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INDONESIA
Indonesia Berdaya
Published by Utan Kayu Institute
ISSN : 27163822     EISSN : 27210669     DOI : https://doi.org/10.47679/ib
The aim of this journal publication is to disseminate the conceptual thoughts or ideas and research results that have been achieved in the area of community services. Indonesia Berdaya particularly focuses on the main problems in the development of the sciences of community services areas as follows: - Community Services, People and Health; - Training, Marketing, Appropriate Technology, Design; - Community Empowerment, Social Access; - Student Community Services; - Border Region, Less Developed Region; - Education for Sustainable Development.
Articles 31 Documents
Search results for , issue "Vol 6, No 3 (2025)" : 31 Documents clear
Sosialisasi Penganggulangan Hipertensi dan Pemeriksaan Kesehatan [Socialization of Hypertension Prevention and Health Check-ups] Yuniar, Nani; Firihu, Muhammad Zamrun; Santoso, Djarot Heru; Aba, La; Hindariatiningsih, Nanik; Variani, Viska Inda
Indonesia Berdaya Vol 6, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : UKInstitute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47679/ib.20251199

Abstract

Abstract. Hypertension is a medical condition characterized by an increase in blood pressure above the normal limit, which is 120/80 mmHg. If left untreated, hypertension can lead to various serious complications, such as coronary heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure. The importance of socializing information about hypertension prevention cannot be ignored, as many people are unaware that they suffer from this condition. Education about risk factors, such as unhealthy eating patterns, lack of physical activity, and stress, as well as the importance of a healthy lifestyle, can help the community understand how to prevent hypertension. Socialization efforts involving the community can increase awareness and encourage individuals to take proactive steps in maintaining their health. Regular health check-ups, especially blood pressure measurements, are crucial steps in detecting hypertension early. By undergoing regular check-ups, individuals can identify health problems earlier and take the necessary actions to maintain the health of their heart and blood vessels. Abstrak. Hipertensi merupakan kondisi medis yang ditandai dengan peningkatan tekanan darah di atas batas normal, yaitu 120/80 mmHg. Jika tidak ditangani, hipertensi dapat menyebabkan berbagai komplikasi serius, seperti penyakit jantung koroner, stroke, dan gagal ginjal. Pentingnya sosialisasi mengenai penanggulangan hipertensi tidak dapat diabaikan, karena banyak orang yang tidak menyadari bahwa mereka menderita kondisi ini. Edukasi tentang faktor risiko, seperti pola makan yang tidak sehat, kurangnya aktivitas fisik, dan stres, serta pentingnya gaya hidup sehat, dapat membantu masyarakat memahami cara mencegah hipertensi. Sosialisasi penanggulangan hipertensi  yang melibatkan masyarakat dapat meningkatkan kesadaran dan mendorong individu untuk mengambil langkah proaktif dalam menjaga kesehatan mereka.Pemeriksaan kesehatan secara rutin, terutama pengukuran tekanan darah, adalah langkah krusial dalam mendeteksi hipertensi sejak dini. Dengan melakukan pemeriksaan secara berkala, individu dapat mengidentifikasi masalah kesehatan lebih awal dan mengambil tindakan yang diperlukan untuk menjaga kesehatan jantung dan pembuluh darah mereka
Empowerment of Cassava Leaf Silkworm Cultivation Groups Through Processing of Ceara Rubber Tree (Manihot Glaziovii) as Local Food Potential Subrata, Arsyad Cahya; Ibdal, Ibdal; Sudarmini, Sudarmini; Suharto, Totok Eka; Putranti, Deslaely; Rahmawan, Jihad; Aska, Ghoniyun Nisa Uskhulil; Hidayah, Laelatul
Indonesia Berdaya Vol 6, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : UKInstitute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47679/ib.20251170

Abstract

Food security has become an increasingly urgent global issue as the impact of climate change and the global food crisis intensify. Indonesia, as an agrarian country, has great potential to strengthen its food system to be self-sufficient and sustainable, one of which is through the empowerment of local farmer groups. This article discusses efforts to enhance food security through agricultural product diversification by leveraging untapped local potential, specifically the processing of rubber tree (Manihot glaziovii) tuber skins. Empowerment activities were conducted with the Sutra Alam Gunung Sewu group in Gunungkidul Regency, DIY, which had previously only utilized the plant's leaves as silkworm feed. The tubers and bark of this tree, which are nutrient-rich but contain high levels of cyanide acid, have the potential to be developed as an alternative food source if processed properly. The empowerment program was implemented to enhance the group's capacity to process the tuber bark into useful products. Evaluation was conducted using pre-test and post-test instruments to measure improvements in members' knowledge and skills. The results showed a 120% increase in general knowledge and an 84% increase in understanding of information regarding the potential of local food and the processing of risky materials into safe consumption. This initiative contributes to food diversification and the economic empowerment of local communities in supporting national food security.
Kebijakan Kriminal Terhadap Lansia Yang Berhadapan Dengan Hukum Dalam Perspektif KUHP Nasional [Criminal Policy Toward the Elderly in Conflict with the Law from the Perspective of the National Criminal Code (KUHP)] Dudy, Aryadi Almau; Ashady, Suheflihusnaini
Indonesia Berdaya Vol 6, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : UKInstitute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47679/ib.20251154

Abstract

Abstract. This study examines the legal protection of the elderly who come into conflict with the law through the lens of substantive justice and the implementation of sentencing policies under the new Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP). Justice, as a fundamental legal value, requires equal and proportional treatment of every individual, particularly vulnerable groups such as the elderly. In practice, elderly individuals are often subjected to legal proceedings without adequate consideration of their physical, psychological, and social limitations. However, the Human Rights Law mandates special treatment for vulnerable groups. This research employs a normative juridical method by analyzing positive legal provisions, legal principles, and legal doctrines. The findings indicate that the new Criminal Code introduces a more humane penal paradigm through the principles of corrective and rehabilitative justice. Judges play a strategic role in ensuring that sentencing for elderly offenders is carried out fairly, with personal conditions considered as mitigating factors. Thus, the sentencing approach in the new Criminal Code is expected to strengthen legal protection for the elderly and contribute to a more inclusive and just criminal justice system. Abstrak: Penelitian ini mengkaji perlindungan hukum terhadap lanjut usia (lansia) yang berhadapan dengan hukum melalui pendekatan keadilan substantif dan implementasi kebijakan pemidanaan dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) baru. Keadilan, sebagai nilai dasar hukum, menuntut perlakuan yang setara dan proporsional terhadap setiap individu, terutama kelompok rentan seperti lansia. Dalam praktiknya, lansia sering kali diproses secara hukum tanpa mempertimbangkan keterbatasan fisik, psikologis, dan sosial mereka. Padahal, Undang-Undang Hak Asasi Manusia telah mengatur perlakuan khusus bagi kelompok rentan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan menelaah ketentuan hukum positif, prinsip hukum, dan doktrin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa KUHP baru membawa paradigma pemidanaan yang lebih humanis melalui prinsip keadilan korektif dan resosialitatif. Hakim memiliki peran strategis dalam memastikan pemidanaan terhadap lansia dilakukan secara adil dengan mempertimbangkan kondisi personal sebagai faktor yang meringankan. Dengan demikian, pendekatan pemidanaan dalam KUHP baru diharapkan dapat memperkuat perlindungan hukum bagi lansia dan mewujudkan sistem peradilan pidana yang lebih inklusif dan berkeadilan
Sahabat Lansia: Metode Storytelling untuk Mengurangi Perasaan Kesepian yang Dialami Lansia di Panti Jompo Budi Agung Bisinglasi, Clarissa Maldini Henderina; Maharani, Elviana Rizky; Rambadeta, Maruel Djawa; Ingutali, Rosita; Panis, Marleni Purnamasary; Wijaya, R.Pasifikus Christa
Indonesia Berdaya Vol 6, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : UKInstitute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47679/ib.20251190

Abstract

Lansia yang tinggal di panti jompo rentan mengalami kesepian akibat keterbatasan interaksi sosial dan minimnya aktivitas bermakna. Intervensi ini bertujuan untuk mengurangi perasaan kesepian pada lansia melalui intervensi psikososial menggunakan metode storytelling. Intervensi dilakukan selama tiga hari kepada empat lansia perempuan di Panti Jompo Budi Agung, dengan enam sesi yang dirancang untuk menggali pengalaman hidup, nilai, dan harapan mereka. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa storytelling efektif menciptakan ruang ekspresi emosional, memperkuat relasi sosial, dan meningkatkan makna hidup lansia. Lansia menunjukkan perubahan positif pada aspek afektif, perilaku, dan kognitif, seperti meningkatnya rasa bahagia, keterbukaan dalam berinteraksi, dan kesadaran akan keberhargaan diri. Pendekatan ini selaras dengan teori psikososial Erikson serta teori pembelajaran sosial Bandura. Storytelling terbukti sebagai strategi intervensi yang mampu mengurangi kesepian dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan psikologis lansia di panti jompo. 
Sosialisasi dan Workshop Pelatihan Penanaman serta Pemanfaatan TOGA (Tanaman Obat Keluarga) di Dukuh Pinggir, Kabupaten Sukoharjo [Socialization and Training Workshop on the Cultivation and Utilization of TOGA (Family Medicinal Plants) in Dukuh Pinggir, Sukoharjo Regency] Patandung, Rosliana; Ishariyanto, Riski
Indonesia Berdaya Vol 6, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : UKInstitute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47679/ib.20251163

Abstract

This community service aims to improve knowledge and utilization of Family Medicinal Plants (TOGA) in Dukuh Pinggir RW 7, Telukan Village, Grogol District, Sukoharjo Regency. The activity was carried out through socialization and workshops attended by 70 participants with an age range of 20-60 years and diverse educational backgrounds. Education includes theoretical material and practice of planting TOGA in the yard. Before the training, a pretest was conducted to measure the initial knowledge of the participants, which showed that only 14.3% scored above 60. After the training, there was a significant increase, with 85.7% of participants scoring above 60. These results indicate that educational activities about TOGA are effective in increasing public knowledge and awareness regarding the use of medicinal plants as an alternative to improving family health. In addition to health benefits, this activity also has the potential to support the economic welfare of the community through productive use of yard land. This service recommends the implementation of similar programs on an ongoing basis to expand positive impacts and support the development of health programs based on local wisdom. Abstrak. Pengabdian masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan pemanfaatan Tanaman Obat Keluarga (TOGA) di Dukuh Pinggir RW 7, Desa Telukan, Kecamatan Grogol, Kabupaten Sukoharjo. Kegiatan dilaksanakan melalui sosialisasi dan workshop yang diikuti oleh 70 peserta dengan rentang usia 20–60 tahun dan latar belakang pendidikan yang beragam. Edukasi mencakup materi teoritis dan praktik penanaman TOGA di pekarangan rumah. Sebelum pelatihan, dilakukan pretest untuk mengukur pengetahuan awal peserta, yang menunjukkan bahwa hanya 14,3% memperoleh nilai di atas 60. Setelah pelatihan, terjadi peningkatan signifikan, dengan 85,7% peserta memperoleh nilai di atas 60. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan edukatif tentang TOGA efektif dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kesadaran masyarakat mengenai pemanfaatan tanaman obat sebagai alternatif peningkatan kesehatan keluarga. Selain manfaat kesehatan, kegiatan ini juga berpotensi mendukung kesejahteraan ekonomi masyarakat melalui pemanfaatan lahan pekarangan secara produktif. Pengabdian ini merekomendasikan pelaksanaan program serupa secara berkelanjutan untuk memperluas dampak positif dan mendukung pengembangan program kesehatan berbasis kearifan lokal.
Tips and Tricks to Master English Vocabulary at SMPN 3 Lintong Nihuta Siahaan, Rekolina
Indonesia Berdaya Vol 6, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : UKInstitute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47679/ib.20251168

Abstract

Vocabulary is a fundamental component in learning English, especially at the junior high school level. A strong vocabulary foundation supports students' skills in understanding, speaking, writing, and listening to English effectively. However, in reality, many junior high school students struggle to expand and retain the vocabulary they have learned. This community service activity aims to help junior high school students master English vocabulary through an interactive and enjoyable approach. The methods used in this activity include material delivery, educational games, the use of visual media, and direct practice within sentence and conversation contexts. The results of this activity show that students are more enthusiastic about learning, understand strategies that can be applied independently, and demonstrate improvement in actively using vocabulary. It is hoped that this activity can serve as a sustainable effort to enhance English competence among junior high school students. 
Tinjauan yuridis penerapan sanksi tindak pidana perzinahan dalam perspektif Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana [Juridical review of the application of sanctions for the criminal act of adultery from the perspective of Law No. 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code] Wardana, Zarmendi Irsan; Rosikhu, Muhammad; Efendi, Saparudin
Indonesia Berdaya Vol 6, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : UKInstitute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47679/ib.20251137

Abstract

Zina merupakan perbuatan yang termasuk perbuatan yang termasuk dalam konotasi negatif atau dilarang. Dalam skripsi ini memiliki tujuan Untuk menganalisa pengaturan tindak pidana perzinahan dalam Undang-undang No. 1 Tahun 2023 Tentang Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Pidana. Selanjutnya untuk menganalisa bagaimana rumusan sanksi tindak pidana perzinahan dalam perspektif Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 2023 Tentang Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Pidana. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum Normatif. Rumusan tindak pidana perzinahan bisa dijatuhkan pidana kerja sosial dimana sanksi pidana perzinahan yaitu penjara paling lama 1 (tahun) atau denda paling banyak kategori II. Tindak pidana perzinahan juga bisa diselesaikan dengan cara restoratif juctice dilakukan dengan mediasi penal dan dialog antar pelaku, korban dan pihak terkait. Abstract. Adultery is an act that includes negative connotations or is prohibited. This thesis aims to determine the regulation of the crime of adultery in Law no. 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code. Next, to find out how the sanctions for the crime of adultery are formulated from the perspective of Law no. 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code. IThis study uses the Normative law method. The results of this thesis show that the formulation of the crime of adultery can be subject to social work where the criminal sanction for adultery is a maximum of 1 (year) imprisonment or a maximum fine of category II. The crime of adultery can also be resolved by means of restorative justice carried out through penal mediation and dialogue between the perpetrator, victim and related parties.
Intervensi Psikososial Terhadap Pasien Di Ruang Rehabilitasi Rumah Sakit Jiwa Naimata [Psychosocial Interventions for Patients in the Rehabilitation Room of Naimata Mental Hospital] Sariano, Claudia Madyatric; Asbanu, Aprilia Natasya Aurola; Tada, Marike Magi; Tokan, Manggota Alviani Benga; Boling, Deverio Y; Ufi, Ifandry Mega Wati Ndu; Panis, Marleny Purnamasary; Wijaya, Pasfikus Christa
Indonesia Berdaya Vol 6, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : UKInstitute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47679/ib.20251188

Abstract

Abstract. The lack of self-acceptance, low self-esteem, and insufficient social support can lead to inner conflicts both with oneself and with those around, which can hinder the healing process of patients at Naimata Regional Mental Hospital. Psychosocial intervention activities are conducted as support in the healing process of patients in the rehabilitation room of Naimata Regional Mental Hospital. The psychosocial intervention activities utilize a psychoeducation method with three techniques: sharing sessions, art therapy, and forgiveness therapy. Through the psychosocial intervention activities conducted for patients in the rehabilitation room of Naimata Regional Mental Hospital, it was found that the patients actively participated in these activities. The success of the three techniques is measured by the achievement of the goals of each technique applied to the patients, and these techniques are considered successful because each patient participated in the activities and understood them. This understanding was assessed through several questions related to the three techniques: sharing sessions, art therapy, and forgiveness therapy. This process is expected to be useful and beneficial for patients to help enhance inner peace and accelerate the healing process of patients at Naimata Regional Mental Hospital. Abstrak. Kurangnya penerimaan diri, rendahnya harga diri, dan kurangnya dukungan sosial, dapat menjadi konflik batin baik dengan diri sendiri maupun dengan orang di sekitar, yang mana hal ini dapat menghambat proses penyembuhan pasien di Rumah Sakit Daerah Jiwa Naimata. Kegiatan intervensi psikososial yang dilakukan sebagai dukungan dalam proses penyembuhan para pasien di ruang rehabilitasi Rumah Sakit Daerah Jiwa Naimata. Kegiatan intervensi psikososial yang dilakukan menggunakan metode psikoedukasi dengan tiga teknik yang digunakan yakni sharing session, art therapy, dan forgiveness therapy. Melalui kegiatan intervensi psikososial yang dilakukan kepada para pasien di ruang rehabilitasi Rumah Sakit Daerah Jiwa Naimata, didapati hasil bahwa para pasien mengikuti kegiatan ini dengan  berpartisipasi aktif, keberhasilan dari ketiga teknik ini diukur dengan ketercapaian tujuan dari setiap teknik yang diaplikasikan kepada para pasien dan ketiga teknik ini dikatakan mencapai tujuan karena setiap pasien mengikuti kegiatan tersebut dan memahaminya  ini diukur dengan beberapa pertanyaan yang diajukan berkaitan dengan ketiga teknik tersebut yakni sharing session, art therapy, dan forgiveness therapy. Proses ini diharapkan dapat berguna dan bermanfaat bagi para pasien untuk membantu meningkatkan perdamaian dalam diri dan mempercepat proses penyembuhan para pasien di Rumah Sakit Daerah Jiwa Naimata.
Perumusan Rekomendasi Strategi Bisnis Pie Susu Dewata (PT. Angga Cahaya Dewata) Menggunakan Business Model Canvas dan Analisis SWOT [Formulation of Business Strategy Recommendations for Pie Susu Dewata (PT. Angga Cahaya Dewata) Using Business Model Canvas and SWOT Analysis] Hakiki, Moh. Saiful; Anggraini, Dwi Aprilia; Mawli, Rizka Efi; Yustiana, Dewi; Fatimah, Nuzulul
Indonesia Berdaya Vol 6, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : UKInstitute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47679/ib.20251139

Abstract

One of the three implementations of the Tridharma of Higher Education is Community Service (PKM/Abdimas), which aims to offer solutions for accelerating business growth. One of the related topics is business strategy management, both for MSMEs and large-scale enterprises. This Abdimas activity is an analysis and synthesis of observations and studies regarding the business strategy of Pie Susu Dewata, Bali. Pie Susu Dewata is a cake product developed by PT Angga Cahaya Dewata and has become one of the leading pie susu products in Bali. The strategic management method we recommend uses the principles of the Business Model Canvas (BMC) and SWOT Analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) to describe the business model implemented by Pie Susu Dewata. In the BMC analysis, elements such as Customer Segments, Value Propositions, Channels, Revenue Streams, Key Resources, Customer Relationships, Key Activities, Key Partnerships, and Cost Structure are considered. This activity is expected to improve literacy on strategic management and raise awareness of the urgency and relevance of this field. The findings have a positive impact on the business development of Pie Susu Dewata, particularly in equipping management with up-to-date managerial insights. Abstrak. Satu dari tiga implementasi Tridharma Perguruan Tinggi adalah kegiatan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (PKM/Abdimas) yang bertujuan untuk menawarkan solusi bagi akselerasi pertumbuhan usaha, di mana salah satu topik terkait adalah mengenai manajemen strategi dari usaha, baik berskala UMKM, maupun di skala besar. Kegiatan Abdimas ini merupakan analisis dan sintesis dari hasil pengamatan dan kajian mengenai strategi bisnis dari Pie Susu Dewata, Bali. Pie Susu Dewata adalah produk kue yang dikembangkan oleh PT Angga Cahaya Dewata dan menjadi salah satu produk pie susu terkemuka di Bali. Metode manajemen strategi yang kami rekomendasikan menggunakan prinsip Bisnis Model Canvas (BMC) dan Analisis SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat) dalam mendeskripsikan model bisnis yang yang dijalankan oleh Pie Susu Dewata. Dalam analisis BMC, dipertimbangkan unsur-unsur seperti Customer Segments, Value Propositions, Channels, Revenue Streams, Key Resources, Customer Relationships, Key Activities, Key Partnership, dan Cost Structure. Kegiatan diharapkan meningkatkan literasi mengenai manajemen strategi dan menumbuhkan kesadaran akan urgensi dan relevansi dari bidang manajemen strategi ini. Temuan memberikan dampak positif bagi pengembangan usaha bagi Pie Susu Dewata, khususnya dalam membekali pengelola dengan informasi wawasan terkini di topik manajerial.
Sosialisasi dan Pelatihan Pengolahan Non-Thermal Berbasis Pulsed Electric Field Tipe Chamber Pada Pembuatan Sari Buah Jambu Merah (Psidium Guajava L.) di TEFA ALSINTAN Politeknik Negeri Jember [Socialization and Training on Non-Thermal Processing Based on Chamber-Type Pulsed Electric Field in the Production of Red Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Juice at TEFA ALSINTAN, Jember State Polytechnic] Adhamatika, Adhima; Sari, Elok Kurnia Novita; Triardianto, Dimas; Rosyadi, A. Sirojul Anam Izza; Choirun, Annisa’u
Indonesia Berdaya Vol 6, No 3 (2025)
Publisher : UKInstitute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47679/ib.20251125

Abstract

Kegiatan pengabdian kepada Masyarakat di TEFA ALSINTAN Polteknik Negeri Jember telah berhasil menerapkan adaptasi teknologi pasteurisasi non thermal berbasis Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) pada produk olahan sari buah jambu merah. Kegiatan ini dilakukan dengan 2 tahap, yaitu sosialisasi terkait dengan teknologi non thermal menggunakan PEF dan pelatihan penggunaan alat pasteurisasi berbasis PEF tipe chamber yang disajikan. Alat PEF ini menggunakan ignition coil motor sebagai pelipat tengangan dari dari PSU (Power Supply Unit) sebesar 12-volt menjadi tegangan tinggi sekitar 15.000-volt sampai 20.000-volt dengan arus AC. PEF berpotensi dalam menginaktivasi mikroba tanpa mengubah cita rasa dan kekayaan nutrisi pada makanan, sehingga diharapkan alat ini mampu menjadi Solusi permasalahan pengolahan pasca panen yang seringkali terjadi akibat penggunaan panas atau eneergi berlebih yang berakibat pada penurunan baku mutu produk. Abstract. Community service activities at TEFA ALSINTAN, Jember State Polytechnic, have successfully implemented the adaptation of non-thermal pasteurization technology based on Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) for processed red guava juice products. This activity was carried out in two stages: socialization regarding non-thermal technology using PEF, and training on the use of chamber-type PEF-based pasteurization equipment. This PEF device uses a motor ignition coil as a voltage multiplier, converting the 12-volt supply from the Power Supply Unit (PSU) into a high voltage of around 15,000 to 20,000 volts with AC current. PEF has the potential to inactivate microbes without altering the taste and nutritional richness of food, so this equipment is expected to be a solution to post-harvest processing problems that often occur due to excessive heat or energy usage, which results in a decline in product quality standards.

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