cover
Contact Name
Misbah
Contact Email
misbah_pfis@ulm.ac.id
Phone
+628975586104
Journal Mail Official
btjpm@ulm.ac.id
Editorial Address
Jalan Brig Jend H. Hasan Basri Gedung FKIP Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Kotak Pos No. 87 Banjarmasin Kal-Sel 70123
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Kota banjarmasin,
Kalimantan selatan
INDONESIA
Bubungan Tinggi: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat
ISSN : 27222934     EISSN : 27223043     DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.20527
Core Subject : Education, Social,
Bubungan Tinggi: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat publishes articles from community service. This Bubungan Tinggi: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat is periodically published by Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat. Bubungan Tinggi: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat published two times a year in May and November.
Articles 735 Documents
Pembelajaran Berdiferensiasi Melalui Penyusunan Bahan Ajar Kimia Berbasis STEM di Lingkungan Lahan Basah dalam Kurikulum Merdeka Yogo Dwi Prasetyo; Syahmani Syahmani; Fauzia Dwi Sasmita; Misbah Misbah; Andy Azhari; Afifah Warohmah; Risqa Masila; Nanda Anadia
Bubungan Tinggi: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Vol 5, No 4 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/btjpm.v5i4.10176

Abstract

Berdasarkan data awal melalui kuesioner yang diisi oleh guru Kimia di MGMP Kabupaten Barito Kuala (Batola) diperoleh bahwa (1) pemahaman guru tentang pembelajaran Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) berada pada kategori cukup sebanyak 70,6%; (2) pemahaman guru tentang pembelajaran berdiferensiasi berada pada kategori cukup sebanyak 58,8%; dan (3) pemahaman guru tentang penyusunan rencana pembelajaran Kurikulum Merdeka berada pada kategori cukup sebanyak 64,7%.  Masalah yang ditemukan ini perlu diatasi oleh tim Program Dosen Wajib Mengabdi (PDWA) dengan memberikan pelatihan pembelajaran berdiferensiasi melalui penyusunan bahan ajar kimia berbasis STEM di lingkungan lahan basah dalam Kurikulum Merdeka bagi guru Kimia di MGMP Kabupaten Barito Kuala. Tujuan kegiatan ini ialah memberikan pengetahuan dan keterampilan kepada guru kimia tentang penyusunan bahan ajar kimia berbasis STEM di lingkungan lahan basah dalam Kurikulum Merdeka. Kegiatan ini dilakukan 3 kali pertemuan yaitu 1 kali pertemuan secara online  pada tanggal 21 Juli 2023 dan 2 kali pertemuan secara offline pada tanggal 29 Juli dan 4 Agustus 2023. Adapun metode yang gunakan ada 4 tahap yaitu tahap analisis, tahap perencanaan, tahap pelatihan dan tahap evaluasi. Berdasarkan hasil angket evaluasi kegiatan maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa guru dapat menyusun bahan ajar kimia berbasis STEM dengan memperoleh nilai sebesar 72,44% termasuk kategori paham. Pelatihan ini dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan guru kimia dalam menyusun bahan ajar kimia berbasis STEM.Based on preliminary data through a questionnaire filled out by Chemistry teachers at MGMP Barito Kuala (Batola) Regency, it was found that (1) teachers' understanding of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) learning was in the sufficient category at 70.6%; (2) teachers' understanding of differentiated learning is in the sufficient category at 58.8%; and (3) teachers' understanding of the preparation of Independent Curriculum learning plans is in the sufficient category at 64.7%. This problem needs to be addressed by the Compulsory Service Lecturer Program (PDWA) team by providing differentiated learning training through preparing STEM-based chemistry teaching materials in a wetland environment in the Independent Curriculum for Chemistry teachers at MGMP Barito Kuala Regency. This activity aims to provide chemistry teachers with knowledge and skills regarding preparing STEM-based chemistry teaching materials in wetland environments in the Independent Curriculum. This activity was carried out in 3 meetings: one online meeting on 21 July 2023 and 2 offline meetings on 29 July and 4 August 2023. The method used was four stages, namely the analysis stage, the planning stage, the training stage, and the evaluation. Based on the activity evaluation questionnaire results, it can be concluded that teachers can prepare STEM-based chemistry teaching materials by obtaining a score of 72.44%, including the understanding category. This training can improve chemistry teachers' knowledge and skills in preparing STEM-based chemistry teaching materials.
Meningkatkan Pengetahuan Guru Olahraga Melalui Workshop Penyusunan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas dan Penulisan Artikel Ilmiah Ari Sutisyana; Yahya Eko Nopiyanto; Andes Permadi
Bubungan Tinggi: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Vol 5, No 4 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/btjpm.v5i4.9295

Abstract

Belum optimalnya pengetahuan guru olahraga dalam melaksanakan penelitian tindakan kelas menjadi dasar untuk dilakukannya kegiatan pengabdian ini. Kegiatan pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan guru olahraga tingkat Sekolah Dasar di Kecamatan Sukaraja dalam menyusun penelitian tindakan kelas dan menulis artikel ilmiah. Metode yang digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan yang telah ditetapkan adalah menggunakan metode ceramah, demonstrasi, dan bimbingan secara intensif, serta pendampingan untuk mitra. Kegiatan dilaksanakan pada 21 Juni 2023 di Sekolah Dasar Negeri 149 Seluma. Mitra dalam kegiatan ini sebanyak 20 guru olahraga. Instrumen berupa tes tertulis yang terdiri dari 5 indikator digunakan untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan mitra, yaitu: penelitian tindakan kelas, artikel ilmiah, turnitin, mendeley, publikasi artikel ilmiah. Hasil pre-test menunjukkan nilai rerata sebesar 44%. Hasil post-test menunjukkan nilai rerata sebesar 86%. Simpulan dari kegiatan ini adalah terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan mitra dalam penyusunan penelitian tindakan kelas dan penulisan artikel ilmiah.The lack of optimal knowledge of sports teachers in carrying out classroom action research is the basis for this service activity. This service activity aims to increase the understanding of elementary school-level sports teachers in Sukaraja District in preparing classroom action research and writing scientific articles. The method used to achieve the goals that have been set is using lectures, demonstrations, and intensive guidance, as well as mentoring for partners. The activity will be held on June 21, 2023, at State Elementary School 149 Seluma. Partners in this activity are 20 sports teachers. An instrument in the form of a written test consisting of 5 indicators is used to determine the partner's level of knowledge, namely classroom action research, scientific articles, Turnitin, Mendeley, and publication of scientific articles. The pre-test results show an average value of 44%. The post-test results show an average value of 86%. The conclusion from this activity was that there was an increase in partners' knowledge in preparing classroom action research and writing scientific articles.
Pengembangan Budaya Literasi Menulis bagi Guru dalam Penelitian Tindakan Kelas untuk Guru di SMPN Negeri 5 Kupang Tengah Ezra Tari; Martin Ch. Liufeto; Ferdinant Alexander; Deviana Sibulo
Bubungan Tinggi: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Vol 5, No 4 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/btjpm.v5i4.9827

Abstract

Tujuan melakukan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) adalah melatih guru untuk menyajikan ide dalam bentuk tulisan yang dapat diterbitkan. Selain itu, guru diberi pelatihan untuk mengelaborasi pengajuan dan hasil penelitian dengan baik dan tepat. Upaya pelatihan dilakukan agar guru dapat mengembangkan budaya literasi.  Metode pengabdian adalah penyampaian secara langsung dan latihan mandiri. Kegiatan diselenggarakan pada hari kesembilan bulan Agustus tahun 2023. Kegiatan ini dihadiri oleh 20 guru. Pengabdi menemukan ada lima orang guru yang telah memahami cara penyusunan proposal PTK. Sebagian besar guru telah memahami alur berpikir penyusunan penelitian ini. Guru telah menemukan cara memecahkan masalah, merumuskan, dan merancang penelitian.The goal of performing Action Research in the classroom is to prepare instructors to deliver ideas in a published format. Furthermore, teachers are trained to elaborate proposals and study findings correctly and accurately. Training is provided to teachers in order for them to build a literacy culture. Direct delivery and independent training are the service methods. The activity will take place on August 9, 2023. This meeting had 20 teachers in attendance. The servant discovered five instructors who knew how to write Classroom Action Research proposals. Most teachers comprehended the flow of thought in the production of this research. Teachers have learned how to address issues, generate hypotheses, and design research. 
Pelatihan Pembuatan Totebag Kanvas Tie-dye Guna Meningkatkan Kreativitas Anak Dewi Perwito Sari; Amalia Wanda Deva Nur Cahyo; Beta Oktavia Nugraha; Choirun Nur Isnani; Elsa Putri Bunga; Fauziyah Dwiningtyas; Ferdi Odika Warman; Wima Hayu Wisesa
Bubungan Tinggi: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Vol 6, No 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/btjpm.v6i1.10135

Abstract

Kreativitas anak SD dalam berbagai aktivitas dapat memberikan pandangan yang menarik terhadap potensi perkembangan mereka. Salah satu bentuk ekspresi kreativitas adalah melalui pembuatan kerajinan tangan, seperti totebag tie-dye. Pelatihan ini bertujuan untuk menggali dan memahami bagaimana anak SD mengekspresikan kreativitas mereka dalam pembuatan totebag canvas tie-dye. Pada saat kegiatan berlangsung anak-anak Nampak sangat senang sekali dikarenakan baru pertama kali mereka melakukan praktik totebag canvas tie-dye tersebut. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi selama kegiatan pembuatan totebag tie-dye. Analisis data dilakukan dengan mengidentifikasi pola kreativitas yang muncul selama proses pembuatan totebag tie-dye. Faktor yang mempengaruhi ekspresi kreativitas anak dalam pembuatan totebag tie-dye antara lain lingkungan yang mendukung, kebebasan dalam bereksplorasi, dan inspirasi dari teman sebaya. Pelatihan ini menyimpulkan bahwa anak-anak SD memiliki potensi kreativitas yang luar biasa dalam pembuatan totebag tie-dye. Aktivitas semacam ini tidak hanya meningkatkan keterampilan motorik halus mereka, tetapi juga memungkinkan mereka untuk menggambarkan identitas dan preferensi mereka melalui karya seni yang unik.The creativity of elementary school children in various activities can provide an interesting insight into their development potential. One form of creative expression is making handicrafts, such as tie-dye tote bags. This training aims to explore and understand how elementary school children express their creativity in making tie-dye canvas tote bags. The children seemed very happy during the activity because this was the first time they had practiced the tie-dye canvas tote bag. Data was collected through observation during the tie-dye tote bag-making activity. Data analysis was carried out by identifying creativity patterns that emerged while making tie-dye tote bags. Factors influencing children's creative expression in making tie-dye tote bags include a supportive environment, freedom to explore, and peer inspiration. This training concluded that elementary school children have extraordinary creative potential in making tie-dye tote bags. This kind of activity improves their fine motor skills and allows them to depict their identity and preferences through unique works of art.
Training and Mentoring of Classroom Action Research as a Strategy for Developing Chinese Teacher Skills Hermanto Hermanto; Muhammad Abdul Ghofur; Puspita Sari Sukardani; Binar Kurnia Prahani; Hanandita Veda Saphira
Bubungan Tinggi: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Vol 6, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/btjpm.v6i2.10821

Abstract

This proposed community service activity offers a solution in the form of training activities to increase teacher skills and competence. The intended training is for training and mentoring scientific work; the easiest is classroom action research (CAR). This is taken with the consideration that, besides being easy, it is also based on the real experience that Chinese teachers have gained in Surabaya. The implementation method to solve this problem is divided into three stages, namely the preparation stage, the implementation of training and mentoring, and post-training and mentoring. The results of the mentoring stated that participants considered this material in accordance with their practical needs as Chinese teachers and could adapt it to the conditions of their respective schools. Overall, the training was successful in creating a positive and meaningful experience for participants, illustrating the effectiveness and responsiveness of UNESA's Confucius Institute in meeting the needs of trainees.
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacter as an Alternative Liquid Organic Fertilizer Based on Bamboo Roots Andi Ferina Herbourina Bonita; Andi Muhammad Irfan Taufan Asfar; Andi Muhamad Iqbal Akbar Asfar; Adji Syaifullah; Andi Ruum Syams Cakra
Bubungan Tinggi: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Vol 6, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/btjpm.v6i2.10359

Abstract

Fulfillment of fertilizer is still a crucial problem for farmers, especially young farmers who depend on helping their parents in the fields or gardens because they have to stop going to school due to their parents' low economic conditions. The lack of skills in processing agricultural products and the natural environment means that when the harvest season is over, many youth members just hang out without working. The aim of implementing this service is to transform the potential of bamboo roots by encouraging out-of-school youth to contribute to helping other farmers regarding the limitations of fertilizer through fermentation techniques in producing Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacter (PGPR) based on weathered bamboo roots for partners, namely the Out-of-School Youth Group. The implementation method for community service is a participatory approach to society that is implemented in three stages: socialization, training, and partner assistance. The results showed that partner members experienced a significant increase in their ability to understand the benefits of bamboo roots and convert them into biofertilizers, with an achievement of 90%. This activity helps the community, especially partners, obtain alternative fertilizers and companions to sustain agricultural products as the main commodity for the partners' parents' income.
Pelatihan Aplikasi Kuantitatif SMART-PLS Sebagai Penunjang Menyusun Karya Ilmiah Nugroho Budisatrio Sukamdani; Tatan Sukwika; Yohanes Sulistyadi; Fauziah Eddyono
Bubungan Tinggi: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Vol 6, No 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/btjpm.v6i1.10141

Abstract

Permasalahan mitra di lingkungan kampus Universitas Sahid adalah dosen dan mahasiswa seringkali mengalami kesulitan menggunakan aplikasi kuantitatif. Oleh karena itu, pelatihan pemahaman aplikasi kuantitatif seperti SMART-PLS dianggap perlu melalui pengabdian kepada masyarakat (PkM). Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman personal pada aplikasi kuantitatif untuk menunjang penyusunan karya ilmiah dosen dan mahasiswa. Metode pelaksanaan PkM meliputi pelatihan pentingnya satu persepsi dan pemahaman tentang konsep dan tahapan pengolahan data dengan menggunakan aplikasi ini; Pelatihan pemahaman aplikasi kuantitatif SmartPLS terbaru versi 4.0 disampaikan dengan contoh gambar kerangka konsep sederhana. Pelaksanaan PkM dilaksanakan pada bulan Agustus 2023. Hasil pelaksanaan PkM berhasil memberikan manfaat yang cukup baik, hal ini ditunjukkan dengan perubahan perkembangan pada setiap TIKnya yang memuaskan dalam memahami aplikasi kuantitatif untuk menunjang penyusunan karya ilmiah. Secara keseluruhan, keberhasilan dan manfaat dari kegiatan pelatihan dalam bentuk pengabdian masyarakat sangat bergantung pada kombinasi yang baik antara faktor teknis dan faktor pendukung, serta komitmen untuk memastikan pembelajaran yang efektif dan aplikatif dari keterampilan yang dipelajari.The problem with partners in the Sahid University campus environment is that lecturers and students often need help using quantitative applications. Therefore, training in understanding quantitative applications such as SMART-PLS is deemed necessary through community service (PkM). This activity aims to increase personal understanding of quantitative applications to support the preparation of scientific work for lecturers and students. The PkM implementation method includes training on the importance of perception and understanding the concepts and stages of data processing using this application. Training on understanding the latest SmartPLS quantitative application version 4.0 is delivered with an example of a simple conceptual framework. PkM implementation activities in August 2023. The results of the PkM implementation have provided excellent benefits, which are indicated by changes in developments in each ICT, which are satisfactory in understanding quantitative applications to support the preparation of scientific work. Overall, the success and benefits of training activities in the form of community service depend heavily on a good combination of technical and supporting factors, such as a commitment to ensure effective learning and application of the skills learned.
Inovasi Instrumen Penilaian Digital untuk Meningkatkan Digital Skill Guru Sekolah Dasar Ronald Fransyaigu; Rapita Aprilia; Siska Rita Mahyuny; Maisarah Maisarah
Bubungan Tinggi: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Vol 6, No 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/btjpm.v6i1.9907

Abstract

Digital skill merupakan pondasi dari literasi digital. Mitra masyarakat pada PKM ini adalah guru-guru KKG Gugus IV Cut Meutia Kota Langsa. Hasil observasi awal menunjukkan bahwa guru-guru masih menggunakan penilaian konvensional karena digital skill guru masih tergolong rendah. Di sekolah mitra telah mempunyai fasilitas lengkap seperti chrome book namun belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal. Dengan demikian, dilakukan kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat untuk membantu guru-guru memanfaatkan dan berinovasi pada instrumen penilaian digital. Kegiatan ini dilakukan selama dua minggu yang dimulai hari Selasa tanggal 1 Agustus 2023 sampai dengan hari Senin tanggal 14 Agustus 2023. Rincian kegiatan yang dilakukan, yaitu: sosialisasi, bimbingan teknis, pelatihan, dan pendampingan inovasi instrumen penilaian digital. Dari kegiatan ini dihasilkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan digital skill guru-guru KKG Gugus IV Cut Meutia Kota Langsa setelah menerima materi pelatihan terkait inovasi instrumen penilaian digital yang disampaikan oleh narasumber. Peningkatan terlihat dari persentase rerata skor pretes menggunakan baamboozle sebesar 69,79%, dan persentase rerata skor postes menggunakan kahoot! sebesar 86,81%. Selain itu, guru-guru juga terbukti inovatif dalam menghasilkan instrumen penilaian digital menggunakan liveworksheets yang akan diimplementasikan di sekolahnya masing-masing sebagai tindak lanjut dari kegiatan PKM. Dari temuan disampaikan rekomendasi dan saran kepada guru-guru untuk meningkatkan digital skill dalam menghadapi era digitalisasi, salah satunya dengan berinovasi pada instrumen penilaian digital menggunakan platform seperti baamboozle, kahoot!, dan liveworksheets.Digital skill is the foundation of digital literacy. The community partners in this community service activity were KKG Cluster IV Cut Meutia teachers in Langsa City. The preliminary observations show that teachers still use conventional assessment because their digital skills are still relatively low. Partner schools already have complete facilities such as chrome books but have not been used optimally. This activity is carried out to help teachers use and innovate digital assessment instruments. This activity was carried out for two weeks, starting from Tuesday, 1 August 2023, to Monday, 14 August 2023. The details of the activities are socialization, technical guidance, training, and assistance with digital assessment instrument innovation. The activities resulted in an increase in the digital skills of KKG Cluster IV Cut Meutia teachers in Langsa City after receiving training materials related to digital assessment instrument innovations delivered by resource persons. The increase can be seen from the average percentage of pre-test scores using Baamboozle of 69.79% and post-test scores using Kahoot! of 86.81%. In addition, teachers have also proven to be innovative in producing digital assessment instruments using live worksheets, which will be implemented in their respective schools as a follow-up to PKM activities. From the PKM findings, recommendations and suggestions were made to teachers to improve their digital skills in facing the digitalization era, one of which is by digital assessment instrument innovations using platforms such as bamboozle, Kahoot! and live worksheets.
Digital-based Career Specialization Service is an Innovative Counseling Service for Counseling Teachers of Junior High Schools Ririanti Rachmayanie Jamain; Rizka Amalia; Isma Isma
Bubungan Tinggi: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Vol 6, No 2 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/btjpm.v6i2.10427

Abstract

Choosing the right career specialization significantly affects students' future life prospects. However, the career specialization service provided by the Guidance and Counselling (GC) teachers remains suboptimal due to the continued reliance on manual instruments, which results in protracted analysis periods. One challenge GC teachers face is their limited proficiency in utilizing technology to digitize instruments. The objective of providing training on digital-based career guidance services is to assist counseling teachers in analyzing career guidance instruments. Digital-based career guidance service training was provided to 26 counselling teachers who are MGBK SMP Barito Kuala Regency members with brain storming and hands-on practice methods guided by the Mandatory Research Lecturer Program team. The training yielded a 75% improvement in technology-related proficiencies, meaning counseling teachers are capable of implementing this digital career specialization service within their respective academic institutions.
Pendampingan Orang Tua terhadap Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus pada Masa Pubertas Siti Rohimah; Muryanto Muryanto; Muhammad Isa Anshory
Bubungan Tinggi: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Vol 6, No 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/btjpm.v6i1.8739

Abstract

Masa pubertas pada anak berkebutuhan khusus sering mengalami beberapa kendala karena adanya keterbatasan-keterbatasan yang dimiliki, baik dari fisik dan pemahaman yang mengakibatkan kesulitan dalam merespon sesuatu pada dirinya, mengelola emosi, dan mengelola gejolak seksual. Program pendampingan bertujuan untuk memberikan wawasan, meningkatkan kesadaran, dan penguatan kepada orang tua dan anak berkebutuhan khusus terhadap pubertas. Sasaran pendampingan adalah orang tua dan anak berkebutuhan khusus seminar dan diskusi terbimbing dengan tahapan perencanaan program, identifikasi permasalahan, perlaksanaan program, dan tindak lanjut program yang dilakukan mulai April – Mei 2022. Dampak jangka pendek program mampu meningkatkan pemahaman dan kesadaran orang tua terhadap pubertas, memiliki keterampilan dalam menghadapi masalah yang dihadapi anak pada masa pubertas, serta mampu mentransfer ilmu kepada anak sebagai bentuk bantuan kepada anak dalam menghadapi masalah, sehingga anak memiliki kepercayaan diri untuk melakukan tanggung jawab pribadi dan mengurangi ketergantungan dengan lingkungannya.Puberty children with special needs often experience several obstacles due to their limitations, both physical and understanding, which result in difficulties in responding to something about themselves, managing emotions, and managing sexual turmoil. The mentoring program aims to provide insight, increase awareness, and strengthen parents and children with special needs regarding puberty. The target of the program is parents and children with special needs through seminars and focus group discussions with the stages of program planning, problem identification, program implementation, and program follow-up, which will be carried out from April to May 2022. The short-term impact of the program is being able to increase parents' understanding and awareness of puberty, have skills in dealing with problems faced by children during puberty, and be able to transfer knowledge to children as a form of assistance in dealing with problems so that children have the confidence to take personal responsibility and reduce dependence on their environment.