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Journal : Online Learning in Educational Research

Spatial Geometry Learning in Higher Education Through Flipped Classroom with Metacognitive Scaffolding: A Mixed-Methods Study Awi, Awi; Sutamrin, Sutamrin; Ihsan, Hisyam; Nasir, Norma; Naufal, Muhammad Ammar; Ikram, Muhammad
Online Learning In Educational Research (OLER) Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Online Learning in Educational Research
Publisher : CV FOUNDAE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58524/oler.v5i2.817

Abstract

Mathematics education students continue to struggle with the complex notion of spatial geometry. Therefore, learning approaches should incorporate strong conceptual understanding. This study examined the effectiveness of flipped classroom-based geometry learning combined with metacognitive scaffolding in developing students’ spatial ability. It also identified students’ spatial knowledge needs, types of metacognitive questions posed by the teacher, and forms of scaffolding used. A mixed-methods design was employed, consisting of an exploratory qualitative phase followed by a quasi-experimental phase. The qualitative phase explored key spatial knowledge demands and scaffolding patterns through questionnaires and interviews, while the quasi-experimental phase compared three instructional conditions: flipped classroom with metacognitive scaffolding, flipped classroom without scaffolding, and conventional instruction. Results indicated that students needed four types of spatial geometry knowledge: 3D coordinate representation, geometric transformation, spatial visualization, and angle–distance relationships. Teachers’ metacognitive questions mainly emphasized awareness of understanding, while conceptual scaffolding was more dominant than metacognitive scaffolding. Quantitatively, students in the flipped classroom with metacognitive scaffolding showed greater improvements in spatial ability. These findings suggest integrating self-directed learning and metacognitive support in geometry learning that requires advanced visualization and independent thinking.
Co-Authors Abdul Halim Abdullah Abdul Rahman Abdullah, Abdul Halim Adnan Ahmad Faisal Ahmad Zaki Ahmad, Asdar Akhyar, Andi Muh. Alimuddin Almeyda, Resky Andi Ammar Akrar Andi Asmawati Azis Andi Citra Pratiwi Angri Lismayani Arjun, Uun Ade Asdar Asdar . Aswar Aswar Aswi, Aswi Awi Awi Awi Awi Dassa Awi Dassa, Awi Awi, Awi Ayu Alfina Pratiwi Amar Azwar, Azwar Chatarina Umbul Wahyuni Fajar Arwadi Febrianti Khoirunnisa Fitriana Hafid, Nur Aqidah Hamda Hamzah Upu Haris Haris Haris, Haris Hassan, Muhammad Nasiru Hisyam Ihsan Ibrahim Abdullah Alshaye Ibrahim Abdullah Alshaye Ikram, Muhammad Iskandar Iskandar Ja'faruddin, Ja'faruddin Jafaruddin Ja’faruddin Jeranah Latif, Lhenny Ardillah M. Amirullah M. Amirullah Mannan, Abdul Mardin Mardin, Mardin Maulidiyah Ananda Nasrul Mohd Salleh Abu Muhammad Isbar Pratama Muhammad Nur Akbar Syah Muhammad Yusuf Muhammad, Fadhel Nabil, Zaky An Nasir, Norma Novia Fridayanti Novianti, Gita Eka Nur Anisa Syam Nurfadillah Nurfadillah Nurfadillah Nurfadya, Masyta Nurhaliza, Ratih NURUL HIDAYAH Nurwahidah Obeng, Sharifah Nasriah Wan Pratiwi, Andi Citra Putri Anugrah Wanti Putri Regina Pratiwi Rahman, Abdul Ramdhani, Nurfitriah risaldi, risaldi Rondiyah Rondiyah Ruslan Saddang, Muhammad Sahid Sahid Samsuddin, Auliaul Fitrah Satrina, Satrina Sharifah Osman Sitti Masyitah Meliyana R. Sukarna Sukarna Sutamrin Sutamrin Sutamrin, Sutamrin Syahid, Nurul Khatimah Syamsunardi, Syamsunardi Umar Bin Makka Lanye Uun Ade Arjun Wahidin Ashari, Nur Zahrah, Fadliyah Zainal, Zaid Zaky An Nabil