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Biotropika
Published by Universitas Brawijaya
ISSN : 23027282     EISSN : 25498703     DOI : 10.21776/ub.biotropika.
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology
Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology invites research articles, short communication, and reviews describing new findings/phenomena of biological sciences in tropical regions, specifically in the following subjects, but not limited to biotechnology, biodiversity, microbiology, botany, zoology, biosystematics, ecology, and environmental sciences.
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Articles 582 Documents
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Analysis Physicochemical and In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of White Pomegranate Peel Extract (Punica granatum L.) Azizah, Nur; Ma'rifah, Shofia Jannatul; Jamilah, Zahrotul; Syarivah, Thoifatus; Harmono Putri, Nabiilah Rifda; Ramadhan, Majida; Faisal
Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 14 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2026.014.02.07

Abstract

Antibacterial agents from natural biological compounds can originate from phenolic compounds found in plants, including the white pomegranate fruit. However, the use of white pomegranate peel is still relatively unknown to the public, so it is often discarded, even though this part contains phenolic compounds and flavonoids that have potential as natural antibacterial agents. This study aimed to analyse the physicochemical characteristics of white pomegranate peel extract (Punica granatum L.) and evaluate its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Peak absorption, wavelength, and functional groups were analysed using UV-Vis and FTIR, while antibacterial activity was tested using the well-diffusion method. The extract was tested at concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% as the treatment factors. The physicochemical test results showed that the moisture content of the simplicia was 3.378%, which met the quality criteria of good simplicia, while the ash content of 19.27% indicated a fairly high mineral content. The UV-Vis spectrum showed absorption at wavelengths of 230–295 nm, indicating the presence of flavonoid compounds, while FTIR results confirmed the presence of alcohol and phenolic functional groups. Antibacterial tests showed that white pomegranate peel extract inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. aureus with the largest inhibition zones at a concentration of 100%, measuring 20 mm and 23 mm, respectively. Based on the inhibition strength category, this extract was strong against E. coli and very strong against S. aureus. Thus, white pomegranate peel extract has the potential to be developed as an effective natural antibacterial agent.
Ecological Characteristics and Community Utilisation of Mangrove Ecosystems in West Biak, Central Papua, Indonesia Likumahua, Engly Sisilya; Boli, Paulus; Pattiasina, Selfinus; Pattiasina, Thomas Frans; Purba, Gandi Yantri Sevantina
Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 14 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2026.014.02.08

Abstract

Mangrove ecosystems are increasingly threatened by human activities, such as tree cutting, waste disposal, and land conversion for various purposes. Similar pressures occur in the coastal region of West Biak, Papua, Indonesia. This study aimed to analyse the ecological condition of mangrove ecosystems and to identify community activities related to mangrove utilisation. The research was conducted over a three-month period, from March to May 2024, in Sopendo and Mamoribo Villages, West Biak District, Biak Numfor Regency, covering a total area of 52.91 ha. Mangrove vegetation data were collected using line transects and quadrat plots, while information on community activities was obtained through interviews and questionnaires. Mangrove vegetation structure was analysed using the Importance Value Index (IVI) while species diversity was assessed using the Shannon–Wiener Diversity Index. Interview data were analysed descriptively to identify patterns of community utilisation of mangrove resources. A total of twelve mangrove species were identified. Rhizophora apiculata showed the highest IVI values, reaching 85.66 in Mamoribo and 105.08 in Sopendo, indicating its strong dominance within the mangrove community structure. The ecological condition of the mangrove ecosystem is closely linked to community utilisation activities, where mangrove diversity and species dominance support various local livelihood practices. There are seven activities carried out within the mangrove forest area. Tree cutting, bark stripping, and waste disposal in coastal areas are activities that directly have detrimental impacts on mangrove forests. These findings highlight both the ecological significance of mangrove species in the region and the high level of community dependence on mangrove resources, emphasising the need for sustainable management strategies to maintain ecosystem integrity while supporting local livelihoods.
Analysis of Plankton Community Structure and Physical-Chemical Parameters in the Dumai River, Riau Province Chynthiana, Vera; Budijono, Budijono; Hamzah, Hadian Pratama
Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 14 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2026.014.02.09

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the water quality of the Dumai River based on plankton community structure and physicochemical parameters. This research was conducted to understand the ecological response to long-standing environmental pressures in the Dumai River through community and industrial activities. This study was conducted by collecting water and plankton samples from the Dumai River using a plankton net in the downstream, middle, and upstream sections. The analysis results showed a significant decline in water quality in the downstream section, characterised by high Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) levels of 3270 mg/L and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) approaching the minimum limit. This condition reflects increasing anthropogenic pressures that are affecting ecosystem stability. The impact is visible in the plankton community structure, where Species Richness (R) decreases from upstream to downstream, allowing only species with high tolerance to these pressures to survive. Despite the decline in species abundance, Diversity (H') values remained relatively high with Evenness (E) increasing, indicating that the downstream section functions as an ecological filter producing a balanced but simpler community. Regression analysis identified a strong positive correlation (R² = 0.75–0.84) between H' and water quality parameters such as BOD, nitrate, DO, and TSS, confirming that habitat conditions in the moderate range are the main determinants of plankton diversity. These findings emphasise the need for continuous water quality monitoring to support more effective management of the Dumai River ecosystem.
Product Feasibility Test of Topical Hydrogel Containing Amniotic Membrane for Diabetic Wound Healing in Mice Pakpahan, Suyarta Efrida; Fadhilah, Fitri Rahmi; Fadillah, Aziz Taufik; Salsabillah , Marshanda Putri
Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 14 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2026.014.02.10

Abstract

Chronic diabetic wounds are a major complication of diabetes mellitus and are characterised by delayed and impaired healing caused by neuropathy, vascular dysfunction, and persistent infection. Human amniotic membrane derivative (hAMD) has emerged as a promising biomaterial for wound management due to its anti-inflammatory properties and rich content of growth factors. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of an hAMD-based hydrogel as a wound dressing under hyperglycemic conditions. An in vivo experimental study was conducted in alloxan-induced diabetic mice treated with various hydrogel formulations, including a carbopol hydrogel, a commercial hydrogel, and an hAMD-based hydrogel. Wound healing was assessed through macroscopic evaluation of wound closure. Safety and biocompatibility were evaluated based on physicochemical properties (organoleptic characteristics, pH, and viscosity), mechanical performance (tensile strength), microbiological testing, and systemic toxicity assessment. Haematological parameters (haemoglobin and leukocyte counts) and biochemical markers of kidney and liver function, including urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), were also analysed. The results showed that the hAMD-based hydrogel achieved significantly faster wound closure, approximately 20% faster than the diabetic control group and 10–15% faster than the healthy control, carbopol-treated, and commercial hydrogel groups. The hAMD-based hydrogel demonstrated a favourable safety profile, with no evidence of systemic toxicity or organ dysfunction. It also met acceptable standards for physicochemical stability, mechanical integrity, microbiological safety, and physiological compatibility. In conclusion, the hAMD-based hydrogel shows strong potential as a safe and effective wound dressing for diabetic ulcers, supporting its further development for clinical wound care applications.
Preliminary Assessment of Understory Regeneration and Environmental Heterogeneity in Khairun University Educational Forest, North Maluku Ashari, Reyna; Irmayanti, Laswi; Adriani; Ridho, Muhamad; Nurjannah, Siti
Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 14 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2026.014.02.11

Abstract

Understory vegetation in tropical forests is shaped by interactions among canopy structure, microclimatic conditions, and soil edaphic properties. This preliminary study aimed to examine the relationships between understory vegetation and key environmental factors in a lowland tropical rainforest within the Khairun University Educational Forest, North Maluku - a critical but understudied secondary forest ecosystem in eastern Indonesia. Data were collected from ten observation plots through measurements of canopy structure, microclimatic variables, soil properties, and the composition and density of understory vegetation, including tree seedlings. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was applied to explore how environmental variables explained variation in understory species composition across plots. A total of 37 understory plant species belonging to 18 families were recorded, with the community dominated by tree seedlings and understory palms. Five species dominate the understory layer: Caryota mitis, Saribus rotundifolius, Donax canniformis, Polyalthia sp., and Ficus hispida. CCA suggested exploratory associations between understory composition and environmental gradients related to elevation, canopy cover, soil moisture, and soil pH. However, permutation tests and forward selection did not identify any environmental variable as statistically significant, likely reflecting the limited number of sampling plots. Overall, the study suggests that understory vegetation patterns in this educational forest are related to combined environmental gradients rather than a single dominant factor. As a preliminary study, these findings provide baseline ecological information for further research on understory regeneration in this educational forest.
Exploration of Moss Species (Bryophyta) in the Gedong Songo Temple Area, Bandungan, Central Java Salsabila, Mutiara Syafila; Khotimperwati, Lilih; Kinasih, Anggiresti
Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 14 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2026.014.02.12

Abstract

Gedong Songo Temple Area is located on the slopes of Mount Ungaran, Central Java, and exhibits a high diversity of microhabitats, ranging from open areas around the temple structures, humid natural forests, to geothermal zones influenced by sulfur. These conditions potentially support a high diversity of mosses (Bryophyta); however, information on species composition in this area remains limited. This study aimed to explore the diversity and relative frequency of mosses across contrasting microhabitats. The research was conducted in four sites: the area near Temple I, the area near sulfur sources, the forest area near an inactive crater, and natural forest areas, using a plot method. Epiphytic mosses were sampled on thirteen host trees using three 20 × 30 cm quadrats placed on different sides of each trunk. Meanwhile, terrestrial moss sampling was conducted using five plots measuring 1 m × 1 m on soil or rock surfaces at each station. The exploration recorded 32 moss species belonging to 20 genera, 13 families, one class, Bryopsida. Relative frequency (FR) across the entire area indicated that Ectropothecium monumentorum, Entodon sp., and Scopelophila sp. were among the most widely distributed taxa (FR= 8.77%). These results indicate that differences in microhabitat conditions, particularly humidity, light intensity, substrate type, and sulfur exposure, influence the occurrence and distribution of moss species in the Gedong Songo Temple Area.
Seed Priming and Silicon-Based Fertilizer Application Enhanced Salinity Tolerant of Tobacco Plant (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Jannah, Na'imatul; Rachmawati, Diah
Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 14 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2026.014.02.13

Abstract

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is an important commodity due to its high economic value and utilisation. However, tobacco productivity is still suboptimal due to soil salinity. One effort that can be made to overcome salinity stress is to develop more tolerant tobacco varieties. To increase plant tolerance to salinity stress, seed priming and the application of silicon-based fertilisers to the growing medium can be carried out. Seed priming treatments, which control seed hydration, can increase seed germination. Silicon (Si) is a beneficial element that plays a role in increasing plant tolerance to stress. This study aims to examine the effect of seed priming and calcium silicate application on 'Jember Sili' tobacco in saline soil by observing germination, growth, and physiological responses. This Completely Randomized Design (CRD) study consisted of two factors: seed priming with calcium silicate (0 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM) and calcium silicate (CaSiO3) addition to the growing medium (0 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM). Data were analysed using SPSS for ANOVA, followed by DMRT at a 95% significance level. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. 'Jember Sili') responded positively to varying concentrations of calcium silicate priming, particularly at 1 mM, as indicated by a significant increase in germination percentage, germination rate, vigour index, Timson Germination Index (TGI), and Mean Germination Time (MGT). The 1 mM concentration was also optimal for increasing plant height, leaf number, dry weight of shoots and roots, and root length. Tobacco priming and calcium silicate application in low-saline soil also increased chlorophyll, carotenoid, and SOD levels. But it reduces H2O2 levels and MDA levels.
Regulation of Jembrana Superficial Unit (JSU) Recombinant Protein Expression by IPTG Induction in Escherichia coli BL21 Maelani, Imelda; Ismail, Yulia Sari; Indriawati, Indriawati; Syahfitri, Widya; Mulyani, Riska; Foenna, Yudi Gebri; Riswan, M.
Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 14 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2026.014.02.14

Abstract

Biotechnology frequently employs Escherichia coli to produce recombinant proteins. However, its efficiency is strongly influenced by induction conditions, particularly the quantity of isopropyl ?-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different IPTG concentrations on the expression of recombinant Jembrana Superficial Unit (JSU) protein in E. coli BL21. The JSU gene cloned into the pET21a vector was induced at 37°C for 1 hour using three IPTG concentrations (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 mM), each performed in triplicate. SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed successful expression of the recombinant JSU protein, indicated by a distinct band at approximately 37 kDa, consistent with its predicted molecular weight. Bacterial cells were lysed by freeze–thaw, and protein expression levels were quantified by spectrophotometry from optical density measurements and expressed in arbitrary units. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA, following confirmation of data normality and homogeneity of variance, revealed mean expression levels of 1.69 ± 0.15, 1.59 ± 0.11, and 1.76 ± 0.28 a.u. for 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 mM IPTG, respectively, indicating a non-linear trend with a modest increase at the highest concentration. Nevertheless, there were no statistically significant differences between the treatments (p>0.05). These findings suggest that, within the tested range, variation in IPTG concentration does not significantly influence JSU protein expression under the applied conditions. Further optimisation, including a broader range of inducer concentrations and induction durations, is recommended to enhance the production of soluble, functional JSU protein.
Combined Tithonia diversifolia-Moringa oleifera-Curcuma longa Extracts Suppress Proinflammatory Cytokines in LPS-Induced Mice Belinda Nabiila Al Faizah; Sofia Nur Cahyani; Ilyasya Kustianto; Muhammad Bintang Nirwana; Noviana Dwi Lestari; Muhaimin Rifa’i; Agung Pramana Warih Mahendra
Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 14 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2026.014.02.15

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the effects of a combination of Titonia diversifolia, Moringa oleifera, and Curcuma longa (TMC) extracts on the relative number of T cells and macrophages expressing proinflammatory cytokines. The mice (Mus musculus) used were male Balb/C strain mice. The TMC extract was prepared using 1000 mL of boiling water, brewed, and filtered using filter paper. The extract was administered using a syringe for 14 days at the doses described in the methods section. The mice were then injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kgBW. The injection was performed twice in five days. The mice were dissected and flow cytometry analysis was performed. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis. The relative number of CD68+IL-1?+ cells in the LPS group (70.84%) was significantly different from that in the normal group (27.67%). The relative number of CD68+IL-6+ cells in the LPS group (63.88%) was significantly different from that in the LPS+TMC1, LPS+TMC2, and LPS+TMC3 groups. The relative number of CD4+IL-17+ cells in the LPS group (14.22%) was also significantly different from the LPS+TMC1, LPS+TMC2, and LPS+TMC3 groups (3.83%, 7.10%, and 3.54%, respectively). The relative number of CD8+IL-17+ cells in the LPS group (65.37%) was significantly different from that in the TMC group (19.66%). The results of this study indicate that TMC extract has the potential to reduce proinflammatory cytokines and may serve as a natural candidate for controlling inflammation.
The Application of Chicken Manure and NPK Fertiliser on the Growth and Yield of Sweet Potato Plants Wilis, Ruhalena; Sulaiman, Sulaiman; Elviani, Elviani; Abdullah, Umar Husein
Biotropika: Journal of Tropical Biology Vol. 14 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.biotropika.2026.014.02.16

Abstract

Sweet potatoes are food crops that provide carbohydrates. The application of chicken manure and NPK fertiliser can increase nutrient availability in sweet potato cultivation. This study aimed to determine the effects of appropriate dosages of chicken manure and NPK fertiliser, and their interaction, on the growth and yield of sweet potato plants. The study was conducted in Sukadamai Saree Village, Lembah Seulawah District, Aceh Besar Regency from September to December 2024. This study used a Randomised Block Design (RBD) with two factors: the dose of chicken manure (A) at three levels (5, 10, 15 tons/ha) and the dose of NPK fertiliser (N) at three levels (250, 300, 350 kg/ha). The parameters observed were plant length, stem diameter, number of primary branches, number of tubers, tuber length, and tuber weight. Research results: (1) The application of chicken manure and NPK fertilisers affects the growth and yield of sweet potato plants, (2) A statistically significant interaction was observed between chicken manure and NPK fertilisers on plant length at 30 and 45 DAP, stem diameter at 15 DAP, and tuber length. The combination of a higher dose of chicken manure (15 tons/ha) and a moderate application of compound fertiliser (300 kg/ha) represents the most effective strategy for maximising crop productivity.

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