B. Wahyudi Joko Santoso
Jurusan Bahasa Dan Sastra Asing, Fakultas Bahasa Dan Seni, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia

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MODEL PENDEKATAN PROSES DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MENULIS (ECRIRE) WACANA NARATIF PADA MAHASISWA SEMESTER III JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN BAHASA DAN SASTRA ASING PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA PRANCIS Santoso, Wahyudi Joko; Widayanti, Diah Vitri
Lingua Vol 5, No 2 (2009): July 2009
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This research focused on the Proces-Approach Model in Narrative DiscourseWriting Learning. The four research questions: (1) how are the third semesterstudents’ perception in Language and Litterature Foreign Departement,French Education Study Programme on Proces Approach Model in NarrativeDiscourse of Writing Learning before a treatment, (2) how and how manypercents their capability of Narrative Discourse Writing are before a treatment,(3) how and how many percents their capability of Narrative Discourse Writingare after a treatment, and (4) how are the third semestre students’ perceptionin Language and Litterature Foreign Departement, French Education StudyProgramme on Proces Approach Model in Narrative Discourse of WritingLearning after the treatment? The perception data was taken by questionnairewhich was done 2 x, before and after the treatment, whereas thestudents’capability to write a narrative discourse was used by pretest andposttest. The findings show that firstly, the pretest result is various. Thestudents’s kwnoledge of definition narrative discourse reach 80 %, of narrativediscourse organition 92 %, of the experience writing of narrative discourse76%, and of the writing step 72 %. Besides, the students’ unknown of lexicaland grammatical marquers reach 80 % and 88 %. Secondly, totally, if I comparethe first and the second test, the result shows that the students who got A, B,and D decrease, from 1 to 0 student (5,26%), from 8 to 7 students (5,26%), andfrom 3 to 1 student (10,53%). But the students who got C and D increase, from5 to 8 students (15,79%) and from 2 to 3 students (5,26%). Finally, thestudents’ perception after the treatment indicate a various result. 80 %students are not satisfied of theirs narrative discourse writings, 60 % studentsstill has some difficulties, 80 % students are conscious of theirs weakness, and84 % students agreed about the researcher’s evaluation.Keywords: capability, writing, narrative discourse, proces approach writing model
BENTUK, STRATEGI PENGGUNAAN, DAN KESANTUNAN TINDAK TUTUR MENOLAK DALAM INTERAKSI ANTARMAHASISWA PRODI SASTRA PRANCIS FBS UNNES Santoso, Wahyudi Joko; Widayanti, Diah Vitri; Astuti, Dwi
Lingua Vol 6, No 2 (2010): July 2010
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The problems that were examined: (1) how the realization of speech act of refuser in French by the researchsubjects are used? (2) what strategies are used by research subjects in refuser to their partners? and (3) howthe politeness levels are used in the Speech Act of refuser by Semester VI Students?Data obtained by “fishing” techniques, “fishing” the respondents using a questionnaire. The data wereanalyzed using equivalent analytical methods subtypes with a pragmatic “tool partners of the respondents" (thelittle brother, their lover, their rector, and their parking worker) and the power of mental sort (referential) ownedby the researcher.The results showed that (1) of the realization of the speech act refuser, the respondents prefered the"declarative" mode to reject the partners than the other modes, both single mode and dual mode, (2) from thepoint of strategy used to "reject" partner respondents, most respondents tended to reject "indirectly" because itallows both participants involved in feel “face saving”, and (3) of the level politeness in the use of strategies,respondents tend to use the level politeness "very polite" and "polite" to others (lovers, rectors, and parkingworker) and tend to "not polite" to the little brother/sister.Keywords: pragmatic, speech act, realization, strategy, levels of politeness
KODE DAN KESANTUNAN DALAM RAPAT DINAS BERPERSPEKTIF GENDER DAN JABATAN Joko Santoso, B. Wahyudi
Lingua Vol 9, No 2 (2013): July 2013
Publisher : Lingua

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Masalah yang dikaji adalah (i) bagaimana realisasi bentuk pemilihan kode dalam tindak tutur direktif (TTD) yang dilakukan oleh peserta rapat dinas, baik di tingkat fakultas maupun universitas di lingkungan Universitas Negeri Semarang (Unnes) dalam perspektif jender dan jabatan, (ii) bagaimana realisasi kesantunan TTD yang dilakukan oleh peserta rapat dinas tersebut? Metode penyediaan data berupa metode percakapan dengan teknik dasar sadap, serta teknik lanjutan teknik simak libat cakap, yakni menyimak dan berpartisipasi dalam pembicaraan sambil mencatat. Adapun metode analisis menggunakan metode padan, submetode sosiopragmatis dengan teknik ganti, sisip, dan perluas yang disampaikan secara deskriptif-analitik-interpretatif. Metode penyajian hasil analisis adalah informal. Hasil penelitian ini adalah realisasi penggunaan kode TTD, baik oleh rektor, ketua senat universitas, sekretaris senat universitas, dekan, pembantu dekan, kepala bagian, dan kepala subbagian (laki-laki dan perempuan) berupa kode Indonesia secara dominan, baik baku maupun tidak baku; dan sebagian kecil berupa campur kode (Indonesia tidak baku, Inggris, Jawa (halus dan ngoko), serta Arab. Dari sisi realisasi kesantunan berbahasa, baik pemimpin rapat maupun peserta rapat (laki-laki) cenderung menggunakan tindak tutur langsung, baik berpenanda kesantunan, seperti tolong, harap, mari, dan dipersilakan maupun tidak berpenanda dibandingkan dengan ber-TTD tidak langsung. Sebaliknya, pemimpin atau perserta rapat perempuan cenderung ber-TTD secara tidak langsung dengan modus interogatif. Arah TTD bersifat dua arah, baik dari pemimpin rapat maupun peserta rapat. Namun, kecenderungannya, arah tersebut TTD berasal dari yang memimpin rapat ke yang dipimpin (dari pejabat versus nonpejabat atau dari pejabat yang lebih tinggi ke yang lebih rendah). This study aimed to investigate (i) how the realization of the electoral code in the directive speech acts (TTD) conducted by a formal meeting participants, both at the faculty and university in the State University of Semarang in genre and position perspective, (ii) how the realization of politeness TTD conducted by the formal meeting participants. The data collecting method was conversation with the basic method of “tapping techniques“, advanced techniques of listening, watching, and talking in the conversation by noting. The method of data analysis was padan (matching) method. The submethod applied was sociopragmatic method with changing, inserting, expanding, and paraphrasing techniques, delivered of analytic-descriptive-interpretative writing. The method of presenting results used an informal presentation. The results of this study were: (1) the realization of TTD code, either by rector, chairman of the university senate, secretary of the university senate, dean, assistant dean, head of department, or head of subdivision officials (men and women) used Indonesian code predominantly, either formal or not formal usage, and in small groups, they used the mixed code of informal Indonesian, English, Javanese (smooth and not-smooth ngoko), and Arabic; (2) the realization of linguistic politeness, both meeting leaders and meeting participants (men) tended to use direct speech act, either politeness sign, like tolong, harap, mari, and dipersilakan or not politeness sign compared to using of indirect speech act. On the contrary, the meeting leader or women participant tended to use the indirect speech act with the interrogative mode. The direction of the directive speech act was two-way direction, for both meeting leaders and participants of the meeting. However, apparently, the direction of directive speech act tended to come from the meeting leader to the participants meeting (from official(s) versus non-officials or of higher official(s) to lower one(s)).
TINDAK TUTUR DIREKTIF DOSEN DENGAN TENAGA ADMINISTRASI: ANCANGAN SOSIOPRAGMATIK BERPERSPEKTIF JENDER Handayani, Conny; Santoso, Wahyudi Joko; Widayanti, Diah Vitri
Lingua Vol 7, No 2 (2011): July 2011
Publisher : Lingua

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Abstract

Problems studied were how the realization of the election code TTD conducted by lecturers and administrative staff within the Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Semarang, both men and women against partners and why he said so? And ii) how the realization of politeness TTD conducted by lecturers and administrative staff in the Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Semarang, both men and women against partners and why he said so? Method of providing data used is the method of conversation with the basic technique of tapping techniques, and advanced techniques refer to techniques involved in the form of conversation, namely listening and participating in discussions and technical note. The methods of data analysis are a method of frontier, sub-method socio-pragmatic with descriptive-analytic-interpretive techniques. Method of presentation is informal methods and the implementation of such informal methods it is also the use of informal techniques. The results of this study is firstly, in general, the realization of the use of TTD code, either by the dean / assistant dean (male and female), head of the administrative faculty, head subsections, lecturer (male and female), as well as administration staff (male and female) be a code (language) Indonesia, either formal or not formal, and a small portion of mixed code (Indonesian, French, English, Java, and also a non-standard sentence structure.) Secondly, the TTD is one direction, namely from superiors to subordinates, from the senior to junior, from the old to the young. Thirdly, speaking in terms of politeness, dean / assistant dean of men in the rule tends to use direct speech acts, politeness marked either please or not. This case also occurs in administrative staffs officials. In contrast, assistant dean of women tends to use indirect speech acts. Fourthly, both heads and lecturers subsections women tend to use double TTD expressed directly or indirectly. It thus does not occur in male professors who are more likely had a direct TTD. TTD is a direct manifestation of the violation of the principle of politeness, wisdom sub-maxim, whereas indirect TTD is a manifestation of adherence to the principles of politeness, wisdom sub-maxim. Keywords: directive speech acts, actual use of code, politeness
BENTUK, STRATEGI PENGGUNAAN, DAN KESANTUNAN TINDAK TUTUR MENOLAK DALAM INTERAKSI ANTARMAHASISWA PRODI SASTRA PRANCIS FBS UNNES Santoso, Wahyudi Joko; Widayanti, Diah Vitri; Astuti, Dwi
Lingua Vol 6, No 2 (2010): July 2010
Publisher : Lingua

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

The problems that were examined: (1) how the realization of speech act of refuser in French by the researchsubjects are used? (2) what strategies are used by research subjects in refuser to their partners? and (3) howthe politeness levels are used in the Speech Act of refuser by Semester VI Students?Data obtained by “fishing” techniques, “fishing” the respondents using a questionnaire. The data wereanalyzed using equivalent analytical methods subtypes with a pragmatic “tool partners of the respondents" (thelittle brother, their lover, their rector, and their parking worker) and the power of mental sort (referential) ownedby the researcher.The results showed that (1) of the realization of the speech act refuser, the respondents prefered the"declarative" mode to reject the partners than the other modes, both single mode and dual mode, (2) from thepoint of strategy used to "reject" partner respondents, most respondents tended to reject "indirectly" because itallows both participants involved in feel “face saving”, and (3) of the level politeness in the use of strategies,respondents tend to use the level politeness "very polite" and "polite" to others (lovers, rectors, and parkingworker) and tend to "not polite" to the little brother/sister.Keywords: pragmatic, speech act, realization, strategy, levels of politeness
KODE DAN KESANTUNAN DALAM RAPAT DINAS BERPERSPEKTIF GENDER DAN JABATAN Joko Santoso, B. Wahyudi
Lingua Vol 9, No 2 (2013): July 2013
Publisher : Lingua

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

Masalah yang dikaji adalah (i) bagaimana realisasi bentuk pemilihan kode dalam tindak tutur direktif (TTD) yang dilakukan oleh peserta rapat dinas, baik di tingkat fakultas maupun universitas di lingkungan Universitas Negeri Semarang (Unnes) dalam perspektif jender dan jabatan, (ii) bagaimana realisasi kesantunan TTD yang dilakukan oleh peserta rapat dinas tersebut? Metode penyediaan data berupa metode percakapan dengan teknik dasar sadap, serta teknik lanjutan teknik simak libat cakap, yakni menyimak dan berpartisipasi dalam pembicaraan sambil mencatat. Adapun metode analisis menggunakan metode padan, submetode sosiopragmatis dengan teknik ganti, sisip, dan perluas yang disampaikan secara deskriptif-analitik-interpretatif. Metode penyajian hasil analisis adalah informal. Hasil penelitian ini adalah realisasi penggunaan kode TTD, baik oleh rektor, ketua senat universitas, sekretaris senat universitas, dekan, pembantu dekan, kepala bagian, dan kepala subbagian (laki-laki dan perempuan) berupa kode Indonesia secara dominan, baik baku maupun tidak baku; dan sebagian kecil berupa campur kode (Indonesia tidak baku, Inggris, Jawa (halus dan ngoko), serta Arab. Dari sisi realisasi kesantunan berbahasa, baik pemimpin rapat maupun peserta rapat (laki-laki) cenderung menggunakan tindak tutur langsung, baik berpenanda kesantunan, seperti tolong, harap, mari, dan dipersilakan maupun tidak berpenanda dibandingkan dengan ber-TTD tidak langsung. Sebaliknya, pemimpin atau perserta rapat perempuan cenderung ber-TTD secara tidak langsung dengan modus interogatif. Arah TTD bersifat dua arah, baik dari pemimpin rapat maupun peserta rapat. Namun, kecenderungannya, arah tersebut TTD berasal dari yang memimpin rapat ke yang dipimpin (dari pejabat versus nonpejabat atau dari pejabat yang lebih tinggi ke yang lebih rendah). This study aimed to investigate (i) how the realization of the electoral code in the directive speech acts (TTD) conducted by a formal meeting participants, both at the faculty and university in the State University of Semarang in genre and position perspective, (ii) how the realization of politeness TTD conducted by the formal meeting participants. The data collecting method was conversation with the basic method of “tapping techniques“, advanced techniques of listening, watching, and talking in the conversation by noting. The method of data analysis was padan (matching) method. The submethod applied was sociopragmatic method with changing, inserting, expanding, and paraphrasing techniques, delivered of analytic-descriptive-interpretative writing. The method of presenting results used an informal presentation. The results of this study were: (1) the realization of TTD code, either by rector, chairman of the university senate, secretary of the university senate, dean, assistant dean, head of department, or head of subdivision officials (men and women) used Indonesian code predominantly, either formal or not formal usage, and in small groups, they used the mixed code of informal Indonesian, English, Javanese (smooth and not-smooth 'ngoko'), and Arabic; (2) the realization of linguistic politeness, both meeting leaders and meeting participants (men) tended to use direct speech act, either politeness sign, like tolong, harap, mari, and dipersilakan or not politeness sign compared to using of indirect speech act. On the contrary, the meeting leader or women participant tended to use the indirect speech act with the interrogative mode. The direction of the directive speech act was two-way direction, for both meeting leaders and participants of the meeting. However, apparently, the direction of directive speech act tended to come from the meeting leader to the participants meeting (from official(s) versus non-officials or of higher official(s) to lower one(s)).
REPRESENTASI KEBIJAKAN PENDIDIKAN DALAM DIMENSI PRAKTIK KEWACANAAN DALAM SURAT KABAR BERSKALA NASIONAL DAN REGIONAL Rahmania, Sofi Aulia; Rustono, Rustono; Santoso, Wahyudi Joko
Lingua Vol 14, No 2 (2018): July 2018
Publisher : Lingua

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Media massa dalam pandangan positivisme merupakan media informasi yang selalu memperhatikan aktualisasi dan objektivitas dalam menyampaikan informasi sehingga tidak ada unsur keberpihakan di dalamnya. Namun, dalam pandangan kritis, media massa bukanlah saluran yang bebas dan netral termasuk dalam memberitakan kebijakan pendidikan full day school dan moratorium ujian nasional. Hal ini membuat peneliti tertarik untuk meneliti ihwalrepresentasi kebijakan pendidikan dalam teks berita Harian Kompas, Harian Jawa Pos, dan Harian Suara Merdeka.Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu deskriptif kualitatif dan pendekatan teoretis, yaitu analisis wacana kritis model Norman Fairclough. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah metode simak, cakap, studi pustaka, dan dokumentasi.Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, kebijakan pendidikan tersebut direpresentasikan secara positif dan negatif.Representasi tersebut ditentukan oleh praktik kewacanaan ketiga media massa tersebut, seperti menolak, mendukung, atau menggiring opini masyarakat seperti yang diinginkan media.Mass media in the view of positivism is a medium of information that always pay attention to the actualization and objectivity in conveying information so that there is no element of alignment in it. However, in a critical view, the mass media is not a free and neutral channel including in preaching full day school education policy and national examinations moratorium. This makes the researcher interested to examine the representation of education policy in Kompas Daily, Jawa Pos daily news, and Suara Merdeka Daily news.This research used a methodological approach, namely descriptive qualitative and theoretical approach, as known as the critical discourse analysis of Norman Fairclough mode. Data collection methods used were the method of referring, proficient, literature study, and documentation.Based on data analysis, the education policy was represented positively and negatively. The representation was determined by the practice of three mass media, such as rejecting, supporting, or heralding public opinion as the media wishes.
TINDAK TUTUR DIREKTIF DOSEN DENGAN TENAGA ADMINISTRASI: ANCANGAN SOSIOPRAGMATIK BERPERSPEKTIF JENDER Handayani, Conny; Santoso, Wahyudi Joko; Widayanti, Diah Vitri
Lingua Vol 7, No 2 (2011): July 2011
Publisher : Lingua

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

Problems studied were how the realization of the election code TTD conducted by lecturers and administrative staff within the Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Semarang, both men and women against partners and why he said so? And ii) how the realization of politeness TTD conducted by lecturers and administrative staff in the Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Semarang, both men and women against partners and why he said so? Method of providing data used is the method of conversation with the basic technique of tapping techniques, and advanced techniques refer to techniques involved in the form of conversation, namely listening and participating in discussions and technical note. The methods of data analysis are a method of frontier, sub-method socio-pragmatic with descriptive-analytic-interpretive techniques. Method of presentation is informal methods and the implementation of such informal methods it is also the use of informal techniques. The results of this study is firstly, in general, the realization of the use of TTD code, either by the dean / assistant dean (male and female), head of the administrative faculty, head subsections, lecturer (male and female), as well as administration staff (male and female) be a code (language) Indonesia, either formal or not formal, and a small portion of mixed code (Indonesian, French, English, Java, and also a non-standard sentence structure.) Secondly, the TTD is one direction, namely from superiors to subordinates, from the senior to junior, from the old to the young. Thirdly, speaking in terms of politeness, dean / assistant dean of men in the rule tends to use direct speech acts, politeness marked either please or not. This case also occurs in administrative staffs officials. In contrast, assistant dean of women tends to use indirect speech acts. Fourthly, both heads and lecturers subsections women tend to use double TTD expressed directly or indirectly. It thus does not occur in male professors who are more likely had a direct TTD. TTD is a direct manifestation of the violation of the principle of politeness, wisdom sub-maxim, whereas indirect TTD is a manifestation of adherence to the principles of politeness, wisdom sub-maxim. Keywords: directive speech acts, actual use of code, politeness
MODEL PENDEKATAN PROSES DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MENULIS (ECRIRE) WACANA NARATIF PADA MAHASISWA SEMESTER III JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN BAHASA DAN SASTRA ASING PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA PRANCIS Santoso, Wahyudi Joko; Widayanti, Diah Vitri
Lingua Vol 5, No 2 (2009): July 2009
Publisher : Lingua

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

This research focused on the Proces-Approach Model in Narrative DiscourseWriting Learning. The four research questions: (1) how are the third semesterstudents’ perception in Language and Litterature Foreign Departement,French Education Study Programme on Proces Approach Model in NarrativeDiscourse of Writing Learning before a treatment, (2) how and how manypercents their capability of Narrative Discourse Writing are before a treatment,(3) how and how many percents their capability of Narrative Discourse Writingare after a treatment, and (4) how are the third semestre students’ perceptionin Language and Litterature Foreign Departement, French Education StudyProgramme on Proces Approach Model in Narrative Discourse of WritingLearning after the treatment? The perception data was taken by questionnairewhich was done 2 x, before and after the treatment, whereas thestudents’capability to write a narrative discourse was used by pretest andposttest. The findings show that firstly, the pretest result is various. Thestudents’s kwnoledge of definition narrative discourse reach 80 %, of narrativediscourse organition 92 %, of the experience writing of narrative discourse76%, and of the writing step 72 %. Besides, the students’ unknown of lexicaland grammatical marquers reach 80 % and 88 %. Secondly, totally, if I comparethe first and the second test, the result shows that the students who got A, B,and D decrease, from 1 to 0 student (5,26%), from 8 to 7 students (5,26%), andfrom 3 to 1 student (10,53%). But the students who got C and D increase, from5 to 8 students (15,79%) and from 2 to 3 students (5,26%). Finally, thestudents’ perception after the treatment indicate a various result. 80 %students are not satisfied of theirs narrative discourse writings, 60 % studentsstill has some difficulties, 80 % students are conscious of theirs weakness, and84 % students agreed about the researcher’s evaluation.Keywords: capability, writing, narrative discourse, proces approach writing model
Citra Publik Presiden Republik Indonesia pada Pemberitaan di Harian Suara Merdeka, Tabloid Tempo, dan Harian Republika : Kajian Analisis Wacana Kritis Model Norman Fairclough Assidik, Gallant Karunia; Santoso, B.Wahyudi Joko
Seloka: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia Vol 5 No 2 (2016): November 2016
Publisher : Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Semarang

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Fokus penelitian ini adalah (a) mendeskripsikan dimensi tekstual, (b) memaparkan praktik wacana, dan (c) memaparkan dimensi sosiobudaya dari pemberitaan Harian Suara Merdeka, Tabloid Tempo, dan Harian Republika dalam membentuk citra presiden.Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan meliputi pendekatan metodologis dan teoretis. Pendekatan metodologis yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan teoretis Analisis Wacana Kritis (AWK) Norman Fairclough. Ada tiga tahap analisis yang digunakan, yakni deskripsi, interpretasi, dan eksplanasi. Data penelitian ini adalah penggalan wacana pemberitaan tentang Presiden Republik Indonesia dalam rentang masa penerbitan bulan November 2015 hingga Januari 2016. Berdasarkan penelitian, diperoleh hasil penelitian sebagai berikut. Pertama, Harian Suara Merdeka lebih mengarah ke pembentukan citra positif bagi Presiden, dengan persentase citra positif 51,35%. Harian Republika juga condong ke pembentukan citra positif Presiden, melalui persentase 58,3%. Adapun Tabloid Tempo 66,67% condong ke pembentukan citra negatif bagi Presiden. Kedua, analisis praktik kewacanaan dipusatkan pada bagaimana teks diproduksi dan dikonsumsi. Harian Suara Merdeka, Harian Republika, dan Tabloid Kompas memiliki pertimbangan khusus dalam pemilihan isu yang akan disajikan kepada pembaca setiap harinya. Produksi teks berhubungan erat dengan ideologi wartawan dan tindakan yang hendak dicapai. Ketiga, teks berita yang diproduksi media dipengaruhi oleh teks, praktik wacana, dan praktik sosiokulturalThe focus of this study were (a) describe the textual dimension, (b) exposing the practice of discourse, and (c) exposing the sociocultural dimension of the preaching of Suara Merdeka, Tabloid Tempo and Republika newspaper in shaping the image of the president.The approach used in this study include the methodological and theoretical approaches. The methodological approach used is qualitative descriptive theoretical approaches Critical Discourse Analysis (AWK) Norman Fairclough. There are three stages of analysis used, the description, interpretation and explanation. This research data is a fragment of discourse proclamation of President of the Republic of Indonesia in the issuance of period November 2015 to January 2016.Based on research, obtained the following results. First, Suara Merdeka leads to the formation of a positive image for the President, with the percentage of 51.35% positive image. Republika newspaper also inclined to the formation of a positive image of the President, with the percentage of 58.3%. The Tabloid Tempo 66.67% incline to the formation of a negative image for the President. Second, the analysis of discourse practice focused on how the text is produced and consumed. Suara Merdeka daily, Republika and Kompas Tabloid has a special consideration in the selection of issues to be presented to the readers every day. Text production is closely linked to the ideology of journalists and actions to be achieved. Third, the text of the news produced media influenced by the text, discourse practice and socio-cultural practices.