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Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease

IJTID
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Published by Universitas Airlangga

ISSN : 20851103 EISSN : 23560991 DOI : -

Core Subject : Health, Science,

Earth & Planetary Sciences Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

This journal is a peer-reviewed journal established to promote the recognition of emerging and reemerging diseases specifically in Indonesia, South East Asia, other tropical countries and around the world, and to improve the understanding of factors involved in disease emergence, prevention, and elimination. The journal is intended for scientists, clinicians, and professionals in infectious diseases and related sciences. We welcome contributions from infectious disease specialists in academia, industry, clinical practice, public health, and pharmacy, as well as from specialists in economics, social sciences and other disciplines.

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Articles 382 Documents

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PREVALENCE OF SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTHIASIS AMONG ELEMENTARY CHILDREN IN SORONG DISTRICT, WEST PAPUA Yuwono, Natalia; Husada, Dominicus; Basuki, Sukmawati
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 7 No. 4 (2019)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Soil transmitted helminthiasis are common in the world and cause illness, especially in developing countries. It can cause infection in humans by contact with parasitic eggs or larvae that live in moist and warm soil. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis is often caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Ancylostoma duodenale, and Necator americanus. In Indonesia, Soil transmitted helminthiasis prevalence is still high in some places. The tropical climate and high humidity support for the development of worms like in Sorong District, but there was no data. The purpose of this study is to identify the presece of Soil transmitted helminthiasis in primary school children in Sorong District. A cross-sectional study was conducted in two elementary schools located in Sorong District, West Papua, Indonesia. The two elementary schools are SDN 22 in Klain village and SD Inpres 24 in sub-district Mayamuk. Once collected, the pot that has contained stool is given formalin 10%. Stool examinattion using direct smear method to determine the presence of soil transmitted helminthiasis. Researchers get the subject as many as 147 children. The proportion of elementary school children by sex consists of 72 boys (49%) and 75 girls (51%). The prevalence of Soil transmitted helminthiasis as a whole was 30.6% (45/147) with 40.1% (18/45) single infections and 59.9% (27/45) mixed infections. The single infection that most frequent is Trichuris trichiura, then followed by Ascaris lumbricoides. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis mostly found in girl than boy and mostly found in 6-9 years age group. The worm species that infect elementary school children in the district is Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Hookworm, and Strongyloides stercoralis. This is probably related with the climate and low sanitation level. To eliminate soil transmitted helminthiasis among elementary school children, in addition to routine treatment also needs intensive counseling about the importance of maintaining personal hygiene and the environment.

EXPRESSION OF FOUR CYTOKINE/CHEMOKINE GENES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS INFECTED WITH DENGUE VIRUS Sri Masyeni, Dewa Ayu Putri; Hadi, Usman; Kuntaman, Kuntaman; Yohan, Benediktus; Margyaningsih, Nur Ita; Sasmono, R Tedjo
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 7 No. 4 (2019)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Overproduction of numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines, during dengue virus (DENV) infection, has been related to plasma leakage in the vascular endothelium and studied elsewhere with conflicting results. The current study objective is to evaluate the expression of four cytokine/chemokine genes following DENV-2 infection within peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from a healthy donor. Venous blood was drawn, and PBMCs were isolated using Ficoll density gradient centrifugation. Cells were maintained in culture medium and infected with Indonesian isolate of DENV-2. Cells were harvested and followed by total RNA extraction and reverse-transcription into cDNA using oligo d(T) primers and Reverse Transcriptase enzyme system. The SYBR Green-based quantitative qRT-PCR was used to calculate the relative expression of IL-6, IL-8, IP-10 and MIP-1β- encoding genes during infection time points, compared to uninfected cell controls. The observation of the cytokine was on the 6 and 18 hours post-infection. The different expression profiles of cytokines/chemokines were observed. The up-regulation of gene expression was observed for IL-8 and IP-10. In contrast, the down-regulatory of IL-6 and MIP-1β genes expression was documented during the infection period. The cytokine IL-8 and IP-10 are potent chemoattractants in the recruitment of neutrophil, basophil, and lymphocytes in response to an infection. The highlight of this study is on the up-regulation of IL-8 and IP-10 genes expression which may confirm the roles of these chemokines in the pathogenesis of dengue infection.

MICROBIAL PATTERN AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY IN PEDIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE UNIT DR. SOETOMO HOSPITAL, SURABAYA A.A.W., I Wayan Putra; Irwanto, Irwanto; Dharmawati, ira; Setyaningtyas, Arina; Puspitasari, Dwiyanti; Wahyu, Agung Dwi; Kuntaman, Kuntaman
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 7 No. 5 (2019)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Gram-negative bacterial are known as common pathogen caused infection in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Microbial Pattern and Antibiotic Susceptibility are needed as clinical data for selected appropriate antibiotic therapy. In PICU Dr. Soetomo hospital until now still lacking of Microbial Pattern and Antibiotic Susceptibility data. This descriptive study is to recognized Microbial Pattern and Antibiotic Susceptibility in PICU patients from blood, urine, sputum, stool, cerebrospinal fluid, endotracheal tube, pus swab and pleural fluid culture specimens. Patients whose admitted into PICU without signs of infections were excluded from the study. The inclusion criteria are patients with sign infection as follows: fever < 36,5°C or > 37.5°C, leukocyte < 4000/mm3 or > 10000/mm3, marker infections CRP >10 mg/L or PCT >0,3 ng/mL, bradycardia or tachycardia, tachypnea, infiltrates on chest X-ray, turbid urine, dysuria, thrombophlebitis, abdominal pain or tenderness, and mucous or skin lesion. Medical record data from 2011 to 2016, revealed 1138 patients had positive microbial culture result, wherein positive result came from blood 44.46%, urine 19.15%, sputum 11.59%, stool 8.96%, cerebrospinal fluid 7.50%, endotracheal tube 4.04%, pus swab 2.89%, and pleural fluid 1.41%. The microorganisms found in PICU Dr. Soetomo was dominated with gram negative bacteria. Commonest bacterial that recognized from blood was B. cepacea, urine was E. coli, sputum was P. aeruginosa, Stool was E. coli, Cerebrospinal fluid was S. cohnii, endotracheal tube was K. pneumoniae ESBL, pus swab was S. aureus, and pleural fluid was S. maltophilia. Both gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria isolates revealed multiple drug resistance to commonly used antibiotic, but still had good susceptibility for antibiotic such as; amikacin, cefoperazone-sulbactam, linezolid, vancomycin and carbapenem group.

COMBINED TARGET SITE VGSC MUTATIONS PLAY A PRIMARY ROLE IN PYRETHROID RESISTANT PHENOTYPES OF Aedes aegypti AS DENGUE VECTOR FROM PALU CITY, CENTRAL SULAWESI Umniyati, Sitti Rahmah
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 7 No. 5 (2019)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

It has been reported that Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Palu City had been resistant to cypermethrin insecticide but the resistance mechanism is not well known. This study aimed to determine the resistance status of Ae. aegypti to cypermethrin and whether the mutation of voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) was associated with pyretroid resistance in high and low dengue endemic areas in Palu City. Aedes aegypti collected from each village was reared to adult and assayed for susceptibility test to cypermethrin using the CDC bottle bioassay method. PCR primers of AaSCF1 and AaSCR4 were used for screening of IIS6 VGSC gene mutation. PCR primers of AaSCF7 and AaSCR7 were used for screening of IIIS6 VGSC gene mutation. For an identification of mutation sites were sequenced and aligned to Gene bank (access No. AB914689 and AB914690) for IIS6 VGSC and Gene bank (access No. AB914687 and AB914688) for IIIS6 VGSC gene mutation. The susceptibility status of Ae. aegypti to cypermethrin was resistant in high dengue endemic areas and moderately resistant in low dengue endemic areas. It was found double point mutation at S989P and V1016G in Ae. aegypti from high and low dengue endemic areas in Palu City and there was a single point mutation only in high dengue endemic area at target site V1016G. Aedes aegypti from both high and low dengue endemic areas were resistant to cyperpethrinn and the two alleles had a major role in the occurrence of cypermethrin resistance in Palu City.

ACID-FAST BACILLI CONVERSION OF BEIJING AND NON-BEIJING STRAIN OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS IN SOUTH SULAWESI Mertaniasih, Ni Made
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 7 No. 5 (2019)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Beijing strains are a major part of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Asian phylogenetic lineage. Beijing strains represent about 50% of all TB strains in East Asia and at least 13% of strains worldwide. Beijing strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is presumed as the factor of the increase in bacteria virulence and drug resistance, and the contributor in treatment failure. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between acid-fast bacilli conversion with strain genotipe Beijing and non-Beijing of pulmonary tuberculosis in South Sulawesi. The design of research was observational analytic with prospective approach. The sampling technique used consecutive sampling. Data were taken from active pulmonary tuberculosis patients' medical record in Balai Besar Kesehatan Paru Masyarakat Makassar (Pulmonary Health Center of Makassar) and Community Health Center in Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi from March to June 2018. Collected sputum samples were screened for AFB and identified as Beijing strain and non Beijing strains using Multiplex PCR in Tropical Disease Institute of Universitas Airlangga. The results is showed that the characteristics of the respondents consisted of 12 respondents (33.3%) aged 56-65 years, 25 respondents (69.4%) men and 28 respondents (77.8%) had low category gradation of AFB smear. Univariate analysis showed 6 respondents (16.7%) with Beijing strains, 30 respondents (83.3%) with non-Beijing strains, 32 respondents (88.9%) conversion sputum AFB and 4 respondents (11.1%) non conversion sputum AFB. Bivariate analysis with Chi-Square statistical test shows that p value 0.022 < 0,05, that means there was association of Beijing strains with BTA conversion. Microscopic examination of BTA can be used to monitor and evaluate the treatment of new pulmonary TB patients undergoing treatment and the Beijing Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain has a significant correlation with the treatment failure of anti-tuberculosis drugs in South Sulawesi.

ANTI-DENGUE TYPE 2 VIRUS ACTIVITIES OF ZINC (II) COMPLEX COMPOUNDS WITH 2-(2,4 -DIHYDROXYPHENYL)-3,5,7-TRIHYDROXYCROMEN-4-ONE LIGANDS IN VERO CELLS Sucipto, Teguh Hari; Setyawati, Harsasi; Churrotin, Siti; Amarullah, Ilham Harlan; Sumarsih, Sri; Wardhani, Puspa; Aryati, Aryati; Soegijanto, Soegeng
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 7 No. 5 (2019)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Dengue virus (DENV) is a disease that is transmitted through Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, and is spread in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Now, dengue or antiviral vaccines for humans do not yet exist, but there are great efforts to achieve this goal. Complex compounds are reported to fungicidal, bactericidal and antiviral activity. Antiviral activity against DENV is an important alternative to the characterization and development of drugs candidate. The purpose of this study was to study zinc(II) compounds with 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxycromen-4-one ligand on DENV-2 replication in Vero cells. Vero cell lines (African green monkey kidney) was used in this study, maintained and propagated in Minimum Essential Eagle Medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum at 37°C in 5% CO2. The activity of dengue virus was carried out by enzyme-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method and CellTiter96® Non-Radioactive Proliferation. The value of activity inhibition (IC50) of complex compounds with variations of mol metal: ligand 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 against dengue virus type 2 (DENV2) was 2.44 Î¼g/ml, 2.75 Î¼g/ml, respectively and 2.00 Î¼g/ml, also the toxicity value (CC50) of complex compounds with variation mol metal: ligand 1:4 for Vero cells is 3.59 Î¼g/ml. The results of this study were indicate that these properties have been shown to inhibit anti-dengue type 2 virus (DENV-2), but are also toxic in Vero cells. Including previous study about complex compound interaction with dengue virus type 2 activity, Zn(II) more reactive compound then Cu(II), and Co(II). The comparison with Cu(II) complex compound, it has been revealed that Co(II) and Zn(II) is more toxic, was found to be nontoxic to human erythrocyte cells even at a concentration of 500 Î¼g/ml.

OVERVIEW OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KB (NF-KB) AND NON-STRUCTURAL PROTEIN 1 (NS1) IN PATIENTS WITH DENGUE FEVER IN PREMIER HOSPITAL, SURABAYA Budiutari, Ni Nyoman; Dachlan, Yoes Prijatna; Nugraha, Jusak
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 7 No. 5 (2019)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Dengue fever (DF) is an acute viral fever caused by RNA virus that is transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. DF is also called viral arthropod-borne disease and is accompanied by headaches, joint and muscle pain. The main target of dengue infection is macrophages or monocytes and dendritic cells (DC). Infected DC is caused the viral replication and the endocytosis into endosomal, easier, thus inducing the activation of NF-Ä¸B transcription factor to produce proinflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-12 and chemokine. NF-kB is one of the transcription factors involved in the regulation of the expression of various cytokines, chemokines and anti/pro-apoptotic proteins during infection and act as indicator of disease severity. Infected DC cells are secreted NS1 protein which is the co-factor needed for viral replication and can be detected in the first eight days. The level will be higher in the initial phase of fever. The purpose of this study was to analyze the description of NF-kB and NS1 levels in the serum of patients with dengue fever through observational analytic studies through a cross-sectional approach. This study was done on 40 patients with dengue fever and 10 healthies people as negative controls. NS1 was analyzed in serum of Panbio rapid test and NF-kB level were measured by sandwich ELISA. The results are showed positive and negative NS1 results in dengue fever patients. The average NF-kB serum level in dengue fever patients was found to be higher than the control. NF-Ä¸B level in negative NS1 was higher than the NS1 positive group. It is showed that NS1 is detected both in the acute phase. The detection of NF-Ä¸B is showed the involvement of transcription factors in the development of dengue virus infection and has a protective role for host cells.

DETECTION OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR- (TNF- ) GENE PROMOTERS POLYMORPHISM AMONG LIVER CIRRHOSIS PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION IN SURABAYA, INDONESIA Wungu, Citrawati Dyah Kencono; Amin, Mochamad; Ruslan, S. Eriaty N.; Purwono, Priyo Budi; Kholili, Ulfa; Maimunah, Ummi; Setiawan, Poernomo Boedi; Lusida, Maria Inge; Soetjipto, Soetjipto; Handajani, Retno
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 7 No. 5 (2019)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Polymorphisms in TNF-α gene promoter region are known of its role in the production of TNF-α which may influences the pathogenesis of liver disease. SNPs in positions 238 and 308 of TNF-α gene promoters may affect the production of these cytokines. This study was aimed to detect Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) on -238 and -308 positions in the TNF-α gene promoter among liver cirrhosis patients with HBV infection in Surabaya, Indonesia. This was descriptive exploratory research with cross sectional study design using serum liver cirrhosis patients with HBV infection in Endoscopy Outpatient Clinic Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya from April-May 2017. SNPs at -238 and -308 on TNF-α gene promoter (rs361525 and rs1800629 respectively) were detected using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) with primers specific for the TNF-α promoter region and restriction enzymes NcoI and MspI. The genotypes of TNF-α gene promoter were assessed according to the length of the fragments produced in RFLP. Serum TNF-α levels was measured by commercial ELISA. In this study, as much as 149 positive HBsAg patients was found in Endoscopy Outpatient Clinic, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya. From those amount, as much as 30 liver cirrhosis patients with positive HBsAg were obtained. From 2/30 (6.7%) patients showed the GA heterozygote SNP either position -238 or -308. No patient had the AA genotype. Median blood TNF-α level in women (38 ng / L) was higher than in men (33 ng / L). TNF-α levels in patients with GA heterozygote genotype at -238 and -308 in this research was not different than wild-type (GG genotype). Among patients with liver cirrhosis due to chronic HBV infection in Surabaya, Indonesia, Surabaya, we found GA polymorphisms the TNF-α promoter gene at positions -238 and -308 in 6.7% patients, and did not find homozygous AA polymorphisms. Further studies including larger numbers of patients from various ethnic backgrounds in Indonesia are needed to provide robust data on TNF-α gene promoter polymorphisms and their role in the pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis with HBV infection in this country.

IDENTIFICATION AND PREVALENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES IN BEEF CATTLE IN SIAK SRI INDRAPURA, RIAU, INDONESIA Suwanti, Lucia Tri
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 7 No. 6 (2019)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites infection are one of the major constraints cattle farm in tropical countries including Indonesia and some of GI parasites in cattle have the potential to transmit to humans. This study was aimed to identify and determine the level of prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in beef cattle in Siak Sri Indrapura District, Riau Province, Indonesia. This research was conducted on 100 beef cattle consisted of, respectively, 32, 34 and 34 cattles from Bungaraya, Sabak Auh, and Dayun sub-district. The characteristic of sample such as age and sex cattle, cage management, feed and drinking water were recorded. Native, sedimentation and sucrose flotation methods were used to find protozoa and eggs worm. We assessed GI parasites based on finding eggs worm, protozoan cyst and coccidial oocysts in stool samples and identification of GI parasite was based on the morphology and size of the eggs worm and cysts or oocysts of protozoan. The result showed that all of 100 feces samples that examined 100% positive infection for parasites. There were eleven types of gastrointestinal parasites that have been identified, 6 genera of protozoan and 5 genera of worms. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in beef cattles in Siak Sri Indrapura District were Blastocystis sp. (100%), Entamoeba sp. (90%), Eimeria sp. (53%), Giardia sp. (7%), Balantidium coli (4%), Cryptosporidium sp. (2%) Oesophagustomum sp. (45%), Toxocara vitulorum (20%), Moniezia expansa (9%), Trichuris sp. (5%), and Fasciola sp. (4%). In conclusion, Siak Sri Indrapura Riau is an endemic GI parasite and this can threaten the health of livestock and potentially as a zoonotic transmission.

MTT FORMAZAN REPLACED WST-8 AS A BETTER SIMPLE SCREENING METHOD FOR DETECTION OF GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY Tantular, Indah
Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease Vol. 7 No. 6 (2019)
Publisher : Institute of Topical Disease Universitas Airlangga

We have previously developed the WST-8 method as a simple and rapid screening test for detection of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency accomplished by the naked eye. However, it was little difficult to distinguish between faint orange colors developed by heterozygous females and pink colors of normal hemolyzed blood, since both have similar tones. To solve this problem, we established a new and simple screening method that utilizes another formazan substrate, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2- thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H tetrazolium bromide) in combination with a hydrogen carrier, 1-methoxy phenazine methosulfate. MTT formazan exhibits a purple color, thus allowing for the ability to easily distinguish the pink colors of hemolyzed blood. However, MTT has been reported to react with hemoglobin non-specifically and to interfere with the interpretation of the color reaction. In our examinations by mixing MTT with hemolyzed blood, we found that the non-specific reaction was very slow, and that the addition of a small amount of blood (5~10 Î¼l) into a reaction mixture (800 Î¼l) did not interfere with the reaction of G6PD activity. In this new MTT method, a strong purple color was generated in normal blood samples at 20~30 min after incubation, which could be distinguished by the naked eye from G6PD-deficient blood samples with less than 50% residual activity. In addition, quantitative measurement using a spectrophotometer was also possible despite the fact that MTT formazan is water-insoluble.

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