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Asian Journal of Agriculture
Published by Universitas Mulawarman
ISSN : -     EISSN : 25804537     DOI : -
Core Subject : Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry
Aims and Scope Asian Journal of Agriculture encourages submission of manuscripts dealing with all aspects to optimizing the quality and quantity of both plant and animal yield and final products, including agricultural economics and management, agricultural engineering and mechanization, agronomy and crop science, fish breeding, poultry breeding, plants and animals breeding, biotechnology, molecular biology, genetic diversity and breeding, food science and technology, land resources, land use, and remote sensing, plant pathology and pest management, microbiology, virology and bacteriology, organic agriculture, ecology and ecophysiology, physiology and nutrition, post-harvest technology, soil sciences, soilless culture, tissue culture technology, phytoremediation, and water management.
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Articles 150 Documents
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Impact of vernalization on flowering, fruiting, and yield of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) cultivars under tropical highland conditions ESCOMEN, EDGEL O.; JAMBARO, GERLIE S.
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100116

Abstract

Abstract. Escomen EO, Jambaro GS. 2026. Impact of vernalization on flowering, fruiting, and yield of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) cultivars under tropical highland conditions. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100116. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100116. Vernalization is a key physiological process influencing flowering, fruiting, and yield in strawberry, yet its effectiveness varies among cultivars, particularly under tropical highland conditions where natural chilling is limited. This study examines the performances of vernalization in terms of phenology, productivity, and fruit characteristics of five strawberry cultivars, namely Albion, Snow White, Summer Princess, Sweet Charlie, and Sweet Honeoye. The experiment was conducted in the tropical highland environment in Marawi City, Philippines, to improve strawberry production in tropical and subtropical areas. A 2x5 split-plot in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with vernalization (3°C for 10 h before planting) as the main plot and cultivar as the subplot. Vernalization significantly accelerated flowering, increased flower and fruit numbers, and enhanced total yield across cultivars (p<0.05). Vernalized plants produced a higher mean yield (10.83 t ha-¹) compared with non-vernalized plants (7.38 t ha-¹), primarily due to increased reproductive output. Sweet Honeoye and Sweet Charlie produced 13.68 t ha-1 and 13.47 t ha-1, respectively. The number of flower formations was greater, as Sweet Honeoye generated up to a mean of 40.25 flowers per plant. The fruit yield was also increased, especially in Sweet Honeoye and Sweet Charlie. The number of runners was reduced due to vernalization, which was most significant with Albion. Snow White experienced an increase in the Total Soluble Solids (TSS) to 15.35°Brix. Each cultivar has a different response to vernalization. Significant interaction effects between vernalization and cultivar were observed for key phenological and yield traits, underscoring genotype-specific responses. These findings demonstrate that short-duration vernalization can substantially improve strawberry productivity in tropical highlands when matched with responsive cultivars, offering a practical strategy for enhancing yield stability under warm-climate conditions.
In vitro plant regeneration of Cattleya sp. from Protocorm-Like Bodies (PLBs) using coconut water and activated charcoal HARAHAP, FAUZIYAH; SIREGAR, ANITA RASUNA SARI; IDRAMSA, IDRAMSA; SURIANI, CICIK; EDI, SYAHMI; PANGGABEAN, NURUL HUDA; DAULAE, ABDUL HAKIM; POHAN, SELVIA DEWI; TANJUNG, AURA ALBIZIA; PERTIWI, SUFINA INTAN; KAIRANI, ANITA
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100130

Abstract

Abstract. Harahap F, Siregar ARS, Idramsa, Suriani C, Edi S, Panggabean NH, Daulae AH, Pohan SD, Tanjung AA, Pertiwi SI, Kairani A. 2026. In vitro plant regeneration of Cattleya sp. from Protocorm-Like Bodies (PLBs) using coconut water and activated charcoal. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100130. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100130. Cattleya sp. is an ornamental orchid whose seeds lack of endosperm, making natural germination and propagation difficult. In vitro culture using Protocorm-Like Bodies (PLBs) offers an alternative for mass propagation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of coconut water and activated charcoal on the in vitro regeneration of Cattleya sp. PLBs. A completely randomized design was employed with varying concentrations of coconut water (0, 5, and 10%) and activated charcoal (0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 g/L). Morphological parameters observed included time to shoot emergence, number of leaves, shoots, and roots, as well as shoot color. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. The results showed that coconut water significantly accelerated shoot emergence with 10% of coconut water producing the fastest response (12 days after treatment). Activated charcoal enhanced shoot and leaf formation with 0.3 g/L, producing the highest number of shoot and leaf. Root formation was optimal at lower charcoal concentrations. Overall, the combination of coconut water and activated charcoal significantly influenced PLBS growth and regeneration. These findings indicate that appropriate combinations of organic additives can optimize in vitro regeneration of Cattleya sp. and support efficient orchid propagation.
Volatile organic compounds from Bacillus subtilis BE6 inhibit and lyse mycelial growth of Sclerotium rolfsii HARDIYANTI, SITI; AMARIA, WIDI; RAHAYUNINGSIH, SRI; SUPRIADI, SUPRIADI; WARTONO, WARTONO; HARNI, RITA; KORLINA, ELI; WIDODO, WIDODO; SYABANA, MOHAMAD ANA; WIJAYA, RUSBIANTO
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100123

Abstract

Abstract. Hardiyanti S, Amaria W, Rahayuningsih S, Supriadi, Wartono, Harni R, Korlina E, Widodo, Syabana MA, Wijaya R. 2026. Volatile organic compounds from Bacillus subtilis BE6 inhibit and lyse mycelial growth of Sclerotium rolfsii. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100123. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100123. Sclerotium rolfsii is a devastating soil-borne pathogen responsible for significant crop losses worldwide, highlighting the need for effective control strategies. Antagonistic bacteria provide an eco-friendly biocontrol alternative for managing such plant diseases. This study evaluated the antifungal efficacy of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) produced by eight bacterial isolates belonging to the genera Bacillus, Serratia, Brucella, and Burkholderia against S. rolfsii under in vitro conditions. Antifungal activity was assessed using a dual-culture assay in divided petri dishes, followed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to assess morphological changes, and headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) for chemical profiling. Among the isolates, indigenous Bacillus subtilis BE6 exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on S. rolfsii isolate Sc.lb, achieving a growth inhibition rate of 57.2±10.5% compared to the control. Other notable isolates included Bacillus amyloliquefaciens P7 (43.5±7.3%) and Serratia surfactantfaciens S108 (42.7±10.9%). Observation through SEM demonstrated that VOCs from B. subtilis BE6 induce severe hyphal abnormalities, such as shrinkage, wrinkling, and lysis. GC-MS analysis identified 27 VOCs emitted by B. subtilis BE6, with the dominant compounds being cis-2,3-epoxybutane (27.34%), methyl (Z)-N-hydroxybenzenecarboximidate (17.19%), 5-methyl-2-hexanone (14.10%), hexanal (12.46%), and 2,5-dimethylpyrazine (2.89%). These compounds belong to the aldehyde, epoxide, oxime, ketone, and pyrazine groups, all of which are associated with antimicrobial properties. Overall, the results demonstrate that VOCs produced by B. subtilis BE6 effectively inhibit and disrupt the mycelial growth of S. rolfsii, highlighting their potential as eco-friendly biofumigant agents for the managing of soil-borne plant diseases. Further studies are required to validate their efficacy under in vivo and field conditions, as well as to elucidate the individual and synergistic roles of key VOCs.
Characterization of acid-modified corn cob biochar for potential alkaline soil remediation HASSAN, MAHMOUD A. M.; EL-SAYED, MOHAMED E. A.; ABDALLAH, MOHAMED H.; GAHLAN, AHMED A.
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100125

Abstract

Abstract. Hassan MAM, El-Sayed MEA, Abdallah MH, Gahlan AA. 2026. Characterization of acid-modified corn cob biochar for potential alkaline soil remediation. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100125. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100125. Biochar (BC), derived from agricultural residues, is increasingly recognized for its capacity to enhance soil quality and contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Conversely, the typically high pH of BC limits its effectiveness in alkaline soils, such as those prevalent in Egypt. In order to overcome this difficulty, this study produced BC from corncobs via slow pyrolysis at 350°C for an hour at a heating rate of 10°C min-1. Its surface was modified with phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and humic acid, resulting in PBC, SBC, and HBC, respectively. Biochar and its modified forms were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). The findings revealed that the pH of MBCs has decreased from 7.87 to 7.13 compared to 8.32 for BC. This adjustment can improve the compatibility of BC with alkaline soils. In addition, all Modified Biochars (MBCs) have higher surface areas of 83.73, 79.60, and 75.23 m²/g for HBC, SBC, and PBC, respectively, compared to 73.41 m²/g for unmodified BC. Pores of MBCs were microporous, while BC is composed of mesopores. The elemental analysis demonstrated that the MBCs have more functional groups than BC, which improves BC properties and applications. Overall, the MBCs demonstrated enhanced specific physicochemical properties, particularly in pH adjustment, functional groups, surface areas, and pore size distribution following the order: HBC>SBC>PBC>BC, suggesting their potential as effective ameliorants for alkaline soils. These results highlight the benefits of agricultural waste and tailoring BC properties to address the specific needs of alkaline soils, while also contributing incidentally to carbon sequestration as a beneficial secondary outcome.
Comparative effect of ultrasound-assisted extraction configuration method on the physicochemical characteristics of tuna skin gelatin MUHTAR, IMRAN; SYAHRIATI, SYAHRIATI; SALEH, RAHMAWATI; AHMAD, ILHAM; RAMLAH, SITTI; ROSNIATI, ROSNIATI; LOPPIES, JUSTUS ELISA
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100129

Abstract

Abstract. Muhtar I, Syahriati, Saleh R, Ahmad I, Ramlah S, Rosniati, Loppies JE. 2026. Comparative effect of ultrasound-assisted extraction configuration method on the physicochemical characteristics of tuna skin gelatin. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100129. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100129. Gelatin is a biopolymer widely used in the food industry. The main challenge lies in the low yield and quality of gelatin produced through conventional extraction methods. This study aims to enhance the efficiency and quality of tuna (Thunnus albacares) skin gelatin by employing various extraction configurations. Tuna skin obtained from industrial processing by-products is then cleaned, cut uniformly, weighed, and used for pre-treatment and extraction. Tuna skin samples were obtained from processing by-products at PT. Nirvana Niaga Sejahtera from Indonesia in 2025. The extraction methods used include Water Bath Extraction (WBE), Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Pre-Alkali-Acetic Treatment (UAE-PRAA), and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Post-Acetic Treatment (UAE-PSAA). The UAE process was carried out at 175 W power, 25 kHz frequency, and 55°C for 60 minutes. The parameters analyzed included yield, composition (protein, moisture, and ash contents), pH, viscosity, gel strength, and structural characteristics, as determined by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The results showed that the UAE-PSAA method produced the highest yield (13.34±0.22%), significantly (p<0.05) greater than UAE-PRAA (6.60±0.15%) and WBE (5.01±0.12%). The highest protein content was found in WBE (81.39±0.02 g/100g) and UAE-PSAA (80.44±0.28 g/100g), while the lowest moisture content was observed in UAE-PSAA (5.16±0.17 g/100g), indicating better drying efficiency. The lowest ash content (0.62±0.02 g/100g) was also obtained from UAE-PSAA, reflecting higher extraction purity. Gel strength (164.32±0.04 g) and viscosity (10.00±0.05 cP) significantly (p<0.05) improved with the UAE-PSAA method. FTIR analysis revealed minor spectral shifts toward lower wavenumbers in the amide regions, indicating molecular rearrangements that improved the functional properties of the extracted gelatin. Overall, the UAE-PSAA configuration significantly (p<0.001) enhances yield, physicochemical quality, and molecular stability of tuna skin gelatin, demonstrating strong potential for scalable and sustainable industrial applications.
Effect of maltodextrin level on nutritional and physicochemical properties of spray-dried mandarin juice AHMAD, ILHAM; MURSALIM, MURSALIM; SALENGKE, SALENGKE; WARIS, ABDUL; JASSIN, ERNAWATI; ARISANDI, ARWINI
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100118

Abstract

Abstract. Ahmad I, Mursalim, Salengke, Waris A, Jassin E, Arisandi A. 2026. Effect of maltodextrin level on nutritional and physicochemical properties of spray-dried mandarin juice. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100118. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100118. Spray drying is widely used to transform heat-sensitive fruit juices into shelf-stable powders. However, the addition of carrier agents can diminish the retention of labile nutrients. The influence of maltodextrin-to-mandarin juice ratios ranging from 15:85 to 45:55 (w/w) on spray-dried powder properties was evaluated at a fixed inlet temperature of 130°C. Seven formulations of Selayar mandarin (Citrus reticulata) juice with food-grade maltodextrin (DE 10-12) were homogenized and spray-dried using a Büchi B-290 mini spray dryer (outlet 85-115 °C) with a two-fluid nozzle (6 bar), feed rate of ~5 mL/min, and 100% aspirator. Each formulation was processed in triplicate. Vitamin C content was determined by DCPIP titration, titratable acidity (TAT) was measured as percent citric acid, moisture content was determined by oven-drying at 105 °C, ash content by muffle furnace at 550°C, and soluble solids (°Brix) by digital refractometry. Results are reported as mean ± SD (n=3), and the effect of carrier level was analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test (p < 0.05). Vitamin C content of the powder was significantly reduced from 259.98 mg/100 g to 135.14 mg/100 g as the maltodextrin content increased, and titratable acidity was lowered from 1.28% to 0.35%. Moisture content remained low (3.54-4.47%), indicating that the powders were sufficiently dried for safe storage. Ash content increased from 0.13% to 0.48% at higher maltodextrin ratios, whereas °Brix values remained high (75.0-85.1), indicating strong retention of soluble solids. Overall, a clear trade-off was observed between nutrient preservation and powder stability: greater vitamin C retention was achieved at lower carrier-to-juice ratios, whereas higher ratios were associated with improved drying performance and powder handling. These findings provide practical guidance for optimizing carrier use in small-scale citrus powder production and underscore the need for further research on alternative carrier materials and their effects on sensory quality.
Value chain and nutmeg farmers’ welfare in Morella, Central Maluku, Indonesia PAAYS, VILIA GLAUDYA; MUNIZU, MUSRAN; ARSAL, ARIADY
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100120

Abstract

Abstract. Paays VG, Munizu M, Arsal A. 2026. Value chain and nutmeg farmers’ welfare in Morella, Central Maluku, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100121. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100121. Nutmeg is one of Indonesia’s high-value plantation commodities and plays an important role in supporting rural livelihoods. However, despite its economic potential, many smallholder nutmeg farmers still experience limited welfare improvements due to weak integration within traditional value chain systems. In many producing areas, farmers face constraints such as limited market access, price uncertainty, low bargaining power, and weak institutional support. These conditions reduce farmers’ ability to capture the value created along the nutmeg value chain and ultimately limit improvements in income and welfare. Therefore, understanding how value chain performance influences farmer income and welfare is essential for developing effective strategies to improve smallholder livelihoods. This study aims to analyze the direct and indirect relationships between the nutmeg value chain, farmer income, and farmer welfare in Morella Village, Central Maluku District, Indonesia, with income functioning as a mediating variable. The research employed a quantitative explanatory design using survey data collected from 84 nutmeg farmers. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) to examine the relationships among the variables and test the mediating role of income. The results show that value chain performance has a positive and significant effect on both farmer income and farmer welfare. Improvements in value chain activities such as production management, logistics, marketing, and institutional support contribute to increased farmer income and improved welfare conditions. In addition, income significantly influences farmer welfare and partially mediates the relationship between value chain performance and welfare outcomes. However, the direct effect of the value chain on welfare is stronger than the indirect effect through income, indicating that structural improvements in the value chain contribute to welfare beyond income increases alone. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening the nutmeg value chain to enhance smallholder welfare. Policies that improve market access, develop post-harvest processing, strengthen farmer institutions, and promote technological adoption are essential to ensure that value creation within the nutmeg value chain translates into sustainable income growth and improved welfare for smallholder farmers.
Radicle emergence as a rapid indicator of sorghum seed vigor to predict mean germination time, vigor index, and field emergence KUSUMAWARDANA, ADITYA; ILYAS, SATRIYAS; QADIR, ABDUL; TRIKOESOEMANINGTYAS, TRIKOESOEMANINGTYAS; HUMAN, SOERANTO; SIHONO, SIHONO
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100124

Abstract

Abstract. Kusumawardana A, Ilyas S, Qadir A, Trikoesoemaningtyas, Human S, Sihono. 2026. Radicle emergence as a rapid indicator of sorghum seed vigor to predict mean germination time, vigor index, and field emergence. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100124. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100124. This study aimed to develop a standardized radicle emergence test for sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) seeds by determining the optimal single-count timing and temperature for the simultaneous assessment of seed vigor and viability. This test was conducted by calculating the percentage of seeds whose radicles had emerged by at least 2 mm in length during a single observation period at the beginning of germination. Seed lots with low radicle emergence rates showed slow germination, reflecting an early physiological indicator of seed deterioration and a key factor contributing to reduced vigor. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with one factor: 12 sorghum genotypes, and four replications (blocks). Radicle length was measured at 2-h intervals from 40 to 48 h, with a minimum length of 2 mm. Results of radicle emergence (production of 2 mm radicle) at 25°C and alternating temperatures 20⇔30°C for 44 h (the optimal time), mean germination time, germination percentage, germination speed, vigor index, maximum growth potential, tetrazolium test, and field emergence were compared using 12 genotypes of sorghum seeds with standard germination above 83%. The single counts of radicle emergence performed at 25°C and 20⇔30°C were highly correlated with key vigor and viability indicators. Correlations with vigor-related traits, such as mean germination time (R²=0.87-0.81), vigor index (R²=0.83-0.89), germination speed (R²=0.73-0.71), and field emergence (R²=0.77-0.70), were strong, as were those with viability parameters, including standard germination (R²=0.66-0.59) and tetrazolium test results (R²=0.58-0.52). This study concludes that a single count of radicle emergence at 44 h, conducted at either 25°C or 20⇔30°C, is a method for simultaneous assessment of seed vigor (mean germination time, vigor index, germination speed, and field emergence) and viability in sorghum, offering a significant improvement over more time-consuming tests, such as germination test that requires 10 days.
Utilization of mandarin orange peel waste as source of bioactive compounds in stripped catfish feed formulation SUSANTO, ADI; AGUSTINA, AGUSTINA; SUKARTI, KOMSANAH; AGRIANDINI, MAULINA; NURHALISA, NURHALISA
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100135

Abstract

Abstract. Susanto A, Agustina, Sukarti K, Agriandini M, Nurhalisa. 2026. Utilization of mandarin orange peel waste as source of bioactive compounds in stripped catfish feed formulation. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100135. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100135. Mandarin orange peel contains bioactive compounds that can improve the health and growth of fish. The objective of this study is to analyze the bioactive compounds of mandarin orange peel to improve the health and growth of stripped catfish. Identification and determination of components of mandarin orange peel methanol extract used the LC-HRMS method. The study consisted of four treatments of orange peel powder with doses of 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 g kg-1 feed. In total, 180 fish weighing 9.08±0.31 g in groups of 15 fish were kept in plastic containers for 30 days and fed twice a day (to satiation) according to the treatments. The observed parameters were hematology (erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and leukocyte differential), growth performance, feed utilization, and survival rate. Results of LC-HRMS showed 1.285 bioactive compounds detected in orange peel, with the highest levels for Herniarin 9.962490% and D-Glucuronic Acid 9.935390%. Mandarin orange peel powder in the feed affected hematological parameters, growth performance, and feed utilization in stripped catfish (P<0.05). Hemoglobin, leukocyte, monocyte, and neutrophil parameters were higher in the treatment group compared to the control group. The findings revealed that 2.5 g kg-1 was the optimal dose because it produced the highest body weight, growth length, specific growth rate, feed utilization efficiency, and protein conversion ratio, with values ​​of 6.69 g, 12.57 cm, 1.79% per day, 74.67%, and 2.02%, respectively (P<0.05). The survival rate for all treatments reached 100%. This approach supports mandarin orange peel as a biological resource containing bioactive compounds, thus supporting its use as a sustainable feed additive for stripped catfish.
Antifungal potential of Enydra fluctuans extract for postharvest control of Colletotrichum siamense in dragon fruit TRUC, NGUYEN TRUNG; THI, QUACH VAN CAO; NHUNG, DUONG THI CAM
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100127

Abstract

Abstract. Truc NT, Thi QVC, Nhung DTC. 2026. Antifungal potential of Enydra fluctuans extract for postharvest control of Colletotrichum siamense in dragon fruit. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100127. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100127. Pitaya, commonly known as red-fleshed dragon fruit, is rich in bioactive and nutritional compounds; however, its postharvest shelf life is limited due to high susceptibility to fungal diseases, particularly anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. These infections significantly reduce fruit quality, shorten storage duration, and decrease economic value. This study investigated the antifungal efficacy of Whole Enydra fluctuans Phenolic Extract (WEPE) against postharvest pathogens of dragon fruit under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Fifteen fungal isolates were recovered from infected fruits, among which strain TL12 was identified as Colletotrichum siamense based on morphological characteristics and ITS rDNA sequencing. Pathogenicity tests confirmed Koch’s postulates, producing disease symptoms comparable to those observed in naturally infected fruits. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. siamense associated with postharvest anthracnose of dragon fruit in the studied region. WEPE obtained using ultrasound-assisted extraction with 45% ethanol exhibited the highest total phenolic content (18.26±1.49 mg GAE/g). In vitro assays demonstrated strong antifungal activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 700 μg/mL for complete mycelial growth inhibition and 5000 μg/mL for spore germination inhibition. In vivo application of WEPE significantly suppressed anthracnose development on dragon fruit in a concentration-dependent manner. After 7 days of incubation, disease severity was reduced by approximately 30.4% and 55% at 700 and 5000 μg/mL, respectively, compared to the control. The results indicate that WEPE possesses strong antifungal potential against C. siamense and may be considered a promising natural agent for postharvest disease management in dragon fruit. However, these findings are based on short-term storage experiments under controlled laboratory conditions. Further research involving formulation optimization, extended storage evaluation, and field-scale validation is necessary before practical application in commercial postharvest systems.

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