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All Journal CAKRA KIMIA (Indonesian E-Journal of Applied Chemistry) Jurnal Kimia (Journal of Chemistry) PIRAMIDA Buletin Udayana Mengabdi Jurnal Energi Dan Manufaktur Bumi Lestari Ecotrophic, Journal of Environmental Science SIMBIOSIS International Journal of Engineering and Emerging Technology Jurnal Media Sains INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND GEOSCIENCES Cassowary INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF URBAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis Proceeding of International Conference on Biology Education, Natural Science, and Technology
I W BUDIARSA SUYASA
Program Studi Kimia FMIPA Universitas Udayana, Bukit Jimbaran, Bali-Indonesia
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Humanities Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Earth & Planetary Sciences Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Environmental Science Immunology & microbiology Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Mechanical Engineering Medicine & Pharmacology Physics

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EFEKTIVITAS MIKROALGA Chlorella vulgaris DAN Spirulina plantensis DALAM BIOSORPSI LOGAM NIKEL DI PERAIRAN (KASUS PERAIRAN POMALAA KABUPATEN KOLAKA) Ahmad Zakir; I Wayan Budiarsa Suyasa; Ida Ayu Astarini
ECOTROPHIC : Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan (Journal of Environmental Science) Vol 16 No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Master Program of Environmental Science, Postgraduate Program of Udayana University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/EJES.2022.v16.i01.p08

Abstract

Mining and nickel processing activities in Pomalaa, Kolaka Regency have an impact on the condition of coastal waters. Several researchers who have conducted research in the area stated that the Pomalaa coast has been polluted by the presence of nickel metal so that there is an initiative to reduce the impact of Ni in the waters by bioremediation of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis. This study aims to analyze the growth of microalgae types C. vulgaris and S. platensis cultured on media containing nickel with different concentrations and also to determine the ability of microalgae to reduce nickel heavy metals at different concentrations. This research was carried out at the Fisheries Laboratory of Haluoleo University , while the AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric) analysis was carried out at the Kendari Environmental Laboratory UPTD Laboratory on January – May 2021. The results of the analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the growth density of microalgae cells (C. vulgaris and S. platensis) which were given the treatment/concentration. Ni different. The absorption capacity of C. vulgaris ranged from 0.73 to 4.97 mg/l, while s. platensis ranged from 0.082 – 2.11 mg/l. C. vulgaris is superior in reducing nickel because C. vulgaris can live in polluted water conditions. Keywords: Bioremediation; Nickel; C. vulgaris; S. platensis.
Effectiveness of Sludge Microbial Consortia in the Bioremediation of Detergent-Containing Launderette Wastes Yan Ramona; Esti Arisetya Dewi; Yenni Ciawi; I Wayan Budiarsa Suyasa
Cassowary Vol 5 No 2 (2022): June
Publisher : Program Pascasarjana Universitas Papua

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30862/casssowary.cs.v5.i2.162

Abstract

This project investigated the potential of microbial consortia obtained from several sources to reduce or eliminate detergent concentration in the wastes of launderette businesses found in the capital city of Bali. Before being used as active starters, the consortium of microbiota contained in the 3 waste sources was enriched in a medium containing (g/l); 1 glucose, 0.05 K2HPO4, 0.05 KH2PO4, 0.05 (NH4)2[Fe(SO4)2].6H2O, 0.01 MgSO4, 0.01 yeast extract, 1800 mL distilled water, and 200 mL of wastewater of launderette industries. An important parameter used to indicate microbial growth was the level of the volatile solid substrate (VSS) in the enrichment medium. The microbial culture that showed the highest VSS only was further investigated in the main experiments by observing its effectiveness in reducing detergent linear alkyl-benzenesulfonates (LAS) and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of launderette wastes. In this project, microbial consortia developed from detergent-containing launderette wastes were the most active starter to decrease the COD and LAS detergent content following 7 days of exposure. This starter (microbial consortia developed from this launderette waste) showed the highest value of VSS when compared to those collected from other sources, and this was reached on day 4. In the main experiment, 85.5% and 91.9% reduction of LAS and the COD of the wastes, respectively, were observed following exposure of the launderette waste with this culture starter. This indicated that these microbial consortia have the possibility to be developed as a potential starter in larger scales of detergent bioremediation.
Remote Sensing Application to Estimate Groundwater Recharge in Denpasar and Surrounding Areas I Nyoman Artabudi; Takahiro Osawa; I Wayan Budiarsa Suyasa
International Journal of Environment and Geosciences Vol 1 No 1 (2017)
Publisher : Graduate Study of Environmental Sciences, Postgraduate Program of Udayana University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/ijeg.2017.v01.i01.p02

Abstract

Water is one of the most important resources for human life, both to support the daily activities and for irrigation purposes as well as supporting tourism industry. Until now the groundwater is still ranked as the major needs, especially in densely populated areas like Denpasar. Groundwater is renewable natural resources, and plays an important role in the provision of water supplies for various purposes. Understanding the spatial variability of groundwater recharge is very important for proper water resource management. Precipitation measurement by satellite especially Global Satellite Mapping for Precipitation, can be applied to large areas only, it can be stated that use of satellite data always results in an improvement of the spatial precipitation estimate if gauge density is low. The aim of this research was to determine precipitation patterns, precipitation groundwater relationship and to estimate local groundwater recharge rate across the Southern Bali basin using remote sensing. This study considers the direct estimation of recharge using recovery of the groundwater level (?H) and total precipitation (Pt) during the wet period. Groundwater recharge was estimated from these two variables using a simple regression equation. The patterns of precipitation in research area was monsoonal dry season occurred in July to August, wet season occurs during November to April and punctuated by transitional season. Precipitation influence on groundwater oscillation occurred on 1~2 months earlier. The amount of recharge rate in the study area based on the results of the study period 2005~2009, for the precipitation data from Global Satellite Mapping for Precipitation ranges from 218 ~ 220 mm per year or about 26 percent of the annual average of precipitation and 650 ~ 660 mm per year or about 32 percent based on the rain gauge data.
PENURUNAN COD, BOD, TSS, AMONIA DAN KOLIFORM AIR LIMBAH RUMAH POTONG HEWAN DENGAN BIOFILTER AEROBIC FIXED-BED REACTOR DAN KLORINASI J. B. Butler; I. W. Budiarsa Suyasa; I. M. S. Negara
Jurnal Kimia (Journal of Chemistry) Vol. 16, No.2, Juli 2022
Publisher : Program Studi Kimia, FMIPA, Universitas Udayana (Program of Study in Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University), Bali, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JCHEM.2022.v16.i02.p07

Abstract

Rumah potong hewan (RPH) menghasilkan limbah cair yang mengandung konsentrasi bahan organik yang tinggi yang dapat memberikan efek mencemari badan air dan lingkungan sekitar. Proses pengolahan limbah RPH dapat dilakukan secara biologis yaitu biofiltrasi dengan memanfaatkan mikroorganisme untuk meremediasi lingkungan serta pengolahan secara klorinasi. Upaya dalam pengolahan limbah cair terus dikembangkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan efektivitas teknik pengolahan biofiltrasi pada Aerobic Fixed-Bed Reactor (AFBR) berbahan media batu apung dan kemudian dikombinasikan dengan klorinasi terhadap penurunan kadar COD, BOD, TSS, amonia, dan bakteri koliform. Metode yang digunakan adalah menggunakan biofilm hasil pembibitan pada batu apung dengan variasi penambahan suspensi aktif dan tanpa suspensi aktif, perlakuan sistem aerasi dengan variasi waktu pengolahan, serta penambahan kaporit dengan variasi dosis klor aktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan suspensi aktif pada proses pembibitan menghasilkan biofilm yang terbaik, serta efektif dalam menurunkan kadar COD, BOD, TSS, dan amonia. Penurunan kadar COD terbaik pada jam ke-36 yaitu 81,60 mg/L dengan efisiensi 57,45%, BOD pada jam ke-36 yaitu 24,67 mg/L dengan efisiensi 65,74%, TSS pada jam ke-42 sebesar 54,0 mg/L dengan efisiensi 85,66%, dan amonia pada jam ke-42 yaitu 1,5539 mg/L dengan efisiensi 88,29%. Klorinasi yang dilakukan setelah pengolahan dengan AFBR menghasilkan penurunan jumlah bakteri koliform dari 1.100 MPN/100 mL menjadi 0 MPN/100 mL dengen efisiensi 100%. Proses klorinasi tersebut menghasilkan dosis klor optimum yaitu 165 ppm dengan residu klor 28,80 mg/L. Dengan demikian, waktu pengolahan 36-42 jam pada AFBR kemudian dilanjutkan klorinasi dengan dosis klor 165 ppm relatif cukup efektif dalam menurunkan kadar COD, BOD, TSS, amonia, dan bakteri koliform air limbah RPH. Kata kunci: amonia, biofilter, klorinasi, koliform. ABSTRACT Slaughterhouses produce wastewater containing high organic matter, which has the effect of polluting water and the surrounding environment. Slaughterhouse wastewater treatment can be done biologically, namely biofiltration, by utilizing microorganisms and chlorination. Efforts in wastewater treatment continue to be developed. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of biofiltration processing techniques with an Aerobic Fixed-Bed Reactor (AFBR) with pumice stone media combined with chlorination to reduce the levels of COD, BOD, TSS, ammonia, and coliform bacteria. The method applied was to use biofilms from the seedings on pumice with variations of with or without the addition of active suspension, aeration system treatment with time variations, and the addition of chlorine with variations of active chlorine doses. The results showed that the addition of active suspension in the process produced the best biofilm, and was effective in reducing the levels of COD, BOD, TSS, and ammonia. The best reduction of COD levels was at the 36th hour at 81.60 mg/L with an efficiency of 57.45%, BOD at the 36th hour was 24.67 mg/L with an efficiency of 65.74%, TSS at the 42nd hour was 54.0 mg/L with an efficiency of 85.66%, and ammonia at the 42nd hour of 1.5539 mg/L with an efficiency of 88.29%. Chlorination after the treatment with AFBR resulted in a decreased number of coliform bacteria from 1,100 MPN/100 mL to 0 MPN/100 mL with 100% efficiency. The chlorination process resulted in the optimum chlorine dose of 165 ppm with a chlorine residual of 28.80 mg/L. Thus, the treatment for 36-42 hours on AFBR followed by chlorination with a chlorine dose of 165 ppm was relatively effective in reducing COD, BOD, TSS, ammonia, and coliform levels of bacteria in slaughterhouses wastewater. Keywords: ammonia, biofiltration, chlorination, coliform.
RAW WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS TO DISCOVER THE CAUSE OF PIPELINE SCALLING PROBLEM IN PT. X (ICE PRODUCTION COMPANY) Kadek Diana Harmayani; Gede Adi Wiguna Sudiartha; I Wayan Budiarsa Suyasa
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF URBAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 5, NUMBER 1, OCTOBER 2021
Publisher : Universitas Trisakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (885.285 KB) | DOI: 10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v5i1.10748

Abstract

PT. X is one of the ice companies in which its largest company is located in Bali, more precisely in the Pidada area, North Denpasar. Based on field observations the area is an area that has a calcareous soil structure. The water source of PT. X was extracted from the groundwater. From the field observation, it was found that the pipeline network, that connected the inlet water to water treatment system and ice production units, was severely covered by faint white scale. In order to discover the origin of this scale, water quality testing need to be carried out.  From the results, it was found that the total hardness in the inlet water, taken from the groundwater tap, was 162.85 mg/l with calcium concentration of 2.15 mg/l and iron 3.83 mg/l. Water quality testing was also carried out in the water treatment unit consisting of resin softener where the total hardness surprisingly increased into 279.81 mg/l, calcium concentration was 2.96 mg/l, iron concentration was 0.55 mg/l. Even after being treated in softener resin, the total hardness increased sharply to 483 mg/l, which categorized as extreme hardness. The increase in total hardness indicates that there was a failure in the operation of the water treatment system, even it also contributed to the higher hardness and calcium concentration. This over-year’s treatment failure has been causing accumulation of hardness and calcium concentration in the compartment of both water treatment system and ice production unit that inflicts a higher hardness level in the effluent.
EFEKTIVITAS JINTEN HITAM (Nigella sativa) DALAM UPAYA PENYISIHAN BAKTERI Escherichia coli PADA AIR DARI SUMBER MATA AIR DI KECAMATAN SELEMADEG BARAT KABUPATEN TABANAN K. Swandiyasa; I W. B. Suyasa; I G. A. K. S. P. Dewi
Jurnal Kimia (Journal of Chemistry) Vol. 17, No.1, Januari 2023
Publisher : Program Studi Kimia, FMIPA, Universitas Udayana (Program of Study in Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University), Bali, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/JCHEM.2023.v17.i01.p14

Abstract

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang uji daya hambat ekstrak air jinten hitam (Nigella sativa L.) terhadap penyisihan bakteri Escherichia coli pada air yang terdapat di sumber mata air Desa Tiying Gading Kecamatan Selemadeg Barat Kabupaten Tabanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan alat penyaring air dengan kombinasi bahan alami (pasir halus, jinten hitam dan karbon aktif), mengetahui kemampuan daya hambat ekstrak air jinten hitam terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri E. coli, serta mengetahui dosis dan waktu kontak optimum ekstrak air jinten hitam dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri E. coli. Metode yang digunakan adalah Plate Count Agar (PCA) dengan media pertumbuhan Cromocult Coliform agar (CCA). Didapatkan hasil bahwa ekstrak dan residu jinten hitam mampu menyisihkan berturut-turut sebesar 99,995% dan 88,095%, dengan dosis optimum 15 mL ekstrak jinten hitam pada waktu kontak 5 menit dan 15 mg residu jinten hitam pada waktu 10 menit. Laju kematian bakteri Escherichia coli tertinggi adalah 1,722/menit untuk ekstrak jinten hitam dan 1,423/menit pada residu jinten hitam. Ekstrak jinten hitam menunjukkan hasil yang lebih unggul dibandingkan dengan residu jinten hitam. Kata kunci: daya hambat, dosis, Escherichia coli, jinten hitam (Nigella sativa), waktu kontak. ABSTRACT Research has been conducted on the inhibition test of black cumin water extract (Nigella sativa L.) against the elimination of Escherichia coli bacteria in water found in the spring of Tiying Gading Village, Selemadeg Barat District, Tabanan Regency. This study aimed to determine the ability of water filters with a combination of natural materials (fine sand, black cumin and activated carbon) and the inhibition ability of black cumin water extract against the growth of E. coli bacteria, as well as the optimum dose and contact time of the black cumin water extract in inhibiting the growth of E. coli bacteria. The method used was Plate Count Agar (PCA) with Cromocult Coliform Agar (CCA) growth media. The results showed that black cumin extract and residue were able to remove 99.995% and 88.095%, respectively, with an optimum dose of 15 mL of black cumin extract at a contact time of 5 minutes, and 15 mg of black cumin residue at a contact time of 10 minutes. The highest death rate of Escherichia coli bacteria was 1.722/min for black cumin extract and 1.423/min for black cumin residue. The black cumin extract showed superior results compared to the black cumin residue. The presence of compounds such as thymoquinone in black cumin extract can increase the ability to eliminate Escherichia coli bacteria. Keywords: black cumin, contact time, dosage, Escherichia coli, inhibition power, Nigella sativa.
EVALUASI SISTEM DAN DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN PENGELOLAAN AIR TERPRODUKSI PADA SUMUR X1 PT MGBI LAPANGAN WUNUT Dhana J, Ida Bagus; Budiarsa Suyasa, I Wayan; Sara Wijana, I Made
ECOTROPHIC : Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan (Journal of Environmental Science) Vol 18 No 1 (2024)
Publisher : Master Program of Environmental Science, Postgraduate Program of Udayana University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/EJES.2024.v18.i01.p02

Abstract

PT Minarak Gas Brantas Inc.'s operations in the Wunut Field involve the production of waste in various forms, primarily liquid waste, with produced water being the most significant type. Proper management of this produced water waste is crucial to prevent environmental pollution and ensure economic and environmental sustainability. The company manages this waste by reinjecting it into the reservoir to prevent groundwater contamination. To ensure the effectiveness of this reinjection process, they have created a groundwater flow pattern map (flow net) at three locations near the injection well: LP1 in Keduung Boto Village, LP2 in Candi Pari Village, and LP3 in Candi Pari Village, all in Sidoarjo Regency. This helps in understanding the potential spread of pollutants in the soil and underground water, aiding in environmental pollution monitoring and managment.The groundwater from this area is used for various human activities like bathing, cooking, and washing. However, based on water quality standards outlined in Ministry of Health Regulation No. 2 of 2023, the produced water from Well X-1 in the Wunut Field does not meet the required TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) content standards due to a decline in hydrocarbon fluid production, resulting in a separator efficiency of 74,86%. Additionally, lab tests and flow net results indicate that the TDS levels in LP1, LP2, and LP3 do not meet the sanitation and hygiene water quality standards, suggesting potential seepage in these locations that could contaminate groundwater. Keywords: Oil; Gas Produced Water; Gas Separator Eficiency; Groundwater Flow
PEMANFAATAN EKOENZIM DARI KULIT BUAH-SAYUR UNTUK PENINGKATAN KUALITAS AIR DANAU BATUR DI KECAMATAN KINTAMANI BANGLI, BALI Suyasa, I Wayan Budiarsa; Susanah Rita, Wiwik; Irdhawati, Irdhawati; Gede Widihati, Ida Ayu; Wirajana, Nengah; Sibarani, James
ECOTROPHIC : Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan (Journal of Environmental Science) Vol 18 No 1 (2024)
Publisher : Master Program of Environmental Science, Postgraduate Program of Udayana University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24843/EJES.2024.v18.i01.p08

Abstract

Eco enzyme production through the fermentation process of household waste, such as leftover fruit and vegetables can also be a solution to minimize waste from its source. This research aims to determine the effect of a mixture of organic materials, fruit and vegetable waste eco enzyme on pH, and the effect of eco enzyme dosage on improving the water quality of Lake Batur, Kintamani Bali. Making eco enzymes using vegetable and fruit waste. water, molasses in a ratio of 3: 10: 1. The liquid is fermented for 3 months while observing the fermentation process. Eco enzyme is harvested and filtered, ready for testing to improve the water quality of Lake Batur. The results of observations of making eco enzyme can be explained that in the first 4 weeks, there was a change in colour with shades of brown to reddish, after the fourth week the colour was relatively stable (no colour change. Changes in pH during the process of making eco enzymes were related to variations in the composition of organic material (vegetable residues. There was a decrease in pH). with an average of up to 1 digit, the highest reduction occurred in ingredients containing papaya, mango and mustard greens. Eco enzymes can improve water quality as indicated by several water quality parameters, but are not enough to achieve conformity with the established quality standards. Keyword: Eco Enzyme; Water Quality; Batur Lake
Eco-Friendly Photocatalyst from Limestone: ZnO-Hydroxyapatite Composite for Efficient Rhodamine B Removal Sukarta, I Nyoman; Suyasa, I Wayan Budiarsa; Mahardika, I Gede; Suprihatin, Iryanti Eka; Sastrawidana, I Dewa Ketut; Wiratma, I Gusti Lanang; Darmayasa, Dewa Komang
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2025: BCREC Volume 20 Issue 3 Year 2025 (October 2025)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20426

Abstract

This study aims to synthesize and characterize a limestone-based ZnO-hydroxyapatite (HA/ZnO) composite and evaluate its performance in the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under UV irradiation. Hydroxyapatite was synthesized by reacting calcined CaO from limestone with orthophosphoric acid and subsequently combined with ZnO via a co-precipitation–hydrothermal method. The materials were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) to determine their crystal structure and functional groups. The HA/ZnO composite exhibited the smallest crystallite size (14.86 nm), indicating enhanced surface area and strong interfacial interaction. Photodegradation tests revealed optimal conditions at pH of 9, Rhodamine B concentration of 20 mg/L, and catalyst dosage of 1.5 g, achieving a maximum degradation efficiency of 99.81%. Toxicity assessment using a corn seed germination test showed a significant increase in germination rate from 16% (untreated) to 92% (after photocatalytic treatment). These findings suggest that the limestone-derived HA/ZnO composite is a promising, environmentally friendly, and efficient photocatalyst for textile dye wastewater treatment. Copyright © 2025 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
VALORIZATION OF TOMATO AND CABBAGE WASTE FOR BIOHYDROGEN AND FERTILIZER PRODUCTION THROUGH TRICHODERMA-AIDED DARK FERMENTATION Suyasa, I Wayan Budiarsa; Sudiartha, Gede Adi Wiguna; Bawa, I Gusti Agung Gede; Vo, Huy Thanh; Nakamura, Shingo
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF URBAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 8, NUMBER 2, OCTOBER 2025
Publisher : Universitas Trisakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v8i2.22902

Abstract

Aims: The current study aimed to investigate the feasibility of biohydrogen production from tomato and cabbage waste through dark fermentation with Trichoderma spp. supplementation to enhance substrate degradation. Methodology and results: Laboratory-scale anaerobic reactors with five different Trichoderma concentrations (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 g) were operated at room temperature for 112 days, during which hydrogen production, glucose consumption, pH, and temperature were continuously monitored. The highest cumulative hydrogen yield was observed in the treatment with 2.5 g of Trichoderma, achieving 44.65 mmol H₂/mol glucose, which is three times greater than the control. Correlation analysis revealed that optimal biohydrogen production was associated with extended incubation periods, elevated temperatures, and lower pH levels (below 6.0); however, increased concentrations of Trichoderma did not consistently enhance hydrogen yield. The liquid digestate from the best-performing reactor was applied as a biofertilizer for chilli seedlings. The 5% digestate treatment significantly promoted plant height and leaf growth compared to the control, suggesting the beneficial effects of bioactive compounds produced by Trichoderma. Conclusion, significance, and impact study: Reactor supplemented with 2.5 grams of Trichoderma exhibited the highest biohydrogen production, and a 5% digestate concentration enhanced the growth of chilli seedlings. This study demonstrates the dual potential of agricultural waste valorisation, producing renewable energy and supporting sustainable agriculture, highlighting the promising role of microbial-aided fermentation and biofertilizer applications in circular bioeconomy models.
Co-Authors A. A. Bawa Putra Adalgisa D.D.G. Alvares AGUS MULIADI PUTRA, AGUS MULIADI Ahmad Zakir Anak Agung Gede Agung Satrya Dwipayana Atita Arli Tiara AWANG ERRY SOFYAR IRAWAN Bejo Slamet Cok Istri Putri Kusuma Kencanawati D. Rizkiyanti Darmayasa, Dewa Komang Desak Putu Risky Vidika Apriyanthi Dewa Nyoman Alit Ardana Dhana J, Ida Bagus Dini Imanniar dody setiawan Esti Arisetya Dewi Febby Hartesa W Gede Adi Wiguna Sudiartha Gede Widihati, Ida Ayu I .G. P. Agus Suryawan I Dewa Ketut Sastrawidana I G. A. K. S. P. Dewi I G. M. A. P. Raharja I Gede Hendrawan I Gede Mahardika I Gusti Agung Gede Bawa I Gusti Ayu Kd Ravika Sugianthi I Gusti Ayu Kunti Sri Panca Dewi I Gusti Bagus Sila Dharma I Gusti Lanang Wiratma I Gusti Ngurah Bagus Parasara I K. G. Antara i kadek ardi putra I Kadek Sutomo Putra I Kadek Widiantara I Ketut Adi Sugita I Ketut Berata I Ketut Sundra I Komang Gde Bendesa I M. G. Sudyadnyana Sandhika I M. Siaka I Made Adhika I Made Sara Wijana I Made Siaka I MD KARDA I Nengah Simpen I Nengah Wirajana I Nyoman Artabudi I NYOMAN RAI I Nyoman Sudipa I Nyoman Suprapta Winaya I P Sastra Negara I Wayan Arthana I Wayan Diara I Wayan Gede Gunawan I Wayan Jana I Wayan Januariawan I Wayan Kasa I Wayan Nuarsa I Wayan Sandi Adnyana I Wayan Suarna I Wayan Sudiarta I WAYAN WINDIA I WY. G GUNAWAN I. M. S. Negara I.A.M. Trisnawulan I.G.A.M. ARYASIH Ida Ayu Alit Laksmiwati Ida Ayu Ary Pramaswari IDA AYU ASTARINI Ida Bagus Gede Darmayasa IK Sudibia IM Suyana Utama IM TAPAYASA IN SUWIRTA Irdhawati Irdhawati Iryanti Eka Suprihatin J. B. Butler James Sibarani K. Swandiyasa K. Yogi Purnamawati K.G. Darma Susila Kadek Diana Harmayani Ketut Gede Suryawan Luh Putri Kriswidatari M. FAIRUZ ABADI, M. FAIRUZ M. Sudiana Mahendra Made Arsawan Made Rahayu Kusumadewi Made Santiari N. NGR. ADISANJAYA N.K. Mardani N.L.P Mahendra Dewi Nakamura, Shingo Ni G. A. M. Dwi Adhi Suastuti Ni Ketut Suwiti Ni Komang Ayu Septiani Ni Komang Lia Wahyuni Ni Luh Gede Sudaryati Ni Luh Putu Mega Priantari Ni Luh Watiniasih NI LUH WIDYASARI Ni M. Indra Wahyuni Ni Made Indra Wahyuni Ni Made Setiari Ni Made Tia Juliasari Ni Putu Diantariani Ni Putu Giyan Adnya Antari Ni Putu Sri Ayuni Nixon Rammang, Nixon NPG Suardana P. D. S. Udayani Pradnyadari, I Gusti Ayu Lia Putu Dian Paramitha Dewi Putu Primantari Vikana Suari Putu Sri Juniarta Rosalia Gosal Sang Ayu Sri Satya Laksmi Utari Shinta E. Maharani Siti Helmyati Sophia Maria Oliva Lau Sri Dian Meita Sari Sri Wahjuni Sudiartha, Gede Adi Wiguna Suko Ismi Supardiono Supardiono Syamsul Alam Paturusi Takahiro Osawa Vo, Huy Thanh W. Gina Anggreni Wahyu Dwijani Wahyu Dwijani S. Wahyu Dwijani Sulihingtyas Wayan Trisna Dewi Wirajana, Nengah WIWIK SUSANAH RITA Y. P. Mau Yan Ramona Yenni Ciawi Yohanis Umbu Kaleka, Yohanis Umbu