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Plasma Serotonin Levels and Depression Scores in Informal Caregivers of Patients with Dementia and without Dementia: A Systematic Review Widyadharma, I Putu Eka; Budaya, I Made Maha Candra; Widyastuti, Ketut
Indonesian Journal of Medicine Vol.11 No.1 (2026)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26911/theijmed.2026.11.1.913

Abstract

Background: Depression frequently affects informal caregivers, particularly those caring for dementia patients due to greater emotional and caregiving burdens. This study aims to compare depression levels and plasma serotonin concentrations between dementia and non-dementia caregivers. Subjects and Method: A systematic review was conducted using PRISMA guidelines. Articles were searched from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar between 2015–2024 using the keywords: dementia caregiver, non-dementia caregiver, depression, and serotonin. Nine primary observational studies met the inclusion criteria: full-text availability, adult informal caregivers, and quantitative measurement of depression and/or serotonin. Data were synthesized narratively. Results: Most studies demonstrated higher depression levels among dementia caregivers compared to non-dementia caregivers. Emotional distress, patient behavioral symptoms, and caregiving duration were identified as major contributing factors. One study showed lower plasma serotonin associated with higher depressive scores, supporting possible biological involvement. Conclusion: Dementia caregivers exhibit greater depressive symptoms than non-dementia caregivers, potentially linked to caregiving burden and serotonin imbalance. Early psychological screening and targeted support interventions are recommended.
Co-Authors A.A Gde Agung Anom Arie W Abdullah, Fachrul Rizky Adhiyoga Santosa Agung Bagus S. Satyarsa Agung Wiwiek Indrayani Anak Agung Ayu Putri Laksmidewi Anak Agung Ayu Suryapraba Anak Agung Bagus Ngurah Nuartha Angelia Carolin Angga Dwi Saputra Anna Marita Gelgel Aria Wibawa Arimbawa, I Komang Ariswanda, I Gusti Agung Gede Ayu Inten Dwi Primayanti, I Dewa Belinda Orline Olivia Singgih Budaya, I Made Maha Candra Candra, Alamanda Clarissa Tertia Daniel Siagian de Liyis, Bryan Gervais Desak Ketut Indrasari Utami Devi, Gusti Ayu Putu Giti Livia Dewa Ngurah Suprapta Dewa Putu Gede Purwa Samatra Dian Rizki Fitria Dwijo Anargha Sindhughosa Eric Hartono Tedyanto ERIC HARTONO TEDYANTO Eric Hartono Tedyanto Faldi Yaputra Florence Diana Thomas G, Gayathridayawasi Gede Yoni Komalasari, Ni Luh Gitari, Ni Made Haditya, Yogi hakim, aulia el I Gusti Ngurah Ketut Budiarsa I Ketut Sumada I Komang Arimbawa I Made Jawi I Made Oka Adnyana I Made Oka Adnyana I MADE OKA ADNYANA I Made Pramana Dharmatika I Wayan Niryana Ida Ayu Sri Indrayani Ida Ayu Sri Wijayanti Ida Bagus Kusuma Putra IGN Budiarsa Indah Permata Dewi, Komang Indrasari Utami, Desak Ketut Indrayani, I.A. Sri Juhanna, Indira Vidiari Junaedi, Imam Kesanda, I Made Phala Ketut Widyastuti Kusmarini, Putu Elmamira Kusuma, Yohan Intan Laksmidwei, A A A Putri Lim, Demetria Jesica Limalvin, Nicholas Prathama Luh Made Mas Rusyati Made Oka Adnyana MADE OKA ADNYANA Mahadewi, Ni Putu Ayu Putri Mahmud, Ahmad Ulil Albab Nadia, Hana Jasmine Naomi Valencia Simbolon Ni Kadek Mulyantari Ni Ketut Candra Wiratmi Ni Luh Gede Yoni Komalasari, Ni Luh Gede Yoni Ni Made Dwita Pratiwi Ni Made Susilawathi Ni Made Wira Tania Astarini Ni Nyoman Ayu Dewi Ni Putu Sukarini, Ni Putu Nila Wahyuni Nila Wahyuni Nugraha, Boya P, Sukarini Pramana, Nyoman Angga Krishna Pranitha, Putu Diva Pratiwi, Ni Made Dwita Priandwika, Muhammad Rifki Agung Pusaka, Semerdanta Putra IGN, Purna Putri Rossyana Dewi Putu Emilia Dewi Putu Indah Mahardika Putri Putu Sutirta Yasa, Wayan Raka-Sudewi A. A. Rakhmad Gusta Putra Richard Suherlim Rindha Dwi Sihanto Risky Ilona Saputra Rizaldy Pinzon Rumai, I Made Winarsa Sanad, Sakinah Mar'ie Sanjaya, Feliani Setiawan, Okky Yani Sofyan Faridi Sri Wijayanti, Ida Ayu Sudirman, Dirvi Juliando Sulfan Bagus Setyawan Suryamulyawan, Kadek Adi Susilawathi, Ni Made Sutama, I Komang Reno Sutantohadi, Alief Syah Putra, Muhammad Dio Tedyanto, Eric Hartono Tertia, Clarissa Thomas Eko Purwata Tini, Kumara Tresna Erawan, I Gusti Ngurah Agung Trisnawati, Sri Yenni Vania Rau, Chiquita Putri Wahyu Pribadi Widya Trio Pangestu Widyastuti, Ketut Witari, Ni Putu Y, Yudiyanta Yes Matheos Lasarus Malaikosa Yudha, R. Gaguk Pratama Yudhiatama, Galang Dafa Yuniarni, Ruth Sharon