cover
Contact Name
Anton Subarno
Contact Email
antonsubarno@fkip.uns.ac.id
Phone
+6281329027365
Journal Mail Official
jikap@fkip.uns.ac.id
Editorial Address
Pendidikan Administrasi Perkantoran FKIP UNS Gedung B Lantai 1 FKIP UNS, Jl. Ir, Sutami, No.36A Kentingan Surakarta
Location
Kota surakarta,
Jawa tengah
INDONESIA
Jurnal Informasi dan Komunikasi Administrasi (JIKAP)
ISSN : -     EISSN : 26140349     DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jikap
Core Subject : Education, Social,
JIKAP (Jurnal Informasi Dan Komunikasi Administrasi Perkantoran) berisi artikel tentang hasil pemikiran dan hasil penelitian di bidang bidang komunikasi, administrasi perkantoran dan pendidikan.
Articles 317 Documents
Pemanfaatan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi dalam pelayanan administrasi terpadu kecamatan (PATEN) di Kecamatan Bulu Erla Pratina Oktadevi; Anton Subarno; Winarno Winarno
JIKAP (Jurnal Informasi dan Komunikasi Administrasi Perkantoran) Vol 7, No 4 (2023): Juli
Publisher : Program Studi Pendidikan Administrasi perkantoran FKIP UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/jikap.v7i4.64787

Abstract

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui implementasi pemanfaatan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi pada PATEN, upaya mengatasi kendala yang terjadi dan upaya pengembangan yang akan dilakukan pada PATEN. Penelitian dilakukan di Kantor Kecamatan Bulu Kabupaten Sukoharjo. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Data diperoleh dari informan, dokumen, tempat dan peristiwa. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive dan snowball sampling. Penelitian ini menggunakan triangulasi sumber dan metode untuk menguji keabsahan data. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penerapan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi pada PATEN di Kecamatan Bulu masih mempunyai kendala seperti pegawai yang kurang kompeten dalam mengoperasikan teknologi, kurangnya motivasi pegawai dan server yang sering error. Oleh karena itu, upaya berupa pelatihan dan pemberian reward dinilai penting sebagai kunci dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan terkait kompetensi dan motivasi pegawai serta upaya berkoordinasi dengan pengelola sistem pusat untuk mengatasi server error. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pemanfaatan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi pada PATEN masih belum optimal.Kata Kunci : PATEN; pemanfaatan; teknologiAbstract: This study aims to determine the implementation of the utilization of information and communication technology in PATEN, efforts to overcome the obstacles that occur and development efforts that will be carried out on PATEN. The research was conducted at the Bulu District Office, Sukoharjo Regency. This research uses descriptive qualitative with a case study approach. Data was obtained from informants, documents, places and events. The sampling technique used purposive and snowball sampling. This study uses triangulation of sources and methods to test the validity of the data. The results of this study indicate that implementing information and communication technology in PATEN in Bulu District still has obstacles, such as employees who are less competent in operating technology, lack of employee motivation and servers that often an error. Therefore, efforts in the form of training and giving rewards are considered important as the key in solving problems related to employee competence and motivation and efforts to coordinate with the central system manager to overcome server errors. This study concludes that using information and communication technology in PATEN is still not optimal.Keywords: technology, utilization, PATEN
Pengelolaan arsip dinamis pada Kantor Dinas Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan Desa di Kabupaten Karanganyar Anggit Pratama; Wiedy Murtini; Susantiningrum Susantiningrum
JIKAP (Jurnal Informasi dan Komunikasi Administrasi Perkantoran) Vol 7, No 5 (2023): September
Publisher : Program Studi Pendidikan Administrasi perkantoran FKIP UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/jikap.v7i5.67980

Abstract

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pembuatan arsip dinamis, pemanfaatan arsip dinamis, pemeliharaan arsip dinamis, dan penyusutan arsip dinamis di kantor Dispermades Kabupaten Karanganyar. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Data penelitian diperoleh dari tempat atau fasilitas, instrumen, serta dokumen dan arsip dengan cara pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling dan snowball sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik wawancara, observasi, dan analisis dokumen. Uji keabsahan data diperoleh dengan 1) uji kredibilitas, 2) uji transferabilitas, 3) uji ketergantungan, dan 4) uji konfirmabilitas. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis data model interaktif dengan tahapan: 1) pengumpulan data, 2) reduksi data, 3) penyajian data, dan 4) penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Pembuatan arsip dinamis dilakukan dengan pembuatan arsip dinamis secara manual. Setiap surat masuk dan keluar dikelola dengan baik mulai dari penerimaan hingga penyimpanan di lemari arsip. 2) Pemanfaatan arsip dinamis meliputi peminjaman arsip yang belum menerapkan prosedur peminjaman sistematis, dan penemuan kembali arsip secara manual memerlukan waktu 4-7 menit.  3) Pemeliharaan arsip dinamis dilakukan dengan cara membersihkan tempat penyimpanan secara berkala dan menyediakan bahan pencegah arsip dari serangga seperti kapur barus dan bahan pencegah lainnya. 4) Penyusutan arsip dinamis belum menerapkan prosedur penyusutan arsip secara sistematis.Kata kunci: arsip aktif; dokumen-dokumen; manajemen arsip dinamisAbstract: This study aims to find out how the creation of dynamic archives, the use of dynamic archives, the maintenance of dynamic archives, and the shrinkage of dynamic archives at the Karanganyar District Dispermades office. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. Research data were obtained from places or facilities, instruments, as well as documents and archives by sampling using purposive sampling and snowball sampling. Data was collected using interview, observation, and document analysis techniques. The Data validity test is obtained by 1) credibility test, 2) transferability test, 3) dependability test, and 4) confirmability test. Data analysis techniques use interactive model data analysis with stages: 1) data collection, 2) data reduction, 3) data presentation, and 4) concluding. The results showed that: 1) Dynamic archive creation goes with manually creating dynamic archives. Every incoming and outgoing mail is well managed from receipt to storage in the filing cabinet. 2) The use of dynamic archives includes borrowing archives that have not implemented systematic lending procedures, and manual rediscovery of archives takes 4-7 minutes.  3) Dynamic archive maintenance is carried out by regularly cleaning the storage area and providing archive deterrent materials from insects such as camphor and other deterrent materials. 4) Dynamic archive shrinkage has not implemented a systematic archive shrinkage procedure.Keywords: archive; dynamic archive; dynamic archive management
Pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan dan komunikasi interpersonal kepala sekolah terhadap kinerja guru SMAN 6 Depok Meta Savari; Edy Prihantoro
JIKAP (Jurnal Informasi dan Komunikasi Administrasi Perkantoran) Vol 7, No 4 (2023): Juli
Publisher : Program Studi Pendidikan Administrasi perkantoran FKIP UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/jikap.v7i4.64083

Abstract

Abstrak: Guru mempunyai peran dalam meningkatkan sumber daya manusia dan mempunyai hak strategis untuk menyajikan materi dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar, sehingga guru merupakan aset penting yang dimiliki oleh lembaga pendidikan tingkat sekolah. Keberhasilan sumber daya manusia di SMAN 6 Depok harus diimbangi dengan jumlah guru yang dinilai dari kinerjanya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan kepala sekolah dan komunikasi interpersonal pada masa pandemi COVID-19 terhadap kinerja guru di SMAN 6 Depok. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kuantitatif. Sampel penelitiannya adalah seluruh guru di SMAN 6 Depok yaitu 54 responden. Teknik analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (1) Terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan gaya kepemimpinan kepala sekolah terhadap kinerja guru yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai t hitung sebesar 2,327 > t tabel (2,00665) dan sig. 0,001 < 0,05 (2) Terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan komunikasi interpersonal kepala sekolah terhadap kinerja guru yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai t hitung sebesar 3,38 > t tabel (2,001) dan sig. 0,02 < 0,05; (3) Terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan gaya kepemimpinan kepala sekolah dan komunikasi interpersonal sekolah terhadap kinerja guru yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai F hitung 36,51 > t tabel (3,18) dan sig. 0,00< 0,05.Kata Kunci: hubungan interpersonal; model kepemimpinan; prestasi guruAbstract: Teachers have a role in improving human resources and have a strategic right to present material in teaching and learning activities, so teachers are critical assets owned by school-level educational institutions. The success of human resources at SMAN 6 Depok must be balanced with the number of teachers judged by their performance. This study aims to determine the influence of the principal's leadership style and interpersonal communication during the COVID-19 pandemic on teacher performance at SMAN 6 Depok. This research uses quantitative research. The research sample was all teachers at SMAN 6 Depok, namely 54 respondents. The analytical technique used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the study show: (1) There is a significant influence of the principal's leadership style on teacher performance, as indicated by the t arithmetic value of 2.327 > t table (2.00665) and sig. 0.001 <0.05 (2) There is a significant effect of principal interpersonal communication on teacher performance, as indicated by the t count value of 3.38 > t table (2.001) and sig. 0.02 < 0.05; (3) There is a significant influence of the principal's leadership style and school interpersonal communication on teacher performance, as indicated by the F arithmetic value of 36.51 > t table (3.18) and sig. 0.00< 0.05.Keywords: interpersonal relationships; leadership model; teacher achievement
Penerapan aplikasi e-perpus sukoharjo (Digital Library) di Perpustakaan Daerah Kabupaten Sukoharjo Irwanda Wisnu Wardhana; Cicilia Dyah Sulistyaningrum; Muhammad Choerul Umam
JIKAP (Jurnal Informasi Dan Komunikasi Administrasi Perkantoran) Vol 7, No 5 (2023): September
Publisher : Program Studi Pendidikan Administrasi perkantoran FKIP UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/jikap.v7i5.65188

Abstract

The objectives of this study are (1) the implementation of Sukoharjo E-Perpus Application (Digital Library) at the Sukoharjo Regency Regional Library; (2) the obstacles faced in implementing the Sukoharjo E-Perpus Application (Digital Library); (3) efforts made by the Regional Library of Sukoharjo Regency to overcome obstacles in the Sukoharjo E-Perpus Application (Digital Library). This study uses a qualitative research approach with the type of case study. The sampling technique is purposive sampling and snowball sampling. The results showed that 1) the implementation of the Sukoharjo E-Perpus Application (Digital Library) included a) planning and preparation of application procurement, b) launching and introducing applications to the public, and b) implementing member registration applications. ; 2) obstacles to implementing the Sukoharjo E-Perpus application (Digital Library), including a) inadequate servers, b) suboptimal application socialization, c) lack of administrators in implementing applications, d) digital book collections that are still lacking in an application; 3) the efforts made by the Sukoharjo Archives and Library Service in dealing with problems of the Sukoharjo E-Perpus Application (Digital Library) include a) coordinating with service providers related to server problems, b) massive socialization to the public, c) appointment application administrator, d) addition to the collection of books that are still in the application.
Implementasi Budaya Kerja Prodiia Pada Kantor Kecamatan Giriwoyo Kabupaten Wonogiri Layla Kurniawati; Tri Murwaningsih; Nur Rahmi Akbarini
JIKAP (Jurnal Informasi dan Komunikasi Administrasi Perkantoran) Vol 7, No 4 (2023): Juli
Publisher : Program Studi Pendidikan Administrasi perkantoran FKIP UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/jikap.v7i4.64503

Abstract

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerapan budaya kerja PRODIIA, kendala dan upaya dalam mengatasi kendala terkait budaya kerja PRODIIA di Kantor Kecamatan Giriwoyo Kabupaten Wonogiri. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Data penelitian diperoleh langsung dari sumber di Kantor Kecamatan Giriwoyo melalui wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Informan kunci dalam penelitian ini adalah camat di kantor Camat Giriwoyo. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua teknik pengambilan sampel yaitu purposive sampling dan snowball sampling, dengan menggunakan uji validitas triangulasi sumber dan teknik. Model interaktif kemudian menganalisis data yang dikumpulkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan budaya kerja PRODIIA di Kantor Kecamatan Giriwoyo meliputi Budaya kerja profesional; budaya kerja yang disiplin; budaya kerja integritas; budaya kerja yang inovatif; dan budaya kerja yang akuntabel. Penerapan budaya kerja PRODIIA di Kantor Kecamatan Giriwoyo melalui pengembangan karir pegawai, bimbingan teknis (Bimtek) dan pendidikan dan pelatihan (Diklat), pengawasan pegawai, dan evaluasi pegawai. Masih terdapat kendala dalam penerapan budaya kerja PRODIIA yaitu adanya pekerjaan yang tidak dapat diselesaikan tepat waktu, kurangnya sumber daya manusia dan budaya “prekewuh” untuk memberikan teguran kepada pegawai. Solusi yang diberikan oleh Kantor Kecamatan Giriwoyo adalah evaluasi berkala, memaksimalkan sumber daya manusia yang ada serta pembinaan dan pendekatan kepada pegawai.Kata Kunci: budaya kerja; kantor kecamatan; PRODIIAAbstract: This study aims to determine the application of PRODIIA's work culture, obstacles and efforts in dealing with obstacles related to PRODIIA work culture at the Giriwoyo District Office, Wonogiri Regency. This research was conducted using a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The research data were obtained directly from sources at the Giriwoyo District Office through interviews, observation, and documentation. The key informant in this research is the sub-district head at the Giriwoyo sub-district office. This study uses two sampling techniques, purposive sampling and snowball sampling, using the validity test of source and technique triangulation. An interactive model then analyzes the collected data. The study results show that applying PRODIIA work culture at the Giriwoyo District Office includes professional work Culture; disciplined work culture; integrity work culture; innovative work culture; and accountable work culture. Implementing the PRODIIA work culture at the Giriwoyo District Office through employee career development, technical guidance (Bimtek) and education and training (Diklat), employee supervision, and employee evaluation. There are still obstacles in implementing the PRODIIA work culture, namely the existence of work that cannot be completed on time, lack of human resources and a “prekewuh” culture to give reprimands to employees. The solutions provided by the Giriwoyo Subdistrict Office are periodic evaluation, maximizing existing human resources and coaching and approach to employees.Keywords: district office; PRODIIA; work culture 
Pelaksanaan kearsipan statis pada bagian arsip kantor Samsat Surakarta Alwani Akhmad; Wiedy Murtini; Susantiningrum Susantiningrum
JIKAP (Jurnal Informasi Dan Komunikasi Administrasi Perkantoran) Vol 7, No 4 (2023): Juli
Publisher : Program Studi Pendidikan Administrasi perkantoran FKIP UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/jikap.v7i4.64413

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to find: 1) implementation of static archives in the archives department Surakarta Samsat office, 2) obstacles encountered in static archives in the archive department Surakarta Samsat office, 3) efforts made to overcome obstacles that arise in the implementation of static archives in archives department Surakarta Samsat office. This research uses a qualitative method with a qualitative descriptive approach. This research data was obtained from interviews, observations, and documentation. The sampling technique used is purposive and snowball sampling. The results of this research are as follows: 1) static archiving activities in the archives of the Surakarta Samsat office have several stages consisting: a) acquisition, b) processing, c) preservation d) access static archive. 2) The implementation of static archives in the archives department of the Surakarta Samsat office encountered obstacles, including a) a lack of human resources for archiving officers and b) insufficient archive facilities for static archive management activities. (3) Efforts that have been made to overcome the obstacles that arise include: a) mutual assistance between employees when someone is free, b) working overtime to complete work on that day c) supervising archives that have not received shelves.
Penggunaan aplikasi sistem administrasi kendaraan pajak online (Sakpole) dalam pembayaran PKB tahunan di Samsat Surakarta Annisaa Milenia Oktaviani; Hery Sawiji; Anton Subarno
JIKAP (Jurnal Informasi Dan Komunikasi Administrasi Perkantoran) Vol 7, No 5 (2023): September
Publisher : Program Studi Pendidikan Administrasi perkantoran FKIP UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/jikap.v7i5.67984

Abstract

This study aims to: 1) determine the use of the Online Vehicle Tax Administration System (SAKPOLE) application in paying motor vehicle taxes at SAMSAT Surakarta; 2) find out the obstacles to using the Online Vehicle Tax Administration System (SAKPOLE) application in paying motor vehicle taxes at SAMSAT Surakarta; 3) knowing the solution to the constraints of using the Online Vehicle Tax Administration System (SAKPOLE) application in paying motor vehicle taxes at SAMSAT Surakarta. This study uses a type of qualitative research. Using purposive and snowball sampling, research data were obtained from informants, events, and documents. Interviews, observation, and document analysis collected data collection techniques. Data validity was obtained by source, technique and time triangulation. The data analysis technique uses interactive data analysis. The results of the study show that the use of the SAKPOLE application in annual PKB payments includes: (1) increasing awareness in paying taxes, (2) reducing the use of service bureaus, (3) increasing income, and (4) speeding up services.
Faktor penghambat penerapan sistem akuntabilitas kinerja instansi pemerintah (SAKIP) di Sekretariat Daerah Kabupaten Sukoharjo Nisak Hargani; Tri Murwaningsih; Nur Rahmi Akbarini
JIKAP (Jurnal Informasi Dan Komunikasi Administrasi Perkantoran) Vol 7, No 4 (2023): Juli
Publisher : Program Studi Pendidikan Administrasi perkantoran FKIP UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/jikap.v7i4.64455

Abstract

The objectives of this study are (1) to determine the factors that influence the results of the SAKIP assessment and (2) to determine the efforts made in improving the results of the SAKIP assessment. This research is a qualitative descriptive case study with primary data sources from interviews and observations and secondary data from documents related to SAKIP. Sampling was done by purposive sampling and snowball sampling. This study uses interactive data analysis, including data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions and verification. The results of this study are (1) the factors that influence the less than optimal results of the SAKIP assessment at the Regional Secretariat of Sukoharjo Regency include the lack of employee understanding of SAKIP, lack of commitment from local officials, and the absence of an integrated planning, budgeting, and performance management system; (3) the efforts made to improve the results of the SAKIP assessment include holding a coaching clinic and SAKIP training, building a performance culture, and following up on recommendations for making SAKIP applications.
Pengaruh disiplin kerja dan fasilitas kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan di CV Iniide Safira Darmastuti; Hery Sawiji; Patni Ninghardjanti
JIKAP (Jurnal Informasi dan Komunikasi Administrasi Perkantoran) Vol 7, No 4 (2023): Juli
Publisher : Program Studi Pendidikan Administrasi perkantoran FKIP UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/jikap.v7i4.64808

Abstract

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: 1) ada pengaruh disiplin kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan CV Iniide, 2) ada pengaruh fasilitas kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan CV Iniide, dan 3) ada pengaruh fasilitas kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan CV Iniide. pengaruh disiplin kerja dan fasilitas kerja secara bersama-sama terhadap kinerja karyawan di CV Iniide. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode korelasional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh karyawan CV Iniide yang berjumlah 58 karyawan. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 58 karyawan CV Iniide. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan angket dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data menggunakan regresi linier berganda, uji t, dan uji F. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan disiplin kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan CV Iniide dengan t_hitung = 4,285 (α = 5%), 2) terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan fasilitas kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan CV Iniide dengan t_hitung = 4,145 (α = 5%), dan 3) terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan disiplin kerja dan fasilitas kerja secara bersama-sama terhadap kinerja karyawan CV Iniide dengan F_hitung = 33,633 (α = 5%).Kata Kunci: alat kerja; kinerja karyawan, tertib kerjaAbstract: The research aims to determine: 1) there is or not the effect of work discipline on employee performance at CV Iniide, 2) there is or not the effect of work facilities on employee performance at CV Iniide, and 3) there is or not the effect of work discipline and work facilities together on employee’s performance at CV Iniide. This research uses a quantitative approach with a correlational method. The population in this research were all employees at CV Iniide, which amounted to 58 employees. The sample in this research amounted to 58 employees at CV Iniide. Data collection techniques using questionnaires and documentation. The data analysis technique uses multiple linear regression, t-test, and F-test. The result of this research showed that: 1) there was a positive and significant effect of work discipline on employee performance at CV Iniide with tcount= 4,285 (α = 5%), 2) there was a positive and significant effect of work facilities on employee’s performance at CV Iniide with tcount = 4,145 (α = 5%), and 3) there was a positive and significant effect of work discipline and work facilities together on employee’s performance at CV Iniide with Fcount= 33,633  (α = 5%).Keywords: employee performance; work orderly; work tools
Pengaruh sarana prasarana dan lingkungan keluarga terhadap motivasi belajar pembelajaran daring mahasiswa Pendidikan Administrasi Perkantoran Lailatul Syafa&#039;ah; Cicilia Dyah Sulistyaningrum Indrawati; Muhammad Choerul Umam
JIKAP (Jurnal Informasi Dan Komunikasi Administrasi Perkantoran) Vol 7, No 5 (2023): September
Publisher : Program Studi Pendidikan Administrasi perkantoran FKIP UNS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/jikap.v7i5.65056

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine (1) the effect of infrastructure on the online learning motivation of PAP students, (2) the influence of the family environment on the online learning motivation of PAP students, and (3) the influence of infrastructure and family environment on the online learning motivation of PAP students. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method with a population of 158 PAP students in the class of 2020 and 2021. The sample used is 113 PAP students. The sampling technique used is proportionate stratified random sampling. The results showed that (1) there was a positive and significant effect of infrastructure on learning motivation based on the results of the t-test (tcount 3,531 > ttable 1,981) and sig. 0.001 < 0.05, (2) there is a positive and significant effect of the family environment on learning motivation based on the results of the t-test (tcount 3.755 > ttable 1.981) and sig. 0.000 < 0.05), and (3) there is a simultaneous positive and significant effect of infrastructure and family environment on learning motivation based on the results of the F test (Fcount 22.849 > Ftable 3.08) and sig. 0.000 < 0.05).