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Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease

IJTID
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Published by Universitas Airlangga

ISSN : 20851103 EISSN : 23560991 DOI : -

Core Subject : Health, Science,

Earth & Planetary Sciences Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

This journal is a peer-reviewed journal established to promote the recognition of emerging and reemerging diseases specifically in Indonesia, South East Asia, other tropical countries and around the world, and to improve the understanding of factors involved in disease emergence, prevention, and elimination. The journal is intended for scientists, clinicians, and professionals in infectious diseases and related sciences. We welcome contributions from infectious disease specialists in academia, industry, clinical practice, public health, and pharmacy, as well as from specialists in economics, social sciences and other disciplines.

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Articles 382 Documents

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THE RISK FACTORS FOR DRUG INDUCED HEPATITIS IN PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS IN DR. SOETOMO HOSPITAL Soedarsono, Soedarsono; Mandayani, Sari; Prayuni, Kinasih; Yuliwulandari, Rika
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 7 No. 3 (2018)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major public health problem in Indonesia. Anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity (DIH) is common side effect leading to changes in treatment regimens, and the less effective second-line treatments. Several risk factors such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and acetylization status for hepatotoxicity were suggested in previous studies but in the fact, those are often not related to DIH incidence after receiving standard TB treatment regimen. The aim of this study was to asses the role of risk factors in the DIH incidence in pulmonary TB patients receiving standard TB treatment regimen in Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya. Study design was analytic observational with case control. The subjects were 30 TB DIH patients and 31 TB non-DIH patients receiving standard national TB program therapy. DIH severity was divided based on International DIH Expert Working Group. Demographic data and BMI status were taken from medical records. The age classification are â‰¥35 years old and <35 years old as one of the risk factors studied. DNA sequencing was used to assess single-nucleotide polymorphisms in NAT2 coding region to evaluate acetylator status from blood samples. The risk factors were evaluated using chi-square test and Mantel-Haenszel test. Significant association between low BMI and DIH in general was identified (OR=3.017; 95% CI=1.029-8.845) and more significant association between low BMI and moderate DIH (OR=15.833; 95% CI=1.792-139.922). Age, sex, and acetylization status has no significant correlation with DIH incidence in general. Significant association between slow acetylator phenotype and incidence of moderate DIH was identified (OR=7.125; 95% CI= 1.309-38.711). In conclusion, some risk factors were correlated to DIH incidence in pulmonary TB patientsreceiving standart TB treatment regimen.

POTENCY OF LUTEOLIN WITH SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLE (SLN)-POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL (PEG) MODIFICATION FOR ARTEMISININ-RESISTANT PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM INFECTION Kamarullah, William; Indrajaya, Erika; Emmanuella, Janice
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 7 No. 3 (2018)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Falciparum malaria is still considered as one of the important global health problems and its causal agent (Plasmodium falciparum) is reported to be the third most common factor for contributing the number of deaths in the world. As we all know, Artemisinins arethe most rapidly acting of currently available antimalarial drugs. Along with Artesunate, these two combining drugs, the so-called Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) has become the foundation of modern falciparum malaria treatment globally. Nowadays, however, there have been reports about intricate cases of resistance against Artemisinin in various Southeast Asian countries and it is predicted to spread over several other countries, including Indonesia. Therefore, adjuvant therapy is required along with first-line therapy administration to help eradicate both Artemisinin-sensitive and resistant P. falciparum. Luteolin in vitro has a prospective inhibitory activity (IC50<50 Î¼g) in inhibiting the development of parasite's life cycle. Nonetheless, its poor bioavailability and pharmacokinetics restrict clinical application. The low bioavailability of luteolin requires encapsulation using solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). SLN is useful for improving the bioavailability of luteolin in the body, whereas PEG is needed in order to prevent the destruction of luteolin-SLN substance by the reticuloendothelial system. Here in this literature review, we're trying to demonstrate the benefits, potential, way of constructions, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of luteolin encapsulated with SLN with PEG modification. Thus, it is hoped that the results of this literature study may encourage further research in assisting the development of adjuvant therapy for cases of Artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum infection.

DETERMINANT FACTORS OF DROP OUT (DO) AMONG MULTI DRUGS RESISTANCE TUBERCULOSIS (MDR TB) PATIENTS AT JAKARTA PROVINCE IN 2011 TO 2015 Farihatun, Sitti; Machmud, Putri Bungsu
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 7 No. 3 (2018)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

The prevalence of Drop out (DO) among Multi Drugs Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR TB) patients increases every year in Jakarta Province. The latest data of 2016 contains 367 drug resistant TB patients and 78 patients (21.2%) were DO. This study was aimed to analyze the determinant factors of Drop Out (DO) among MDR TB patients in Jakarta Province between 2011 to 2015 based on risk factors of age, sex, HIV status, sputum test, type of patient, number of previous treatments and number of drugs resistance. This study was used secondary data that source from cohort registration e-TB Manager from DKI Jakarta Health Office with total 516 samples. The design study was an observational cross sectional quantitative study. DO is a condition of patients who have been treated and drop out of treatment for 2 consecutive months or more. The crude prevalence of DO among MDR TB patients was 44.6%. Trend of DO among MDR TB was increased since 2011 to 2015. There was a further increase more than 10% in every year. The proportion of DO among MDR TB in Jakarta was more than 64 years old (63.6%), male (47.3%), patients with status HIV negative (44.9%), patients that never or ever consumed drugs less than 1 month (61.2%), and patients with >2 drugs resistance (45.7%). The results of this study indicated that proportion of DO among MDR TB patients at Jakarta Province in 2011-2015 was high. Therefore, it is necessary efforts that can decrease DO cases among MDR TB patients. This study was expected to be a reference for Jakarta Province Health Office in implement P2TB Program implementation and reach target precisely.

BLASTOCYSTIS AND OTHER INTESTINAL PARASITES INFECTIONS IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN DUKUH VILLAGE, KARANGASEM DISTRICT, BALI Diarthini, Ni Luh Putu Eka; Swastika, I Kadek; Ariwati, Luh; Isyaputri, Rahmadany; Fitri N, Moh. Yasin; Hidajati, Sri; Basuki, Sukmawati
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 7 No. 3 (2018)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Blastocystis spp. is the most common enteric parasitic infection found in several community surveys from developing countries. Blastocystis infections may cause gastrointestinal symptoms, but also cause extraintestinal symptoms such as urticaria and joint pain. Blastocystis infection can also be asymptomatic or a carrier. However, the prevalence of Blastocystis infection in children has not yet been fully investigated in Indonesia, particularly in Bali Province. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Blastocystis and other intestinal parasites in elementary school children stools in Dukuh village, Karangasem regency. A cross sectional study was conducted in September 2016. A total of 103 school children stools were collected by informed consent and parasites were examined by microscopy with wet mounts method using Lugol's iodine solution. Thirty-five school children were infected with Blastocystis spp. (35/103, 34%) that consisted of a single infection (29/35, 82.9%) and mix infection with other parasites (6/35, 17.1%). The mix infections were Blastocystis spp. and hookworm infection (1/6, 16.7%), Blastocystis spp. and Entamoeba coli (1/6, 16.7%), Blastocystis spp. and Giardia lamblia (2/6, 33.3%), Blastocystis spp. and Entamoeba histolytica/ Entamoeba dispar (1/6, 16.7%) and Blastocystis spp. and Entamoeba histolytica/ Entamoeba dispar and Giardia lamblia (1/6, 16.7%). The vacuolar forms of Blastocystis were dominantly found, in which was non-infectious form, whereas the infectious form is the cyst form and Blastocystis density was observed less than 5 cells per field of view at 400 magnification in all cases. This study concluded that the high prevalence of Blastocystis infection in elementary school children in Dukuh Village, Karangasem District, Bali that were dominantly single infections and several mix infections with other intestinal parasites. The high prevalence of Blastocystis infection in elementary school children suggested that it needs proper prevention measures for the children in this study area.

RNA ISOLATION OF DENGUE VIRUS TYPE 1 WITH DIFFERENT PRECIPITATION SOLVENTS: DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE, ACETONE, AND ETHANOL 70% Maharani, Anisa; Sucipto, Teguh Hari; Setyawati, Harsasi; Churrotin, Siti; Amarullah, Ilham Harlan; Wardhani, Puspa; Aryati, Aryati; Ueda, Shuhai; Soegijanto, Soegeng
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 7 No. 3 (2018)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is caused by dengue viruses that belong to Flaviviridae. The disease is known to be caused by 4 types of dengue viruses, namely DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4 associated with antigenic. Dengue virus is a virus RNA that causes illness with clinical manifestations of Dengue Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome. The aim of research was to determine the effectiveness of dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone, and ethanol 70% as precipitation solvent in the process of RNA isolation. The method used was Reverse Transcription - Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with specific primers for dengue virus type 1 (DENV-1). RNA isolation can be done easily using an RNA Isolation Kit. Use of RNA Isolation Kit results in a purer RNA isolate from contaminants and from RNA degradation. In generally the isolation is using cold ethanol / alcohol with concentration 90-95%. Ethanol / Alcohol does not dissolve RNA and light density of alcohol lighter than water makes RNA rise and hover on the surface. In RNA isolation solvent precipitation that used are acetone, ethanol 70%, and DMSO. In qualitative RNA measurements using agarose gel electrophoresis and was examined under the UV light-illuminator and quantitative RNA measurements using Nanodrop spectrophotometry with absorbance ratio at 260/280 and 260/230 showed a good result indicated by the appearance of the band on electrophoresis results in PCR. While the measurement quantitatively is showed that there was still protein contamination but the results are quite good because it does not much different from the ratio set in the reference. Acetone, ethanol 70%, and DMSO can be used as a substitute of 96% ethanol in the process of RNA isolation in DENV-1 virus and can also be applied to other dengue virus because the structure of the 4th antigen serotype is very similar one with the other and no effect.

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI L3 LARVAE DETECTION IN CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS AS VECTOR POTENTIAL OF FILARIASIS IN ENDEMIC AREA OF SOUTH TANGERANG, BY UTILIZING PCR ASSAY FOR L3-ACTIVATED CUTICLIN TRANSCRIPT mRNA GENE AND TPH-1 GENE Nasution, Silvia Fitrina; Adhiyanto, Chris; Indahwati, Evi
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 7 No. 3 (2018)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

South Tangerang district is an endemic area for Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis with a prevalence rate of microfilaria (mf) at a range of 1 - 2.4% in 2008-2009. Culex quinquefasciatus plays an important role as the major vector of transmission for the parasite. It remains a problem on how to determine that the mosquitoe roles as a vector or disease transmitter when there is no evidence of filarial parasite larvae 3 (L3) by the microscopic examination. In assessing the transmission risk of the filarial parasite, a DNA-based detection method was carried out to specifically detect the presence of W. bancrofti infective L3 larvae in the mosquitoe. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed to detect a specific DNA obtained from W. bancrofti L3 larvae in a very low number or low antigen titer. The assay was purposed as preliminary study to detect the presence of L3 filarial of W.bancrofti in Cx. quinquefasciatus by utilizing the expression of L3-activated cuticlin transcript mRNA gene and tph-1 gene. The result of PCR based analysis of mosquitoes collected from the suggested area showed that there is a low but detectable number of L3 infected mosquito with W. bancrofti. Among the 18 isolated DNA samples of mosquitoes, we found 7 positive samples (38.89%) with the presence of filarial larvae DNA expressing L3-activated cuticlin transcript mRNA and tph-1 genes, which determined as 123 bp for Wb-cut-1.2 and 153bp for tph-1. In contrast by microscopic result, we found no evidence of L3 larvae of the parasite in the mosquitoe's dissecting samples. The PCR assay in our study was proven sensitive to detect the presence of Wb-L3 filarial larvae in Cx. quinquefasciatus

PREVALENCE OF TRICHOMONIASIS IN ASYMPTOMATIC PREGNANT WOMEN POPULATION IN BANDUNG, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA Achdiat, Pati Aji; Dwiyana, Reiva Farah; Feriza, Vina; Rowawi, Rasmia; Effendi, Rendy Ariezal; Suwarsa, Oki; Gunawan, Hendra
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 7 No. 4 (2019)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

About 81% of pregnant women with trichomoniasis are asymptomatic, while trichomoniasis in pregnant women can increase the risk of complications, include premature rupture of membranes, preterm birth, and babies with low birth weight. Trichomoniasis can also increase the risk of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Trichomoniasis case in pregnant women could be influenced by demographic characteristics,, the sexual behavior, and also the diagnostic method used. Until now, there is no data about prevalence of trichomoniasis in pregnant women in Indonesia. The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence of trichomoniasis in pregnant women in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in December 2016 until January 2017. The study participants were 50 pregnant women who visit antenatal care to Obstetric and Gynecology Clinic of 'Rumah Sakit Khusus Ibu dan Anak Kota Bandung', and meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria, through consecutive sampling. The study participants had a history taking, venereological examination, and Trichomonas rapid test from vaginal swabs. Trichomoniasis in this study was diagnosed based on Trichomonas rapid test, a test that uses color immunochromatographic, capillary flow, dipstick technology, and has high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing trichomoniasis. Almost all participants in this study were low risk pregnant women to have STI based on demographic characteristics and sexual behaviour. The positive Trichomonas rapid test result was found from one of 50 study participants. In conclusion, prevalence of trichomoniasis in pregnant women in Bandung was 2%. Trichomoniasis case in low-risk pregnant women population is still found.

LEPROSY AND HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS COINFECTION: A RARE CASE REPORT lydiawati, eva; Sirithida, Chukmol; Vannda, Sou; Vortey, Hak; Ratana, Heng; Listiawan, M. Yulianto; Agusni, Indropo
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 7 No. 4 (2019)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Leprosy, or Hansen disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae which is associated with inflammation that may damage the skin and the peripheral nerves. Leprosy remains an important public health problem in Southeast Asia, America, and Africa. It has been speculated that, as with TB, HIV infection may exacerbate leprosy lesions and/or lead to increased susceptibility to leprosy. We report the case of leprosy and HIV co-infection and reveals its clinical manifestation. A 34-year-old female came to outpatient clinic complaining of rednessplaque on her face of 2-months duration. It was also accompanied with thick sensation but without itchy or burning sensation. We found thick erythematous plaque with sharp margin and hypoesthesia on her face and body. There were no madarosis, saddle nose, lagophthalmos, nor sign of neuritis. The slit-skin smear revealed BI 1+ globi and MI 2%. From laboratory examination we found CBC was within normal limit, IgM anti PGL-1 titer was 1265 u/mL and IgG anti PGL-1 was 834 u/mL Both histological examination on her ear lobe and extremity revealed that was similar to the lesion of leprosy. The detection of HIV antibody was positive with CD4 count on 325 cells/Î¼L. We treat her with MDT for MB leprosy along with ART (Tenofovir, Lamivudine, and Efavirenz). After 6-months follow-up we observed no progression of the lesions though the slit-skin smear after completing 6 months of therapy become negative. M. leprae does not seem to accelerate the decline of immune function when associated with HIV infection. HIV infection does not seem to affect the clinical classification and progression of leprosy. Treatment of the HIV-leprosy co-infected patient consists of the combination of ARTs and anti-leprosy agents. So that, the treatment of leprosy and HIV co-infection does not differ from that of a seronegative leprosy patient.

EFFECT OF AFRICAN LEAF (VERNONIA AMYGDALINA) TO IL-6 AND IL-10 LEVEL ON STAPHYLOCOCCUC AUREUS INFECTION Setiawan, Lidwina Tri Kristanti; Nugraha, Jusak; Lestari, Pudji; Sinansari, Restry; Soegianto, Lisa; Tamayanti, Wahyu Dewi; Handayani, Luh Putu Trys Monika; Beatrix, Stephanie
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 7 No. 4 (2019)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Currently, infectious disease is increase in world wide. The African leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) – VA is used to antimicrobial treatment. It may protect the host against microbial attack in several ways. This plant has attracted the interest of researchers in recent decades because of the constituents have important roles in modulating immune system in bacteria infection. The aim of study is to analyze the prophylactic activity of VA's ethanol extract in modulating the levels of IL-6 and IL-10 as well as the number of bacteria in male Wistar rats that were (Staphylococcus aureus) – SA – infected. There were as many as 30 rats were divided into 5 treatment groups: negative control (NC) was treated by CMC Na 2% (w/v); positive control (PC) was treated by 9mg/200g body weight (BW) of cephadroxil; T1; T2; and T3 were respectively treated with ethanol extract of VA of doses 20mg/200g BW; 40mg/200g BW and 80mg/200g BW. After the oral treatment was administered, all the rats were infected with 0.25mL (3x108cfu) SA via intra peritoneal route. Their blood was drawn in order to identify the IL-6 and IL-10 levels by ELISA. Furthermore, their peritoneal fluid was also taken to count the number of survived bacteria by pour plate method. The results are showed median of IL-6 and IL-10 levels as well as bacterial number respectively in NC 370.530pg/mL; 67.044pg/mL; 7.4x103cfu/mL; in PC 234.556pg/mL; 42.839pg/mL; 6.8x103cfu/mL,; in T1 164.019pg/mL; 17.240pg/mL; 1.1x104cfu/mL; in T2 49.291pg/mL; 2.961 pg/mL; 6.3x103cfu/mL and in T3 43.342pg/mL; 13.235pg/mL; 7.1x103cfu/mL. These results are implied that VA's ethanol extract is effective as a prophylactic agent to suppress the bacterial invasion at dose of 40mg/200g BW in Wistar rat particularly shown by the decrease level of IL-6 and the number of bacteria.

PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN TUBERCULOSIS PATIENT AT PATRANG DISTRICT INDONESIA Sasmita, Hasri Yulia; Prasetyowati, Irma; Wahjudi, Pudjo
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 7 No. 4 (2019)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of cause of death in infectious disease domain. The control of TB is complicated because the inclination of case numbers people with Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is an important risk factor for TB development, with prove that more than ten percent of TB patient is DM patient. People with DM have risk three times more likely to suffer from TB than people without DM. The results of TB treatment with comorbid DM will be easier to be failed. Puskesmas Patrang have the highest bacteriologically confirmed BTA TB cases and DM cases in Jember during 2014 until 2016. The aim of this research is to know the DM prevalence in TB patients and to analyze the correlation between DM risk factors in TB patient to TB-DM incidence at Puskesmas Patrang Jember in 2017. The research uses observasional analytic with cross sectional approach. The sampling technique uses simple random sampling with 47 samples. The independent variables include respondent characteristics (age, sex, type of TB, medication category, and family history of DM), central obesity and smoking behavior. While the dependent variable is the DM status. The result shows that the prevelance of DM in TB patients at Puskesmas Patrang Jember regency is 23,4%. Factors associated with TB-DM are age (p-value = 0,012), family history of DM (p-value = 0,003), and smoking status (p-value = 0,035). Factors that do not associated with TB-DM are sex (p-value = 0,731), type of TB (p-value = 0,170), treatment category of TB (p-value = 0,560), central obesity (p-value = 0,435), the number of cigarette (p-value = 1,000) and smoking duration (p-value = 1,000). The most important factor of TB-DM is family history of DM that 10,850 times higher of getting TB-DM than patients without family history of DM.

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