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PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILES, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES FROM LEAVES AND SEEDS EXTRACT OF Myristica fragrans Saputri, Ariyanti; Fajriah, Sofa; Cahyana, Antonius Herry; Putria, Devi Kasih; Saputra, Ziyan; Angelina, Marissa
Jurnal Kimia Riset Vol. 9 No. 2 (2024): December
Publisher : Universitas Airlangga, Campus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jkr.v9i2.65245

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) is a plant that grows naturally in Indonesia and widely used in the food and industrial sectors. Nutmeg seeds have been widely studied because they have a variety of compounds with good activities, but research on the leaves still needs to be completed. Therefore, this research compared nutmeg leaves and seed extracts' secondary metabolite content and bioactivity. This study aims to determine the phytochemical contents of nutmeg leaves and seed extracts by phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis, as well as its potential as an antioxidant and anticancer. The antioxidant activity test uses the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method measured at a wavelength of 517 nm. Meanwhile, the anticancer activity test uses MCF-7 cells with the MTT assay method. Nine compounds (lipid, phenylpropanoid, lignan, terpenoid, and quinone groups) were identified by GC-MS analysis in the leaf extracts. Meanwhile, seed extract has 23 compounds from the lipid, fatty acid, phenylpropanoid, lignan, and terpenoid groups. The antioxidant activity of nutmeg leaves and seed extracts was carried out using the DPPH method, while the cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells used the MTT method. Nutmeg leaves have more potent antioxidant activity than nutmeg seeds, with IC50 values of 17.80 µg/mL and 53.01 µg/mL, respectively. The cytotoxic activity test on MCF-7 cells also showed that the inhibition value of nutmeg extract (26%) was higher than that of nutmeg seeds (22.73%). This research shows that nutmeg leaf extract has the potential to carry out further research regarding the bioactivity of its compounds.

Sesquiterpenoids from Dysoxylum amooroides Stem Bark: Isolation, Structure Determination, and Cytotoxicity Against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells Gunawan, Latifah; Mustofa, Hidayat Nurul; Naini, Al Arofatus; Harneti, Desi; Hidayat, Ace Tatang; Nurlelasari, Nurlelasari; Maharani, Rani; Mayanti, Tri; Fajriah, Sofa; Awang, Khalijah; Azmi, Mohamad Nurul; Supratman, Unang
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 25, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijc.99121

Three sesquiterpenoids, guaianediol (1), alismol (2), and spathulenol (3), were isolated from the n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of the stem bark of Dysoxylum amooroides. The three compounds were found in D. amooroides species for the first time. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified and established based on an extensive spectroscopic analysis involving HR-TOF-ESI-MS, IR, and NMR data, as well as a comparison with the previously reported works of literature. Compounds 1-3 were further assessed for cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Guaianediol (1) showed inactive activity with IC50 > 100 µM, alismol (2) showed weak activity with IC50 value of 82.1 µM and spathulenol (3) showed considerable activity with an IC50 value of 15.2 µM. A brief structure-activity relationship and comparison with the previous works were also discussed to understand better the role of guaiane- and aromadendrane-type sesquiterpenoids in the biological activity perspective.

Diterpene Lactones from Andrographis paniculata and In Vitro Studies on α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Properties Rachmani, Eka Prasasti Nur; Rehana; Lestari, Puji; Fajriah, Sofa
HAYATI Journal of Biosciences Vol. 32 No. 5 (2025): September 2025
Publisher : Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.4308/hjb.32.5.1295-1302

Plants contain chemical compounds that have medicinal properties. Andrographis paniculata (bitter herb) is commonly used as a traditional medicine, including treating hyperglycemia. A. paniculata was known to contain major compounds, terpenoids, and flavonoids. The phytochemical investigation aimed to isolate and identify chemical compounds from the aerial part of the bitter herb and then evaluate the antihyperglycemic properties. A. paniculata was extracted using 96% ethanol. The extract was partitioned with three organic solvents successively to obtain the chloroform fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and methanol fraction. Isolation was carried out on the ethyl acetate fraction using column chromatography with a silica stationary phase and an organic solvent mobile phase in various ratios. The isolate in the form of white powder was found in subfraction E8 with the mobile phase chloroform-ethyl acetate (1-2). The structure of the isolated compounds was characterized using spectroscopic methods, including 1D NMR (1H and 13C), 2D NMR (HSQC and HMBC), and LCMS. The isolated compounds were evaluated in vitro with α-amylase and α-glucosidase tests. The results of the data analysis indicated the identification of 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide and 14-deoxyandrographolide as the isolated compounds. The isolated compounds showed α-amylase inhibitory activity with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 167.31±4.92 μg/ml and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 267.10±6.72 μg/ml. The results of this study indicate that paniculata contains diterpene lactones, which are active in hyperglycemia therapy.

Tirucallane-Type Triterpenoids from the Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum Stem Bark: Phytochemical Study and Cytotoxicity Evaluation Against Human HeLa Cervical Cancer Cells Maira, Faizah; Naini, Al Arofatus; Mayanti, Tri; Fajriah, Sofa; Kusumiyati, Kusumiyati; Supratman, Unang
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 25, No 4 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ijc.103523

A total of three tirucallane-type triterpenoids were successfully isolated from the n-hexane extract of the stem bark of Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum: 4,4,14-trimethyl-3-oxo-24-nor-5α,13α,14β,17α,20S-chol-7-en-23-oic (1), toonapubesin B (2), and 3β,22S-dihydroxy-tirucalla-7,24-dien-23-one (3). These compounds were isolated from D. gaudichaudianum for the first time. Structural characterization of the isolated compounds was accomplished through a series of spectroscopic analyses, including HR-TOF-MS, IR, and NMR. Based on previous reports, compound 1 was isolated from a member of the Meliaceae family for the first time. The cytotoxic properties of the isolated tirucallane-type triterpenoids were evaluated against cervical HeLa cancer cells. Among them, compounds 1 and 3 were inactive, with IC50 values > 100 µM, while compound 2 exhibited the highest cytotoxicity, with an IC50 value of 29.23 µM, with moderate activity. A structure–activity relationship also indicated the variation in cytotoxicity attributed to substituent effects within the molecular structures. The modification of the side chain in tirucallane-type triterpenoids was shown to be essential for their cytotoxic activity against human cervical cancer lines.

The Effect of Gelatin and Propylene Glycol on the Penetration Rate of Asiaticoside from Centella asiatica (L.) Urb Leaf Extract Gel Dahlizar, Sabrina; Anggraeni, Yuni; Munfarikhatin, Atina; Suryani, Nelly; Betha, Ofa Suzanti; Zilhadia, Zilhadia; Fajriah, Sofa; Septama, Abdi Wira; Handayani, Maulina; Herdini, Herdini
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) Vol 7, No 1 (2025)
Publisher : UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/pbsj.v7i1.43891

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. is a plant known for its potential in scar treatment due to the presence of asiaticoside, a compound capable of promoting skin cell tissue repair. However, the large molecular size of asiaticoside hinders its penetration through the skin. This study aims to evaluate the effect of gelatin and propylene glycol on the transdermal penetration of asiaticoside from a gel formulation containing Centella asiatica leaf extract. Four different formulations were tested: a control (F1, without gelatin or propylene glycol); one with 15% propylene glycol (F2); one with 4% gelatin (F3); and one with 4% gelatin and 15% propylene glycol (F4). The physical characteristics of the formulations were assessed using several parameters: organoleptic properties, pH, homogeneity, centrifugation, spreadability, viscosity, and rheological behaviour. Penetration studies were performed using a Franz Diffusion Cell with a Whatman No. 1 membrane (pre-coated with Spangler solution) for 360 minutes. The penetration data were analyzed using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) with a C18 BEH column (2.1 × 50 mm; 1.8 μm particle size). The results showed that each formulation exhibited distinct characteristics. The study findings indicated that both gelatin and propylene glycol, as well as their combination, significantly influenced the penetration of asiaticoside in the gel formulation. Propylene glycol, functioning as a penetration enhancer, was found to increase the penetration of asiaticoside in both gelatin-based and liquid formulations.

Chemical Constituents from Indonesian Dysoxylum parasiticum (Osbeck). Kosterm and Their Cytotoxicity Against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells Harizon, Harizon; Romundza, Febbry; Miharti, Isra; Naini, Al Arofatus; Fajriah, Sofa; Mayanti, Tri; Supratman, Unang
Molekul Vol 20 No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2025.20.2.16066

ABSTRACT. The exploration of naturally occurring secondary metabolites from plants, which serve as direct sources or precursors for new drug development, motivates us to conduct a comprehensive investigation into their presence. Indonesia stands out as a global biodiversity hotspot, boasting a significant number of endemic species that offer a rich reservoir of untapped resources for pharmaceutical, agricultural, and environmental uses. The Dysoxylum genus, belonging to the Meliaceae family, is recognized as a vital source of secondary metabolites and is well-known for its traditional medicinal applications. Consequently, we focus on analyzing the chemical constituents found in the stem bark of one Indonesian Dysoxylum species, specifically D. parasiticum (Osbeck) Kosterm., and assess their biological activity as anticytotoxic agents. Our research identified three known compounds: a tirucallane-type triterpenoid, cneorin-NP36 (1), a seco-limonoid from the preurianin group, amotsangin A (2), and an ergostane-type steroid, 22(E)-ergosta-6,22-dien-3β,5α,8α-triol (3). The biological evaluation against the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 revealed that compound 2 exhibited a notable inhibitory effect, with an IC50 value of 34.5 μM. The existence of a highly oxidized structure in compound 2, due to its ester substituents, highlights its effectiveness in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, outperforming the reference drug cisplatin, which has an IC50 of 53.0 μM. These findings indicate that amotsangin A (2) is a promising anticancer agent, particularly in the treatment of breast cancer. Further studies, including in silico analysis and structural modification, are needed to enhance its cytotoxic activity and selectivity. Keywords: Cytotoxic activity, Dysoxylum parasiticum, MCF-7, seco-limonoid amotsangin A, Secondary metabolites

Dammarane-Type Triterpenoids from Twigs of Aglaia Foveolata and Their Antibacterial Activity Hutagaol, Ricson Pemimpin; Mozef, Tjandrawati; Nurilmala, Febi; Primahana, Gian; Fajriah, Sofa; Prastya, Muhammad Eka; Hidayatullah, Sigit; Satyaningsih, Desy
Molekul Vol 20 No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2025.20.2.16241

ABSTRACT. The Aglaia species, which contains triterpenoids, is the most numerous in the Meliaceae family. Aglaia foveolata (A. foveolata) is a type of plant that has many benefits, as medicinal ingredients. The potential of this plant is inseparable from the content of various bioactive compounds. This study aims to isolate, characterize the active compound from the twigs of A. foveolata and test its activity as an antibacterial. Three dammarane-type triterpenoids were isolated from the A. foveolata twigs which is, namely dammar-24-en-3β,20-diol (1), an epimeric mixture of shoreic and eichlerianic acid (2, 3). Their chemical structures were determined based on spectroscopic data using infrared, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and including one and two-dimensional NMR techniques, as well as through data comparison of the reported compound. Compound 1 was reported for the first time to be successfully isolated from this species. All these substances were tested for the first time for their antibacterial activity against two Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and two Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, through this study. Compound 1 was inactive, the epimeric mixture of 2 and 3 showed moderate antibacterial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value ranging from 31.7 to 126.6 ppm, particularly against S. aureus with a MIC value of 31.7 ppm. Keywords: Aglaia, Elucidation, Isolation, Spectroscopy, Bacterial

Steroids Produced by Endophytic Fungi (Fusarium phaseoli) Isolated from Chisocheton macrophyllus and their Antibacterial Activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureuss Katja, Dewa Gede; Sari, Aprilia Permata; Sinaga, Siska Elisahbet; Nurlelasari, Nurlelasari; Farabi, Kindi; Sofian, Ferry Ferdiansyah; Fajriah, Sofa; Naini, Al Arofatus; Supratman, Unang
Molekul Vol 20 No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2025.20.1.12727

ABSTRACT. Steroids are secondary metabolic derivatives of terpenes containing the tetracyclic ring system known to exhibit fascinating pharmacological activity. Steroids are distributed in various genera of endophytic fungi including Fusarium genus which lives inside a higher tree such as Chisocheton macrophyllus. The purpose of this research is to identify and characterize the chemical structure of steroids generated by F. phaseoli, an endophytic fungus obtained from C. macrophyllus roots, as well as to assess their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The brown rice medium was fermented with F. phaseoli for six weeks before extraction with ethyl acetate. The extracts yielded four compounds, identified using spectroscopic methods such as FTIR, HRTOF-MS, 1D, and 2D NMR, and then compared to previously described compounds. Compounds 1-4 were identified as ergosterol (1), ergosterol peroxide (2), atroside (3), and cerevisterol (4). The four isolated compounds were evaluated for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 and displayed activity with MIC50 values of 500 µg/mL. Keywords: Antibacterial activity; Chisocheton macrophyllus; Fusarium phaseoli; steroids.

Dammarane Triterpenoids from Aglaia eximia Miq. and Their Cytotoxic Activity Against P388 Murine Leukemia Cell Farabi, Kindi; Harneti, Desi; Nurlelasari, Nurlelasari; Maharani, Rani; Mayanti, Tri; Hidayat, Ace Tatang; Fajriah, Sofa; Naini, Al Arofatus; Sofian, Ferry Ferdiansyah; Azmi, Mohamad Nurul; Supratman, Unang
Molekul Vol 20 No 1 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Jenderal Soedirman

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2025.20.1.12796

ABSTRACT. Triterpenoids are a large group of secondary metabolites commonly found in plants, exhibiting high diversity in both structural features and biological activities. Meliaceae family is knows as a rich source of the triterpenoid compounds. As the most extensive genus within the Meliaceae family, Aglaia is known to contain many bioactive triterpenoid compounds, including cytotoxic triterpenoids. Among the various types of triterpenoids, dammarane is frequently found in Aglaia and has demonstrated potential cytotoxic activity. This purpose of the research was to isolate and structure determination of four dammarane triterpenoids from the methanol extract of Aglaia eximia stem bark. All four compounds were successfully isolated and identified as, dammar-24-en-3a,20-diol (1), 20S,24S-epoxy-dammar-3a,25-diol (2), (E)-dammar-23-en-3a,20,25-triol (3), and (E)-25-hydroperoxydammar-23-en-3a,20-diol (4), respectively. The compounds were analyzed using a combination of spectroscopic techniques, including HRMS (high-resolution mass spectroscopy), FTIR (fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), and NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance, one and two dimensional). Cytotoxicity assays using the MTT method were applied to compounds 1-4. All isolated compounds (1-4) generated moderate cytotoxic activity against P388 murine leukemia cells with IC50 9.09, 11.03, 5.89, and 5.74 μg/mL, respectively. Preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis suggested that the presence of hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl groups at C-25 increases cytotoxicity, whereas the cyclization in the side chain to form an epoxide ring decreases cytotoxicity. Keyword: Triterpenoids, Meliaceae, Aglaia eximia, cytotoxicity, P388 murine leukemia cells

The Effect of Gelatin and Propylene Glycol on the Penetration Rate of Asiaticoside from Centella asiatica (L.) Urb Leaf Extract Geleaf Extract Gel Dahlizar, Sabrina; Anggraeni, Yuni; Munfarikhatin, Atina; Suryani, Nelly; Betha, Ofa Suzanti; Zilhadia; Fajriah, Sofa; Septama, Abdi Wira; Handayani, Maulina; Herdini
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ) Vol. 7 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Journal (PBSJ)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/w7prk175

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. is a plant known for its potential in scar treatment due to the presence of asiaticoside, a compound capable of promoting skin cell tissue repair. However, the large molecular size of asiaticoside hinders its penetration through the skin. This study aims to evaluate the effect of gelatin and propylene glycol on the transdermal penetration of asiaticoside from a gel formulation containing Centella asiatica leaf extract. Four different formulations were tested: a control (F1, without gelatin or propylene glycol); one with 15% propylene glycol (F2); one with 4% gelatin (F3); and one with 4% gelatin and 15% propylene glycol (F4). The physical characteristics of the formulations were assessed using several parameters: organoleptic properties, pH, homogeneity, centrifugation, spreadability, viscosity, and rheological behaviour. Penetration studies were performed using a Franz Diffusion Cell with a Whatman No. 1 membrane (pre-coated with Spangler solution) for 360 minutes. The penetration data were analyzed using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) with a C18 BEH column (2.1 × 50 mm; 1.8 μm particle size). The results showed that each formulation exhibited distinct characteristics. The study findings indicated that both gelatin and propylene glycol, as well as their combination, significantly influenced the penetration of asiaticoside in the gel formulation. Propylene glycol, functioning as a penetration enhancer, was found to increase the penetration of asiaticoside in both gelatin-based and liquid formulations.

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