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NILAI ¬- NILAI KEARIFAN LOKAL DALAM PERMAINAN TRADISIONAL CUBLAK - CUBLAK SUWENG DI YOGYAKARTA: KAJIAN EKOLINGUISTIK Kurniasari, Yohana Rina; Rahardi, R. Kunjana
Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia Vol 8 No 2: November 2019
Publisher : Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni, Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (154.936 KB) | DOI: 10.15294/jpbsi.v8i2.30877

Abstract

Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif etnografi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengkaji wujud dan makna kearifan lokal yang terdapat dalam permainan tradisional cublak - cublak suweng di Yogyakarta ditinjau dari sudut pandang ekolinguistik serta strategi preservasi yang dapat dilakukan. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa deskripsi gerakan tubuh pada langkah - langkah permainan dan cuplikan syair lagu dalam permainan yang menunjukkan nilai - nilai kearifan lokal. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini yaitu anak-anak yang memainkan permainan tradisional cublak - cublak suweng, pengamat kebudayaan, dan tokoh masyarakat. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah metode simak dan cakap dengan teknik catat melalui observasi dan wawancara. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif meliputi reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan permainan cublak - cublak suweng memliki wujud kearifan lokal berupa perkataan yaitu, syair yang dilagukan ketika bermain dan perbuatan berupa gerakan tubuh yang tercermin dalam langkah - langkah permainan.  Makna yang terkandung dalam wujud - wujud kearifan lokal tersebut digambarkan dalam lima nilai yaitu 1) nilai kebersamaan, 2) nilai edukasi, 3) nilai berbagi, 4) nilai sumeleh, dan 5) nilai religius. Permainan tersebut dapat dilestarikan dengan membuat aplikasi games yang dapat diunduh di telepon genggam serupa dengan permainan aslinya, diajarkannya permainan tersebut di sekolah - sekolah, dan adanya lebih banyak penelitian kearifan lokal pada permainan tradisional. Kata kunci: cublak, suweng, kearifan, lokal, ekolinguistik This research used the type of qualitative research of ethnography. The purpose of this research is to examine the existence and significance of local wisdom found in the traditional game cublak - cublak suweng in Yogyakarta is reviewed from an ecolinguistic viewpoint as well as a preservation strategy that can be done. The data in this study in the form of body movement descriptions in the game steps and the poetry footage of the song in the game shows the values of local wisdom. The data sources in this study were children who played traditional cublak - cublak suweng games, cultural observers, and community leaders. The method of data collection used is a method of reading and proficient with the record technique through observation and interviews. The data analysis techniques used are descriptive analysis including data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion withdrawal. The results show cublak - cublak suweng has a local wisdom in the form of words, the lyrics are Dilagukan when playing and acts of body movements that are reflected in the steps of the game.  The meaning contained in the form of local wisdom is depicted in five values of 1) the value of togetherness, 2) educational value, 3) sharing value, 4) sumeleh value, and 5) religious value. The game can be preserved by creating games that can be downloaded on a mobile phone similar to the original game, the game teaches it in schools, and there is more research on local wisdom on the traditional game.  Keywords: cublak, suweng, kearifan, local, ecolinguistic
PERLOKUSI HOAKS COVID-19: PERSPEKTIF CYBERPRAGMATICS Rahardi, R. Kunjana
LITERA Vol 19, No 3: LITERA NOVEMBER 2020
Publisher : Faculty of Languages and Arts, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21831/ltr.v19i3.31469

Abstract

Hoaks adalah berita palsu yang menggunakan bahasa sebagai medianya, tetapi bukan bahasa dalam fungsi sesungguhnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan perlokusi hoaks Covid-19 di media sosial. Perspektif yang digunakan adalah Cyberpragmatics. Pendekatan yang diterapkan adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Objek sasaran penelitian ini adalah manifestasi perlokusi hoaks Covid-19. Data penelitian berupa cuplikan-cuplikan tuturan yang di dalamnya terdapat manifestasi-manifestasi perlokusi hoaks Covid-19. Sumber data substantif penelitian ini teks-teks tertulis yang terdapat di media sosial. Adapun sumber data lokasionalnya adalah media-media sosial seperti Instagram, Facebook, Blog, Webs, yang hadir di sekitar waktu penelitian. Data dikumpulkan dengan metode simak. Teknik yang digunakan adalah teknik rekam dan teknik catat. Sebelum dilakukan analisis data, validitas data dipastikan terlebih dahulu dengan triangulasi data. Metode analisis yang diterapkan adalah metode analisis ekstralingual. Adapun teknik yang diterapkan adalah teknik hubung banding khususnya teknik hubung banding menyamakan. Penelitian ini menghasilkan temuan perlokusi hoaks Covid-19 berikut ini: (1) mengentalkan rasa sentimen; (2) menumbuhkan perspepsi keliru; (3) menyindir otoritas; (4) menumbuhkan kegaduhan; (5) menebar ketakutan; (7) menumbuhkan kekhawatiran; dan (8) menumbuhkan kasak-kusuk.Kata Kunci: Cyberpragmatics, konteks eksternal virtual, dampak perlokusiAbstract Hoax is fake news that uses language as the medium, but not language in its true function. The main objective of this study is to describe the perlocutionary impact of Covid-19 hoaxes. The research perspective used was cyberpragmatics. The approach applied was descriptive qualitative. The object of this research was the manifestation of Covid-19 perlocutionary hoaxes. The research data were snippets of speech in which there were manifestations of Covid-19 hoaxes. The substantive data source of this research was written texts contained in the social media. The locational data sources were social media such as Instagram, Facebook, Blogs, Webs, which were present around the time of research. Data were collected by applying the listening method. The technique used was the recording technique and note taking technique. Before data analysis was performed, the validity of the data was confirmed in advance by applying data triangulation. The data analysis method applied was the extra-lingual analysis method or the extra-lingual equivalent analysis method. The technique applied was the appeal link technique, especially the equalization link technique. This study produced the following findings of the impacts of Covid-19 perlocutionary hoaxes, namely (1) making thickened sentiment; (2) fostering wrong perceptions; (3) insinuating authority; (4) creating noise; (5) spreading fear; (6) fostering concern; (7) growing gossips.Keywords: Cyberpragmatics, virtual external context, perlocutionary impacts
MAKNA PRAGMATIK BAHASA VERBAL DAN NONVERBAL KINESTETIK SEBAGAI MANIFESTASI KESANTUNAN MASYARAKAT SUNDA: KAJIAN ETNOPTAGMATIK Yanti, Neneng Tia Ati; Pranowo, Pranowo; Rahardi, R. Kunjana
Kajian Linguistik dan Sastra Vol 5, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (390.222 KB) | DOI: 10.23917/kls.v5i2.7861

Abstract

This research describes the pragmatic meaning of verbal and nonverbal language of Sundanese people in Sindangkasih District, Ciamis Regency, West Java. This research is a qualitative research using ethnopragmatics. That is, verbal and nonverbal politeness of Sundanese people can be done through speech acts that use kinesthetic nonverbal language (facial, gestural, and postural). The data source of this research is routine activities carried out by Sundanese people in Sindangkasih Subdistrict. The data in this study are verbal and nonverbal languages that contain politeness. The technique of collecting data in this study was to adapt the ethnographic method and use the method of listening. The data analysis technique of this study uses a flow model consisting of data reduction, data presentation, drawing conclusions and verification. The results showed that the pragmatic meaning of verbal and nonverbal politeness of Sundanese people was manifested through kinesthetic nonverbal language, namely nonverbal facial language (facial expressions / facial expressions); gestural (eye movements, head movements, and hand movements); and postural (movements of all limbs, such as bowing, standing upright, leftward, and rightward).Keywords: Verbal language, nonverbal language, and politeness
SIMULASI PENYIARAN RADIO DAN REPORTASE TELEVISI DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BERBICARA MONOLOGIKA Rahardi, R. Kunjana; Setyaningsih, Yuliana; Pranowo, Pranowo; Yudono, Kristophorus Divinanto
Jurnal Pena Indonesia Vol 6, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26740/jpi.v6n2.p55-70

Abstract

AbstrakPraktik berbicara kategori monologika dapat dilakukan dengan beragam cara, serta dilakukan dengan mengintegrasi penggunaan media teknologi, informasi, dan komunikasi. Penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mendeskripsikan proses pembelajaran dan penilaian yang dilakukan dalam praktik berbicara monologika. Penelitian dilakukan bersama pelajar dan guru yang mengikuti perkuliahan pengembangan keterampilan berbicara. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi dan wawancara. Analisis data dilakukan dengan tiga tahap yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa praktik berbicara monologika dilakukan dengan melakukan praktik simulasi penyiaran radio dan reportase televisi. Penilaian dilakukan dengan menyusun rubrik penilaian kinerja yang disusun berdasarkan aspek-aspek masing-masing praktik kegitan berbicara.Kata kunci: berbicara, monologika, simulasi pembelajaran. Abstract The practice of talking monologic categories can be done in a variety of ways, and is done by integrating the use of media technologies, information, and communication. Qualitative descriptive research is conducted in order to describe the learning and assessment processes conducted in the practice of speaking monologic. Research is conducted with students and teachers who follow the teaching skills development course.  Data collection is done with observation and interviews. Data analysis is done with three stages: data reduction, data presentation and withdrawal of conclusions. The results showed that the practice of speaking monologic was done by practicing radio broadcasting simulations and television reportage. The assessment was conducted by drafting a performance assessment section based on the aspects of each speech-related practice.Keyword: talking, monologic, education simulation.
Iconic Meanings of Flora Names in Dipasena as the Shrimp Aquaculture Area: Envirolinguistic Study Listiani, Fransisca Despa; Rahardi, R. Kunjana
Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa Vol 14, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : English Department FBS UNP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24036/ld.v14i1.109040

Abstract

This paper aims to expose aspects and shapes of iconic meanings of flora names in Dipasena as the shrimp aquaculture area and describe the relationship between the shape and meaning of its icon.  This type of research is naturalistic qualitative. The results of the study include the following things. (1) rubber tree-fire gum has a similarity with the flame. (2) The Berembang tree has fruit that is shaped like a flagpole or the dome of the mosque. (3) The characteristic of Waru doyong tree trunk that tends to grow inclined is likened to the meaning of the term doyong in bahasa Indonesia. (4) The shape of the leaf perumpungan similar to the shape of small sheep ears. (5) There is a similarity of sound between the name of the Pletekan flower with the sound produced by the eruption of the fruit. (6) There is a similarity between banana Muli and muli (girl in bahasa Lampung). (7) There are similarities of silk moss with silk yarn. (8) There is a similarity between intestinal moss and chicken intestines. From the results of the study can be concluded that the names of the flora have an iconic meaning and not arbitrary.
A Pragmalinguistic Perspective of Phatic Discourse Particles in the Lords Prayers Text R. Kunjana Rahardi
Jurnal Orientasi Baru VOLUME 23, NOMOR 01, APRIL 2014
Publisher : Jurnal Orientasi Baru

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

Analisis pragmalinguistik tentang partikel phatic sebagai entitas linguistik dalam teks Doa Bapa Kami menghasilkan suatu pemahaman yang lebih baik dari sekedar melulu analisis linguistik. Konteks situasional yang menyangkut juga unsur-unsur eksternal dari linguistik memungkinkan penutur menafsirkan teks Doa Bapa Kami yang mengandung partikel phatic -lah dan -pun dengan berbagai cara. Tuturan yang sama, yang pada suatu saat tertentu dipahami sebagai mengandung permintaan (requesting), pada saat yang lain bisa berarti permohonan (supplicating). Tuturan yang lain, yang pada kali yang satu mengandung pengharapan (hoping), pada kali yang lain bisa berarti permohonan (begging). Dengan menafsirkan makna pragmatik dari suatu tuturan, pembicara atau penutur bisa berkomunikasi dengan Allah dalam doa secara lebih intim dan intens lebih dari sekedar mendoakannya sebagai sesuatu rutinitas belaka.
Mendeskripsi Peran Konteks Pragmatik: Menuju Perspektif Cyberpragmatics Kunjana Rahardi
TRANSFORMATIKA Vol 3, No 2 (2019): Transformatika: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya
Publisher : Universitas Tidar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (190.555 KB) | DOI: 10.31002/transformatika.v3i2.2333

Abstract

This research focuses on the role of the pragmatic context in determining the purpose of speech on social media. This study describes the role of the pragmatic context in determining the purpose of speech in pragmatics with a cyber perspective. The object of this research was the role of the pragmatic context in the perspective of cyber pragmatics. This study's data were the utterances in which the object of the research object was contained in the role of the pragmatic context. The source of this research data substantively was the texts in which contained utterances containing the role of context. As a locational data source, this research uses social media in particular Twitter and Instagram to be reached around the time of this research. Data in the form of speeches that contain the role of the context were collected by applying the listen method. The technique used in the framework of applying the method of referencing was the free engage involved as a basic technique and the recording technique and note technique as a follow-up technique. The analytical method employed was the distributional analysis method. The technique used in applying the distribution method was the technique for the direct element. The extralinguistics dimensions of this research were analyzed by applying the contextual or equivalent methods, especially in extra lingual. The results showed four roles of the pragmatic context, namely: (1) aligning the substance of speech; (2) confirms the substance of speech; (3) clarifying the substance of speech; (4) the background of the speech intention.
ILOKUSI-ILOKUSI HOAKS COVID-19 DI MEDIA SOSIAL DALAM PERSPEKTIF CYBER-PRAGMATICS/COVID-19 HOAX ILLOCUTIONS IN INSTAGRAM IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF CYBERPRAGMATICS R. Kunjana Rahardi
Aksara Vol 32, No 2 (2020): AKSARA, Edisi Desember 2020
Publisher : Balai Bahasa Provinsi Bali

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (419.205 KB) | DOI: 10.29255/aksara.v32i2.561.313-322

Abstract

Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan wujud-wujud ilokusi hoax Covid-19 di media sosial Instagram dalam perspektif Cyberpragmatics. Data penelitian berupa tuturan-tuturan dalam Instagram yang di dalamnya terkandung ilokusi-ilokusi hoax covid-19. Data dikumpulkan dengan metode simak. Teknik yang digunakan dalam rangka penerapan metode simak adalah teknik simak bebas libat cakap sebagai teknik dasar dan teknik rekam dan teknik catat sebagai teknik lanjutan. Setelah tipe-tipe data tersaji dengan baik, langkah selanjutnya adalah memvalidasi data. Metode dan teknik analisis data diterapkan adalah metode analisis distribusional. Teknik yang digunakan dalam rangka menerapkan metode distribusional adalah teknik bagi unsur langsung. Adapun dimensi-dimensi ekstrakebahasan penelitian ini dianalisis dengan menerapkan metode kontekstual atau metode padan khususnya padan ekstralingual. Penelitian ini berhasil menemukan ilokusi-ilokusi hoax Covid-19 sebagai berikut: (1) ilokusi menebar informasi tidak jelas, (2) ilokusi menyoal informasi keliru, (3) ilokusi menebar berita palsu, (4) ilokusi menyoal desas-desus, (5) ilokusi menebar berita tidak benar, (6) ilokusi membesar-besarkan informasi keliru, (7) ilokusi menebar informasi yang tidak jelas, (8) ilokusi membesar-besarkan masalah. Kata Kunci: cyberpragmatics, ilokusi hoax, Covid-19 Abstract The purpose of this research is to describe the forms of Covid-19 hoax illocution in Instagram social media in the perspective of Cyberpragmatics. The research data were in the form of utterances in which contained the illusion of covid-19 hoaxes. Data were collected by the observation method. The technique used in the framework of applying the refer to method was a free, engaging, involved listening technique as the basic technique and the record technique and the note technique as an advanced technique. After the types of data were presented properly, the next step was to validate the data. The method and data analysis technique applied was the distributional analysis method. The technique used in the framework of applying the distributional method was the technique for the direct element. The extra dimensions of this research were analyzed by applying the contextual method or the matching method speci cally the extralingual padding. This research succeeded in nding Covid-19 hoax illocution as follows: (1) illocution to spread unclear information, (2) illocutionary to erroneous information, (3) illocution to spread false news, (4) illocution to rumors, (5) illocution to spread untrue news, (6) illocution to exaggerate misinformation, (7) illocution to spread information that is not clear, (8) illocution to exaggerate the problem. Keywords: cyberpragmatics, illocution hoaxes, Covid-19
REDUPLIKASI ADVERBIA SEBAGAI PROSEDE MORFOLOGIS PALING DOMINAN DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA: PERSPEKTIF PRAGMATIK SISTEMIK R. Kunjana Rahardi
Dialektika: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia Vol 7, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Department of Indonesia Language and Literature Teaching, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/dialektika.v7i2.15216

Abstract

Abstract: Research on the reduplication of open and closed word classes in Indonesian language morphology in a systemic pragmatic perspective was carried out in order to respond to this reality. The research problem is formulated as follows, (1) What are the manifestations of open word class reduplication in Indonesian morphological procedures from a systemic pragmatic perspective; (b) What is the most dominant class of word reduplication in Indonesian morphological procedures? The data of this study were collected by listening and competent methods. The listening method used is applied by note taking and recording techniques. As for the proficient methods used, the proficiency techniques are proficient and the techniques of proficiency are not upfront. The proficient methods and techniques are supplemented by note taking and recording techniques. The data that has been presented well, has been classified and properly typified, then analyzed using the distribution analysis method and the method of matching analysis. The conclusions of this study are: (1) Reduplication of adverb word classes occurs with a very dominant use of informal Indonesian in electronic mass media such as those contained in television. (2) Reduplication both in the word classes of adverbs, verbs, adjectives, nouns, and numerals found in this study partly changes the word class and meaning, changes the word class but does not change the meaning. (3) The systemic pragmatic perspective can be used to interpret the reduplication more precisely because in this perspective the internal aspects of the language as well as the external aspects of the language are equally considered.Abstrak: Penelitian reduplikasi kelas kata terbuka dan tertutup dalam prosede morfologi bahasa Indonesia dalam perspektif pragmatik sistemik ini dilakukan dalam rangka merespons kenyataan ini. Masalah penelitian ini dirumuskan sebagai berikut, (1) Apa sajakah manifestasi reduplikasi kelas kata terbuka dalam prosede morfologis bahasa Indonesia ditinjau dari perspektif pragmatik sistemik; (b) Reduplikasi kelas kata apakah yang paling dominan terjadi dalam prosede morfologis bahasa Indonesia? Data penelitian ini dikumpulkan dengan metode simak dan metode cakap. Metode simak yang digunakan diterapkan dengan teknik catat dan teknik rekam. Adapun metode cakap yang digunakan adalah teknik cakap semuka dan teknik cakap yang tidak semuka. Metode dan teknik cakap itu dilengkapi dengan teknik catat dan teknik rekam. Data yang telah tersaji dengan baik, telah diklasifikasi dan ditipifikasi dengan baik, selanjutnya dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode analisis distribusional dan metode analisis padan. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah, (1) Reduplikasi kelas kata adverbia terjadi dengan sangat dominan dalam pemakaian bahasa Indonesia informal di media massa elektronik seperti yang terdapat dalam televisi. (2) Reduplikasi baik dalam kelas kata adverbia, verba, adjektiva, nomina, maupun numeralia yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini sebagian mengubah kelas kata dan makna, mengubah kelas kata tetapi tidak mengubah makna. (3) Perspektif pragmatik sistemik dapat digunakan untuk memaknai reduplikasi tersebut secara lebih tepat karena dalam perspektif ini aspek internal kebahasaan maupun aspek eksternal kebahasaan sama-sama dipertimbangkan. 
Makna Ikonis dan Makna Indeks pada Kuliner Khas Purworejo: Kajian Ekolinguistik Jasmine Belinda Budijanto; R. Kunjana Rahardi
Diglosia : Jurnal Pendidikan, Kebahasaan, dan Kesusastraan Indonesia Vol 5, No 2 (2021): Agustus
Publisher : Universitas Majalengka

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (586.305 KB)

Abstract

Kuliner adalah salah satu ciri khas dari setiap daerah. Salah satu keunikan kuliner adalah penamaannya. Biasanya penamaan kuliner didasarkan pada makna ikonis dan makna indeks. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan makna ikonis dan makna indeks dari kuliner khas Purworejo. Selain itu, artikel ini juga mendeskripsikan hubungan antara aspek dengan makna indeks dan makna ikonis. Penelitian dalam artikel ini bersifat kualitatif. Data penelitian ini adalah nama-nama kuliner khas Purworejo, transkripsi hasil wawancara dan dokumentasi berupa gambar. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan studi pustaka dan wawancara tak terstruktur. Hasil kajian makna ikonis dan makna indeks dari kuliner khas Purworejo adalah sebagai berikut: (1) Dawet Ireng Jembut Kecabut yang memiliki kesamaan dengan warna dawet yang hitam dan nama jembut kecabut berasal dari warung dawet Pak Ahmad; (2) Sate Winong yang namanya berasal dari daerah tempat dijualnya sate tersebut; (3) Kue Lompong berasal dari nama lompong atau talas. Daun talas kering tersebut menjadi pewarna dari kue lompong; (4) Clorot memiliki kesamaan dengan cara makannya yang di-clorot atau ditekan ke atas. Dari hasil penelitian tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada makna ikonis dan makna indeks dari nama-nama kuliner khas Purworejo dan nama-nama kuliner tersebut tidak bersifat arbitrer.Kata kunci: ekolinguistik, kuliner khas Purworejo, makna ikonis, makna indeks Culinary is one of the characteristics of each region. One of the culinary uniqueness is its naming. Usually culinary naming is based on iconic meaning and the meaning of index. This article aims to describe iconic meaning and index meaning from Purworejo culinaries. Other than that, this article also describes the relationship between aspects with iconic meaning and index meaning. Research in this article is qualitative research. The data of this research are Purworejo culinary names, interview transcript and images documentation. Data collections were done by literature study and unstructured interviews. The result of iconic meaning and index meaning from Purworejo’s culineries are: (1) Dawet Ireng Jembut Kecabut which has similarities with the black color of dawet and the name Jembut Kecabut comes from Pak Ahmad’s dawet shop; (2) Sate Winong, whose name comes from the area where the satay is sold; (3) Kue Lompong comes from name Lompong or taro. The dried taro leaves become the coloring of the kue lompong; (4) Clorot is similar to the way it is eaten which is clotted or pressed upwards. From the results of this article, it can be concluded that there are iconic meaning and index meaning of Purworejo culinary names and culinary names are not arbitrary.Keywords: ecolinguistics, Purworejo culinary, iconic meaning, index meaning