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Kalimat Subordinasi Bahasa Batak Toba: Kajian Tipologi Sintaksis Annisah Inriani Harahap; Samuel Nugraha Cristy; Liao Chunliu; Mulyadi Mulyadi
Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS) Vol 6, No 2 (2023): Journal of Education, Humaniora and Social Sciences (JEHSS), November
Publisher : Mahesa Research Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.34007/jehss.v6i2.1945

This research aims to describe the types of subordinate sentences in the Batak Toba language and test the pivot of the Toba Batak language in subordinating constructions. The data used is written data. The data is a combination of transitive clauses and substantive clauses contained in the book 'Turi-turian Ni Halak Batak'. This research is qualitative descriptive research. Data were analyzed using the agih method with changing and changing forms techniques. Replacement techniques are used to replace words in a sentence with words that have the same syntactic function. Meanwhile, the change of form technique is used to change the form of a word in a sentence into a different sentence form but still has the same syntactic function. The results of the research show that grammatically the Toba Batak language is included in the accusative language typology. The pivot test shows that the release of FN in the Toba Batak language can be done directly if the FN is in the S or A function. If the FN is in the P function the release cannot be done directly, but one of the clauses must be passivized or topicalized first. Based on this pattern, it can be concluded that the Toba Batak language is included in the accusative language type with an S/A pivot pattern.

GRAMMATICAL ALLIANCE AND PIVOT SYSTEM OF BATAK SIMALUNGUN LANGUAGE: A SYNTACTIC TYPOLOGY STUDY Lara Desma Sinaga; Mulyadi Mulyadi
LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra Vol 17, No 2 (2022): LiNGUA
Publisher : Laboratorium Informasi & Publikasi Fakultas Humaniora UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18860/ling.v17i2.16673

Syntax, morphology, and phonology can be used as a reference for language classification. This research aims to determine the grammatical alliance of the Simalungun language syntactically and its typology. It is a qualitative study with the typology approach. The data are phrases and clauses of the Simalungun language collected from informants and books – Simalungun language syntax books, by interviews and notes. It found that a transitive verb formulates the intransitive clause of the Simalungun Batak language as a predicate. The predicative verb appears with affixes. In general, the Simalungun language contains verbs that, in their presence, correspond to the subject. Simalungun language has a grammatical alliance system that treats subject (S) the same as agent (A), and a different treatment is given to predicate (P). Based on grammatical relations, the Simalungun language treats S the same as A at the syntactic level. Thus, it can be typologically grouped into syntactical accusatives. Based on the Pivot test, it also belongs to the accusative language group.

Interjeksi Emotif dalam Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa Simeulue Restria Mulyani; Mulyadi Mulyadi
Aksara Vol 34, No 2 (2022): AKSARA, EDISI DESEMBER 2022
Publisher : Balai Bahasa Provinsi Bali

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29255/aksara.v34i2.520.264--271

Emotional Interjection expresses inner feelings, shock, emotion, anger or sadness. This type of interjection is different from cognitive and volitive interjection. This study aims to reveal the form and meaning of emotive interjection in Indonesian and Simeulue. This research is a qualitative descriptive study and at the data collection stage the method used is the listening method which are classified according to their form and meaning of emotional interjections. Forms of emotive interjection in Indonesian, namely: amboi, aduh, bah, sialan, cis, idih, buset, lho, wah, yaa, and oh. In Simeulue, the form of interjection is: atangma'a, bere, mantarafak, silaki, sanando, lohek, ilayeng, tereben, injee, bahaindo, and owe. This study found a group of meanings for emotive interjection, which was further divided into shocked or astonished, painful or sad interconnections, disliked and disgusted interactions, disillusioned or frustrated interjections, disliked and disgusted interactions, and shocked injections. These are found 2 interjections surprised or amazed, 3 interjections disappointment or resentment. AbstrakInterjeksi emotif mengungkapkan perasaan batin, kaget, terharu, marah, atau sedih.Tipe interjeksi ini berbeda dengan interjeksi kognitif dan volitif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan bentuk dan makna interjeksi emotif di dalam bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Simeulue. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dan pada tahap pengumpulan data metode yang dilakukan adalah metode simak yang disertai dengan teknik catat yang kemudian diklasifikan sesuai dengan bentuk dan maknanya. Bentuk interjeksi emotif di dalam bahasa Indonesia,yaitu amboi, aduh, bah, sialan, cis, idih, buset, lho, wah, yaa, dan oh. Dalam bahasa Simeulue bentuk interjeksi, yaitu atangma’a, bere, mantarafak, silaki, sanando, lohek, ilayeng, tereben, injee, bahaindo, dan owe. Penelitian ini menemukan kelompok makna untuk interjeksi emotif, yang terbagi lagi menjadi interjeksi terkejut atau takjub, interjeksi sakit atau sedih, interjeksi tidak suka dan muak, interjeksi kekecewaan atau kekesalan, interjeksi tidak suka dan jijik, interjeksi kaget dan terpukul, interjeksi keheranan. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan dua interjeksi terkejut atau takjub dan tiga interjeksi kekecewaan atau kekesalan.

Interjeksi Emotif dalam Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa Simeulue Restria Mulyani; Mulyadi Mulyadi
Aksara Vol 34, No 2 (2022): AKSARA, EDISI DESEMBER 2022
Publisher : Balai Bahasa Provinsi Bali

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29255/aksara.v34i2.520.264--271

Emotional Interjection expresses inner feelings, shock, emotion, anger or sadness. This type of interjection is different from cognitive and volitive interjection. This study aims to reveal the form and meaning of emotive interjection in Indonesian and Simeulue. This research is a qualitative descriptive study and at the data collection stage the method used is the listening method which are classified according to their form and meaning of emotional interjections. Forms of emotive interjection in Indonesian, namely: amboi, aduh, bah, sialan, cis, idih, buset, lho, wah, yaa, and oh. In Simeulue, the form of interjection is: atangma'a, bere, mantarafak, silaki, sanando, lohek, ilayeng, tereben, injee, bahaindo, and owe. This study found a group of meanings for emotive interjection, which was further divided into shocked or astonished, painful or sad interconnections, disliked and disgusted interactions, disillusioned or frustrated interjections, disliked and disgusted interactions, and shocked injections. These are found 2 interjections surprised or amazed, 3 interjections disappointment or resentment. AbstrakInterjeksi emotif mengungkapkan perasaan batin, kaget, terharu, marah, atau sedih.Tipe interjeksi ini berbeda dengan interjeksi kognitif dan volitif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan bentuk dan makna interjeksi emotif di dalam bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Simeulue. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dan pada tahap pengumpulan data metode yang dilakukan adalah metode simak yang disertai dengan teknik catat yang kemudian diklasifikan sesuai dengan bentuk dan maknanya. Bentuk interjeksi emotif di dalam bahasa Indonesia,yaitu amboi, aduh, bah, sialan, cis, idih, buset, lho, wah, yaa, dan oh. Dalam bahasa Simeulue bentuk interjeksi, yaitu atangma’a, bere, mantarafak, silaki, sanando, lohek, ilayeng, tereben, injee, bahaindo, dan owe. Penelitian ini menemukan kelompok makna untuk interjeksi emotif, yang terbagi lagi menjadi interjeksi terkejut atau takjub, interjeksi sakit atau sedih, interjeksi tidak suka dan muak, interjeksi kekecewaan atau kekesalan, interjeksi tidak suka dan jijik, interjeksi kaget dan terpukul, interjeksi keheranan. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan dua interjeksi terkejut atau takjub dan tiga interjeksi kekecewaan atau kekesalan.

Kalimat pasif pada kumpulan cerpen Juragan Haji karya Helvy Tiana Rosa Rini Rezeki; Mulyadi Mulyadi
Jurnal Genre (Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pembelajarannya) Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): JURNAL GENRE: (Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pembelajarannya)
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26555/jg.v8i1.13684

Penelitian ini membahas tentang kalimat pasif pada kumpulan cerita pendek (cerpen) Juragan Haji karya Helvy Tiana Rosa. Fokus penelitian ini adalah meneliti bagaimana kalimat pasif yang terkandung di dalam cerpen yang dikaji dengan Teori X-bar. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis teks untuk mengidentifikasi pola-pola pengguna kalimat pasif. Metode yang digunakan merupakan analisis kualitatif yang memungkinkan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang peran kalimat pasif yang dapat mempengaruhi isi cerpen secara keseluruhan dan penelitian yang memaparkan hasil penelitian dari sumber yang telah ditentukan disertai bukti-bukti yang mendukung. Data utama dikumpulkan kemudian data tersebut diklasifikasikan sesuai dengan penentu pada kalimat pasif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapatnya kata kerja pasif atau verba yang dilekatkan afiks di-, ter-, ke-..-an dan pesona ketiga berupa –nya. analisis menggunakan x-bar dapat ditarik kesimpulan berupa kehadiran adjunct dalam kalimat, tidak serta merta akan selalu ada, kehadiran adjunct tersebut kalimat pasif dapat memunculkan nuansa yang berbeda sebagai mempertegas kalimat. Pada frasa yang dilekatkan verba mampu berdiri sendiri meskipun tanpa kehadiran agen hal ini dikarenakan kalimat pasif lebih tertarik dengan apa yang terjadi dari pada siapa yang melakukan. Pada struktur kalimat pasif dapat dibentuk ke dalam beberapa pola berikut FI=FN+I’, Sedangkan pada struktur frasa polanya menjadi FN=N’+FN, dan FV = FAdv+V’.

Fenomena Kebernyawaan dalam Bahasa Arab Namira Az-Zahra; Mulyadi Mulyadi
Al Mi'yar: Jurnal Ilmiah Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab dan Kebahasaaraban Vol 9 No 1 April 2026
Publisher : STIQ Amuntai

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35931/am.v9i1.5128

This research aims to examine how animacy operates in the Arabic grammatical system by analyzing various linguistic phenomena that reflect an animacy hierarchy in sentence structure. This research is literature research using a qualitative approach. The data in this study consist of Arabic sentences that use the concept of animacy. The data sources include various documents, including books, dictionaries, articles, and scientific journals, related to the phenomenon of animacy in Arabic. Data collection techniques involve documenting data sources. The research finds that animacy is one of the features that strongly influence the grammatical system of Arabic, including subject-predicate agreement, the use of pronomina, the selection of relative conjunctions (ism mawṣūl), the formation of plurals, and strategies to avoid ambiguity. Animacy is not only a marker of meaning but also manifests itself across various linguistic structures, reflecting an animacy hierarchy that regulates the relationships among form, meaning, and function in sentences.

CONCEPTUAL METONYMY IN PRESIDENT PRABOWO’S FLOOD DISASTER SPEECH Idawati Situmorang; Mulyadi Mulyadi
Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching Vol 10, No 1: June 2026 (In Progress)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara (UISU)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30743/ll.v10i1.12702

This study analyzes conceptual metonymy in the President’s speech during the flood disaster inspection in Bener Meriah Regency. The study focuses on metonymy within the Thing and Part Configuration of the Idealized Cognitive Model (ICM) proposed by Kövecses (1998), which includes the relations of whole-for-part and part-for-whole metonymy. Using qualitative discourse analysis, the study examined a 380-word official transcript of President Prabowo’s speech. Data collection employed documentation and indirect observation techniques, supported by audiovisual validation. Data analysis followed the framework proposed by Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña (2014), which consists of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. Findings show that whole-for-part metonymy dominates, while part-for-whole occurs less frequently. The dominance of whole-for-part metonymy reflects a discourse strategy that emphasizes institutional responsibility and collective solidarity in crisis contexts. By employing this strategy, the President legitimizes state presence and authority while guiding public perception of disaster management. In this way, the study demonstrates that metonymy simplifies institutional realities, constructs collective responsibility, and facilitates public understanding in crisis communication. This research contributes to cognitive semantics and political discourse studies by highlighting metonymy’s role in crisis communication.

Konstruksi Interogatif dalam Bahasa Aceh: Teori X-Bar Mukramah Mukramah; Mulyadi Mulyadi
Ranah: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa Vol 11, No 1 (2022): Ranah: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa
Publisher : Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26499/rnh.v11i1.2114

This study aims to describe the question word functional category and to frame the principle of interrogative construction structure in Acehnese by applying the X-Bar theory. The data is the utterances in Acehnese taken from the natives and the descriptive method is chosen in this research. This method is applied to find out what categories can be combined with question words in interrogative construction. This research results in the question word functional category which are the complement and complement. The function of the complement as the interrogative construction is occupied by the closed interrogative construction and open interrogative construction. Moreover, the function of the interrogative construction as complement is occupied by the echo interrogative sentences can be seen as follows: KT → (Pm) + Spes + I + Komp + Pm + (Spes + I + Komp). AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kategori fungsional kata tanya dan merumuskan kaidah struktur konstruksi interogatif dalam bahasa Aceh dengan menggunakan teori X-Bar. Data penelitian merupakan kalimat dalam bahasa Aceh yang bersumber dari penutur asli bahasa Aceh. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif menggunakan metode observasi atau wawancara. Teknik ini digunakan untuk mengetahui kategori apa saja yang dapat bergabung dengan kata tanya dalam konstruksi interogatif. Hasil ditunjukkan dengan kategori fungsi konstruksi interogatif dalam konstruksi interogatif bahasa Aceh yaitu komplemen dan pemerlengkap. Fungsi pemerlengkap sebagai konstruksi interogatif ditempati oleh konstruksi interogatif ya-tidak, konstruksi interogatif dengan kata tanya, lalu fungsi konstruksi interogatif sebagai komplemen ditempati oleh konstruksi interogatif gema/gaung tipe yang diikuti adalah: KT → (Pm) + Spes + I + Komp + Pm + (Spes + I + Komp).

Konstruksi Kausatif Bahasa Batak Toba dan Bahasa Mandailing: Kajian Tipologis Bahasa Elza Leyli Lisnora Saragih; Mulyadi Mulyadi
Ranah: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa Vol 11, No 1 (2022): Ranah: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa
Publisher : Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26499/rnh.v11i1.2576

This research is a typology study of the Toba Batak languages and Mandailing languages. Both languages are cognate languages with similar language structure and typology. Until now, these two languages are still actively used in the North Sumatra region. This study specifically compares the causative construction in the Toba Batak language and the Mandailing language by selecting the same verbs in both languages and comparing them. This research is qualitative research. Data was pored out by speaking and listening technique. Furthermore, the data is examined using the equivalent method and the method of testing tested with triangulation techniques. The results showed that the causative in the Batak Toba language and Mandailing Language in general have the same form. Both of these languages have lexical causative, morphological causative and analytic causative. Lexical causatives in BT and BM languages have subtype (2), which is a verb subtype that is unique and subtype (3), which is a different verb in forming a causative construction. Both of these languages also recognize direct and indirect causatives. Morphological causatives in the Toba Batak language are characterized by affective causative markers (-hon), (-i), (pa- / par-), (pa-hon), and (pa-) whereas in Mandailing language are marked by causative markers (ma-kon), (pa-kon), (pa-on), (pa-), (tar-). In Batak Toba and Mandailing languages, analytical causatives are found whose construction is formed by predicates containing verbs (intransitive and transitive), adjectives, and nouns and shows causal events with two separate predicates (cause and effect). AbstrakPenelitian ini merupakan kajian tipologi terhadap bahasa Batak Toba dan bahasa Mandailing. Kedua bahasa ini merupakan bahasa serumpun dengan struktur dan tipologi bahasa yang mirip. Sampai saat ini, kedua bahasa ini masih digunakan secara aktif di wilayah Sumatera Utara. Penelitian ini secara spesifik membandingkan konstruksi kausatif dalam bahasa Batak Toba dan bahasa Mandailing dengan cara memilih kata kerja yang sama dalam kedua bahasa serta membandingkannya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif. Data diperoleh dengan metode simak dan cakap. Selanjutnya, data dikaji dengan menggunakan metode padan dan metode agih yang diuji dengan teknik triangulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kausatif dalam bahasa Batak Toba dan bahasa Mandailing secara umum memiliki kesamaan bentuk. Kedua bahasa ini memiliki kausatif leksikal, kausatif morfologis dan kausatif analitik. Konstruksi kausatif leksikal dalam bahasa Batak Toba dan bahasa Mandailing memiliki subtipe (2) yaitu subtipe verba yang memiliki keunikan dan subtipe (3) yaitu verba berbeda dalam membentuk konstruksi kausatif. Kedua bahasa ini juga mengenal kausatif langsung dan tidak langsung. Kausatif morfologis dalam bahasa Batak Toba ditandai oleh pemarkah kausatif afiks (-hon), (-i), (pa-/par-), (pa—hon), dan (pa-), sedangkan dalam bahasa Mandailing ditandai oleh pemarkah kausatif (ma-kon), (pa –kon), (pa-on), (pa-), (tar-). Dalam bahasa Batak Toba dan bahasa Mandailing ditemukan kausatif analitik yang konstruksinya dibentuk oleh predikat yang mengandung verba (intransitif dan transitif), adjektiva, dan nomina serta menunjukkan peristiwa kausal dengan dua predikat (sebab dan akibat) yang terpisah.

HUMOR VERBAL DALAM ROASTING TIGA “CAPRES” PADA ACARA LAPOR PAK! : ANALISIS GTVH Sukma Sukma; Mulyadi Mulyadi
Adabiyyāt: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra Vol 10 No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/ajbs.2026.100101

This study aims to analyze verbal roasting humor in the show Roasting Tiga “Capres” on the program Lapor Pak! using a semantic humor approach with the General Theory of Verbal Humor (GTVH) by Attardo and Raskin. This research is significant because verbal roasting humor in political contexts has not been systematically analyzed from a linguistic perspective, and thus this study can reveal how language strategies and humor structures are employed to convey criticism, negotiate power, and influence public perception. This study is qualitative with a descriptive method, using observation and note-taking techniques, and data analysis following the Miles and Huberman procedures. The results show that 31 instances of verbal roasting humor were identified and analyzed using six Knowledge Resources (KRs), namely: SO (personal identity, competence, public image, power relations), LM (faulty analogy, belittling, figurative language, inversion, comparison), SI (situational context, including participants, activities, objects, and conditions that form the humor), TA (humor target centered on a specific figure), NS (dominance of dialogue form), and LA (word arrangement consistently using set-up and punch line to create humor). This study enriches the study of language by examining the strategies, structures, and functions of verbal humor in political interactions, while also providing new insights for the analysis of political communication.

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