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All Journal Vidyottama Sanatana: International Journal of Hindu Science and Religious Studies Kamaya: Jurnal Ilmu Agama Ganaya: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora Purwadita : Jurnal Agama dan Budaya DHARMASMRTI: Jurnal Pascasarjana UNHI Bawi Ayah: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama dan Budaya Hindu Maha Widya Bhuwana: Jurnal Pendidikan, Agama dan Budaya Satya Widya: Jurnal Studi Agama Widyacarya : Jurnal Pendidikan, Agama, dan Budaya Widya Aksara: Jurnal Agmaa Hindu GENTA HREDAYA: Media Informasi Ilmiah Jurusan Brahma Widya STAHN Mpu Kuturan Singaraja Jurnal Filsafat Indonesia Nivedana : Jurnal Komunikasi dan Bahasa Jurnal Penelitian Agama Hindu Vidya Darśan : Jurnal Mahasiswa Filsafat Hindu Journal Evaluation in Education (JEE) Jawa Dwipa ANUBHAVA: Jurnal Ilmu Komuniksi Hindu Padma Sari: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Sophia Dharma: Jurnal Filsafat Agama Hindu dan Masyarakat Sanjiwani: Jurnal Filsafat Japam Jurnal Ledalero Guna Widya : Jurnal Pendidikan Hindu Sphatika: Jurnal Teologi Jurnal Penelitian Pangkaja: Jurnal Agama Hindu Widya Kumara: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini Patisambhida : Jurnal Pemikiran Buddha dan Filsafat Agama Dharmakirti : International Journal of Religion, Mind and Science Pratyaksa: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Sosial dan Humaniora Widya Katambung Jurnal Filsafat Agama Hindu Tampung Penyang: Jurnal Ilmu Agama dan Budaya Hindu
Gede Agus Siswadi
Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Gadjah Mada
Religion Arts Humanities Astronomy Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences Other

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Tantrāyāna in Nusantara: Historical development of Tantra from Sriwijaya to the Gelgel Kingdom Siswadi, Gede Agus; Lasiyo; Murtiningsih, Rr. Siti
Dharmakirti : International Journal of Religion, Mind and Science Vol. 3 No. 2: April (2026)
Publisher : Institute for Advanced Science, Social, and Sustainable Future

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61511/ijroms.v3i2.2026.3602

Abstract

Background: This article examines the early emergence of Tantra and the historical development of Tantrāyāna in the Indonesian archipelago (Nusantara) by tracing the dynamics of transmission, transformation, and localization from South Asia to Southeast Asia. The discussion begins with a mapping of academic debates on the origins of Tantra, particularly between perspectives that emphasize the continuity of pre-Tantric practices and those that assert a sectarian origin of Tantra within Śaiva and Buddhist traditions. Method: This study employs a qualitative method with a historical–interpretative approach to investigate the development of Tantrāyāna in Nusantara from the early period to classical Balinese history. The research data are derived from library research, including primary texts, inscriptions, and relevant secondary scholarly works. Findings: The study demonstrates that Tantrism did not emerge as a static system, but rather developed as a fluid, dynamic, and cross-traditional historical process. In the South Asian context, the article highlights the interaction of Tantrism with Vedānta and Bhakti, as well as the diversity of philosophical interpretations, especially concerning non-dualism. The existence of esoteric Buddhist centers such as Sriwijaya, along with the development of Buddhist Tantra and Śaiva–Buddhist traditions in Java, indicates that Nusantara constituted a significant region in the history of Tantrāyāna. Through an analysis of Tantric texts, inscriptions, religious monuments, and Javanese–Balinese literary traditions, this article reveals the continuity of Tantric teachings from the Śailendra, Medang, Singasari, to the Majapahit periods. The discussion culminates in Bali as a distinctive space of Tantric localization, particularly through the transmission of Tantric teachings from East Java and Majapahit to the period of the Gelgel Kingdom of Bali. The roles of religious figures such as Dang Hyang Nirarta and Dang Hyang Astapaka are examined as central to the formation of Śaiva–Buddhist Tantric syncretism that underlies Balinese Hinduism. Conclusion: This article concludes that Tantrāyāna in Nusantara cannot be understood as a passive adoption from India, but rather as a religious tradition shaped through a creative, dialogical, and continuous process involving spiritual experience, political power, and local cosmology. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study finds that the Śaiva–Buddhist tradition that developed in Nusantara is deeply intertwined with Tantric teachings, and that the material and cultural remains of Hindu–Buddhist kingdoms in the Indonesian archipelago are closely connected to the influence of Tantrism.
A Critical Evaluation of Smara Sādhanā Concepts in The Lontar Kama Tattwa for Strengthening Premarital Education Siswadi, Gede Agus; Lasiyo, Lasiyo; Murtiningsih, Rr Siti
Journal Evaluation in Education (JEE) Vol 7 No 2 (2026): April
Publisher : Cahaya Ilmu Cendekia Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37251/jee.v7i2.2978

Abstract

Purpose of the study: This study aims to critically evaluate the concept of Smara Sādhanā as presented in the Lontar Kama Tattwa and to examine its relevance in strengthening premarital education in Denpasar. The research addresses the growing phenomenon of premarital sexual practices and the shifting moral values reflected in the discourse of “sing beling sing nganten,” which indicate a process of desacralization of marriage and sexuality. Methodology: This research employs a qualitative approach with a critical–interpretative design. Primary data are derived from classical Balinese Hindu texts categorized under Kama Tattwa. Secondary data are collected from scholarly literature and relevant studies. Main Findings: The findings reveal that Smara Sādhanā conceptualizes sexuality as a sacred and conscious practice that integrates physical, psychological, and spiritual dimensions, grounded in dharma and realized within the institution of marriage. The study also finds that contemporary social phenomena, such as the normalization of premarital sex and gender bias, reflect a disconnection between traditional ethical teachings and modern practices. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study offers a novel contribution by bridging classical Hindu philosophical texts with contemporary educational and social issues. It reconstructs premarital education through the lens of Smara Sādhanā, positioning sexuality as a form of spiritual discipline rather than merely a biological or social act. Furthermore, this research introduces a culturally rooted and philosophically grounded framework that addresses both moral challenges and gender issues in modern Balinese society, thereby enriching the discourse on sexuality education within religious and cultural contexts.
Co-Authors April Juwan, Dian Paula Arqom Kuswanjono Arsa Wiguna, I Made Cahyana, Abdul Basit Candrawan, Ida Bagus Gede Damanhuri, Tubagus Dewa Ayu Putu Tuty Setiarsih Dipesh Raj Dwiputri Maharani, Septiana Galuh Nur Fattah I Dewa Ayu Puspadewi I Dewa Ayu Puspadewi I Made Arsa Wiguna I Made Surada I Made Wiguna Yasa Ida Ayu Tary Puspa Ida Bagus Subrahmaniam Saitya John Abraham Ziswan Suryosumunar Kadek Aria Prima Dewi PF Kadek Aria Prima Dewi PF, Kadek Kusuma Putri L. Lasiyo Lasiyo Lasiyo Lasiyo, Lasiyo Murtiningsih, Rr Siti Nugraha, Ari Nyoman Riyanti Panji Tresna, I Gusti Ngurah Agung Puspadewi, I Dewa Ayu Putri, Kusuma Rr. Siti Murtiningsih Rr. Yudiswara Ayu Permatasari Sarasvati, Priska Septiana Dwiputri Maharani Siti Murtiningsih Tantra, Manggala Wiriya Violita, Michella Desri Zhafira, Annisa Ranah