukaan. Hasil menunjukkan ukuran globul nanoemulsi terbaik 22,06 nm, indeks polidispersitas 0,20, zeta potensial -7,30 mV, serta pH film 6,63–7,0, ketebalan 0,06–0,13 mm, dan daya tahan lipat lebih dari 300 kali, menandakan stabilitas dan fleksibilitas yang baik. Uji aktivitas antidiabetes pada mencit menunjukkan penurunan kadar gula darah signifikan dengan efektivitas sebanding kontrol positif. Penurunan glukosa darah didukung oleh kandungan flavonoid yang meningkatkan sekresi insulin, pengambilan glukosa di jaringan, dan sensitivitas jaringan terhadap insulin. Formulasi buccal film nanoemulsi ekstrak daun kirinyuh berpotensi sebagai sistem penghantaran obat antidiabetes yang efektif, stabil, dan mudah digunakan. Potensi aplikasi lebih lanjut meliputi pengembangan dosis optimal dan uji klinis untuk evaluasi efektivitas dan keamanan pada manusia.
Analisis Efektivitas Biaya Metformin dan Glimepirid pada Pasien BPJS Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di RSUD Buntok Fauzi, Muhammad; Noriandani, Riska Ayu; Hasniah, Hasniah; Erlianti, Karina; Fadillah, Aris; Andryanto, M. Hasan
Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari Vol 17 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari
Publisher : Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Garut University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52434/jifb.v17i1.43243

Abstract

Diabetes melitus tipe 2 merupakan penyakit kronis akibat resistensi insulin dan/atau gangguan sekresi insulin yang menimbulkan beban ekonomi signifikan pada sistem pelayanan kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi efektivitas biaya terapi metformin dan glimepirid pada pasien BPJS diabetes melitus tipe 2 di RSUD Jaraga Sasameh Buntok tahun 2023. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan desain retrospektif dari perspektif rumah sakit, melibatkan 183 pasien. Efektivitas klinis didefinisikan sebagai tercapainya target Gula Darah Sewaktu (GDS) <200 mg/dL. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) dengan parameter Average Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ACER) dan Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER), berdasarkan biaya terapi efektivitas pengendalian gula darah, rawat inap, dan komorbiditas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metformin lebih cost-effective pada pasien kelas I dengan nilai ACER sebesar Rp 750.594,00 dan ICER sebesar Rp 274.309,39, pada pasien kelas II dan III glimepirid menunjukkan efisiensi biaya yang lebih baik dengan nilai ACER masing-masing Rp 174.680,00 dan Rp 351.093,00. Nilai ICER metformin pada kelas II dan III lebih tinggi dibandingkan glimepirid. Kesimpulannya, metformin direkomendasikan sebagai pilihan terapi yang lebih cost-effective pada pasien BPJS kelas I, sedangkan glimepirid lebih tepat digunakan pada pasien kelas II dan III
Formulasi Masker Gel Peel-Off Ekstrak Kulit Musa × paradisiaca L.: Studi Konsentrasi terhadap Kualitas Fisikokimia dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Nafisa, Safira; Noviani, Yuslia; Arifin, Moch Futuchul
Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari Vol 17 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari
Publisher : Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Garut University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52434/jifb.v17i1.43263

Abstract

Kulit buah pisang kepok (Musa × paradisiaca L.) memiliki kandungan flavonoid yang berpotensi sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuat ekstrak kental kulit buah pisang kepok, memformulasikannya menjadi masker gel peel-off, serta mengevaluasi mutu fisikokimia dan aktivitas antioksidannya. Ekstraksi kulit buah pisang kepok dilakukan dengan metode maserasi kinetik menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%, kemudian dipekatkan dengan rotary evaporator. Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak diuji menggunakan metode DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) Ekstrak kental diformulasikan menjadi tiga sediaan masker gel peel-off dengan variasi jumlah ekstrak (100xIC50, 250xIC50, dan 400xIC50) menggunakan PVA dan HPMC sebagai pembentuk gel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai IC50 ekstrak kental yang diperoleh adalah 20,22 ± 0,30 bpj (sangat kuat). Dari ketiga formula, Formula III (konsentrasi ekstrak 400x IC50) merupakan formula terbaik yang memenuhi parameter mutu fisik dan kimia. Formula terbaik ini menunjukkan hasil evaluasi: warna kuning pekat, homogen, sifat alir plastis, viskositas 38.400 cPs (pada 2,5 rpm), waktu mengering 21,7 ± 0,58 menit, kemampuan menyebar 2783,46 mm2, pH 4,95 ± 0,01, kekuatan tarikan 86,76 kg/cm2 dan nilai IC50 aktivitas antioksidan sebesar 72,82 ± 0,06 bpj. Dapat disimpulkan ekstrak kulit buah pisang kepok berhasil diformulasikan menjadi sediaan masker gel peel-off yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan kuat.
Lip balm Ekstrak Kulit Buah Tampoi: Formulasi, SPF dan Uji Iritasi Rahman, Ika Ristia; Kurnianto, Erwan; Sari, Dian Kartika; Hairunnisa, Hairunnisa; Puspita, Weni
Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari Vol 17 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari
Publisher : Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Garut University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52434/jifb.v17i1.43301

Abstract

Kulit buah tampoi (Baccaurea macrocarpa) diketahui mengandung senyawa flavonoid dan polifenol yang berpotensi sebagai tabir surya alami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasikan ekstrak etanol kulit buah tampoi dalam sediaan Lip balm serta mengevaluasi stabilitas fisik, nilai Sun Protection Factor (SPF), persentase transmisi eritema dan pigmentasi, serta uji iritasi. Lip balm diformulasikan 0,1% ekstrak kulit buah tampoi dalam tiga formula dengan variasi konsentrasi Tween 80 (2%, 3%, dan 4%). Evaluasi fisik meliputi uji organoleptis, homogenitas, pH, daya sebar, daya oles, dan titik leleh, serta uji stabilitas menggunakan metode cycling test selama enam siklus. Formula terbaik selanjutnya diuji nilai SPF menggunakan metode Mansur dan A.J. Petro, uji transmisi eritema dan pigmentasi, serta uji iritasi kulit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan seluruh formula memiliki karakteristik fisik yang baik, homogen, pH 5, dan titik leleh 52°C. Formula dengan Tween 80 3% menunjukkan stabilitas fisik terbaik setelah uji cycling test. Formula ini memiliki nilai SPF sebesar 10,906 (metode Mansur) dan 2,094 (metode A.J. Petro), serta nilai transmisi eritema 9,12% dan transmisi pigmentasi 71,95% yang tergolong kategori regular suntan. Uji iritasi menunjukkan tidak adanya reaksi iritasi pada seluruh panelis. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa Lip balm ekstrak etanol kulit buah tampoi (Baccaurea macrocarpa) berpotensi sebagai sediaan tabir surya alami yang stabil, aman, dan efektif untuk perlindungan bibir.
Studi In Silico Potensi Senyawa Bioaktif Teh Kewer Garut (Cassia occidentalis Linn) sebagai Antikanker Paru Junaedi, Effan Cahyati; Suherman, Meilia; Palawah, Riandi
Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari Vol 17 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari
Publisher : Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Garut University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52434/jifb.v17i1.43323

Abstract

Kanker paru merupakan salah satu penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas global, dengan non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) sebagai subtipe yang paling umum. Salah satu upaya pengembangan terapi yang efektif dan aman adalah melalui eksplorasi senyawa bioaktif dari tanaman tradisional. Teh Kewer, teh khas Garut, Indonesia, dikenal mengandung senyawa antioksidan tinggi dan berpotensi sebagai agen antikanker yang menargetkan pada reseptor EGFR. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi dan memvalidasi potensi senyawa bioaktif teh Kewer (Cassia occidentalis Linn) sebagai kandidat antikanker paru menggunakan pendekatan in silico. Metodologi ini mengintegrasikan beberapa pendekatan skrining komputasional, termasuk skrining 37 senyawa bioaktif untuk aktivitas potensialnya, pemodelan farmakofor, dan penambatan molekuler untuk memprediksi interaksi senyawa dengan EGFR, protein target dalam patogenesis kanker paru-paru. Selain itu, simulasi dinamika molekuler selama 100 ns dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi stabilitas kompleks protein-ligan. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa Afzelin adalah senyawa terbaik dengan energi ikatan terendah (ΔG) sebesar -10,33 kkal/mol. Selain itu analisis dinamika molekuler mengonfirmasi stabilitas kompleks Afzelin-EGFR, dengan RMSD yang dapat diterima sebesar 2,121 Å dan fluktuasi minimal dalam interaksi dengan residu aktif esensial (MET793). Walaupun terdapat keterbatasan dalam memenuhi kriteria Lipinski’s rule of five dan parameter farmakokinetik, potensi ini dapat ditingkatkan melalui optimasi struktur kimia. Sehingga Afzelin merupakan senyawa yang berpotensi sebagai agen antikanker paru.

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