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Biomolecules derived from salivary exosomes encapsulated in chitosan for bone regeneration in alveolar osteitis: A systematic review Sulistiani, Silvia; Bachtiar, Endang W.; Bachtiar, Boy M.
Narra J Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : Narra Sains Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52225/narra.v5i3.2877

Alveolar osteitis (dry socket) is a common complication after tooth extraction that delays bone healing and causes significant pain. Conventional treatments are largely palliative and do not actively promote regeneration. Salivary exosomes, rich in bioactive molecules, and chitosan, a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, might offer a promising combined approach for targeted bone regeneration. The aim of this systematic review was to systematically evaluate the regenerative potential of salivary exosomes encapsulated in chitosan for the treatment of alveolar osteitis. The systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines and the PICO framework. Comprehensive searches were performed across PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for English-language articles published between 2021 and 2025. Eligible studies included in vitro, in vivo, and preclinical research assessing chitosan-encapsulated salivary exosomes for bone regeneration. Data were extracted on study design, interventions, outcome measures, and therapeutic effects. From 524 retrieved records, 10 full-text articles were assessed, and two met the eligibility criteria. Both studies demonstrated that chitosan encapsulation improved the stability and delivery efficiency of salivary exosomes. Outcomes included increased osteogenic gene expression (ALP, BMP-2, osteocalcin, RUNX2), enhanced angiogenesis, reduced inflammation, and histological evidence of accelerated bone regeneration compared with conventional treatment. In conclusion, current evidence suggests that salivary exosomes encapsulated in chitosan have strong therapeutic potential for alveolar osteitis by promoting osteogenesis, reducing inflammation, and enhancing bone healing. However, further preclinical validation and controlled human trials are required before clinical translation.

The Potency of miRNA 221-3p as a Molecular Biomarker Of Temporomandibular Disoder: Narrative Review Rintoko, Bimo; Tanti, Ira; Bachtiar, Endang Winiati; Bachtiar, Boy Muchlis; Prihastari, Lisa
Odonto : Dental Journal Vol 12, No 3 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Islam Sultan Agung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30659/odj.12.3.241-250

United States. The trigeminal nerve might be the source of orof facial pain. Pain can be difficult to diagnose and treat due to the variability of pain complaints. miRNA 221-3p could be a potential biomarker for pain. Genetic polymorphisms and genetic mutations can lead to changes in the activity of inflammatory mediators, sex hormones, matrix-degrading enzymes, and the immune system, which affect bone remodeling homeostasis in the temporomandibular joint.Method: Scientific databases PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for articles published between 2013 and 2023 in order to conduct the study. 168 carefully selected publications providing information on possible biomarkers, particularly miRNA 221-3p, were included in the review of the literatureResult: Genetic polymorphisms and genetic mutations can lead to changes in the activity of inflammatory mediators, sex hormones, matrix-degrading enzymes, and the immune system, which affect bone remodeling homeostasis in the temporomandibular joint. In addition, activity changes were also observed in neurotransmitters and pain receptors, which resulted in relatively high pain sensitivity. Thus, this condition also increases susceptibility to TMD. Genetic analysis and biomarkers of temporomandibular disorders may improve sensitivity and specificity measures in diagnosing and treating patients with TMDConclusion: As a multifactorial disease, genetic factors are risk factors for TMD. Genetic polymorphisms and genetic mutations can lead to changes in the activity of inflammatory mediators, sex hormones, matrix-degrading enzymes, and the immune system, which affect bone remodeling homeostasis in the TMD

The Potency of miRNA 221-3p as a Molecular Biomarker Of Temporomandibular Disoder: Narrative Review Rintoko, Bimo; Tanti, Ira; Bachtiar, Endang Winiati; Bachtiar, Boy Muchlis; Prihastari, Lisa
Odonto : Dental Journal Vol 12, No 3 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Islam Sultan Agung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30659/odj.12.3.241-250

United States. The trigeminal nerve might be the source of orof facial pain. Pain can be difficult to diagnose and treat due to the variability of pain complaints. miRNA 221-3p could be a potential biomarker for pain. Genetic polymorphisms and genetic mutations can lead to changes in the activity of inflammatory mediators, sex hormones, matrix-degrading enzymes, and the immune system, which affect bone remodeling homeostasis in the temporomandibular joint.Method: Scientific databases PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for articles published between 2013 and 2023 in order to conduct the study. 168 carefully selected publications providing information on possible biomarkers, particularly miRNA 221-3p, were included in the review of the literatureResult: Genetic polymorphisms and genetic mutations can lead to changes in the activity of inflammatory mediators, sex hormones, matrix-degrading enzymes, and the immune system, which affect bone remodeling homeostasis in the temporomandibular joint. In addition, activity changes were also observed in neurotransmitters and pain receptors, which resulted in relatively high pain sensitivity. Thus, this condition also increases susceptibility to TMD. Genetic analysis and biomarkers of temporomandibular disorders may improve sensitivity and specificity measures in diagnosing and treating patients with TMDConclusion: As a multifactorial disease, genetic factors are risk factors for TMD. Genetic polymorphisms and genetic mutations can lead to changes in the activity of inflammatory mediators, sex hormones, matrix-degrading enzymes, and the immune system, which affect bone remodeling homeostasis in the TMD

Clinical and oral microbiome pattern of halitosis patients with periodontitis and gingivitis Diana S. Ningsih; Rinaldi Idroes; Boy M. Bachtiar; Khairan Khairan; Trina E. Tallei; Pati Kemala; Nur B. Maulydia; Ghazi M. Idroes; Zuchra Helwani
Narra J Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023): August 2023
Publisher : Narra Sains Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52225/narra.v3i2.163

Halitosis is caused by a bacterial proteolytic process that induces the production of volatile sulfur compounds, odor-causing gases. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical oral hygiene state and oral microbiome pattern of halitosis patients with periodontitis and gingivitis. The oral hygiene state of halitosis patients with periodontitis and gingivitis was assessed using the oral hygiene index simplified (OHI-S), decay missing filled teeth (DMFT), and tongue biofilm. The dorsum of the tongue and subgingival swabs were cultured for bacteria, and bacterial morphology was evaluated using Gram staining. Evaluation of the bacterial genus using the Bergey's systematic bacteriology diagram as a guide. A total of ten patients with periodontitis and gingivitis were included. Our data indicated that the scores of OHI-S and DMFT were different significantly between halitosis patients with periodontitis and gingivitis (both had p<0.001) while tongue biofilm score was not different between groups. On the dorsum of the tongue, periodontitis patients had a significant higher oral microbiome population (85.65x106 CFU/mL) compared to those with gingivitis (0.047x106 CFU/mL) with p=0.002. In contrast, the number of microbiomes in the subgingival had no significant different between periodontitis and gingivitis. On the dorsum of the tongue, six bacterial genera were isolated from periodontitis cases and seven genera were detected from gingivitis patients. On subgingival, 10 and 15 genera were identified from periodontitis and gingivitis, respectively. Fusobacterium, Propionibacterium, Eubacterium and Lactobacillus were the most prevalent among periodontitis cases while Porphyromonas was the most prevalent in gingivitis patients. In conclusion, although OHI-S and DMFT are different between periodontitis and gingivitis, overlapping of bacterial genera was detected between periodontitis and gingivitis cases.

Biomolecules derived from salivary exosomes encapsulated in chitosan for bone regeneration in alveolar osteitis: A systematic review Silvia Sulistiani; Endang W. Bachtiar; Boy M. Bachtiar
Narra J Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : Narra Sains Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52225/narra.v5i3.2877

Alveolar osteitis (dry socket) is a common complication after tooth extraction that delays bone healing and causes significant pain. Conventional treatments are largely palliative and do not actively promote regeneration. Salivary exosomes, rich in bioactive molecules, and chitosan, a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, might offer a promising combined approach for targeted bone regeneration. The aim of this systematic review was to systematically evaluate the regenerative potential of salivary exosomes encapsulated in chitosan for the treatment of alveolar osteitis. The systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines and the PICO framework. Comprehensive searches were performed across PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for English-language articles published between 2021 and 2025. Eligible studies included in vitro, in vivo, and preclinical research assessing chitosan-encapsulated salivary exosomes for bone regeneration. Data were extracted on study design, interventions, outcome measures, and therapeutic effects. From 524 retrieved records, 10 full-text articles were assessed, and two met the eligibility criteria. Both studies demonstrated that chitosan encapsulation improved the stability and delivery efficiency of salivary exosomes. Outcomes included increased osteogenic gene expression (ALP, BMP-2, osteocalcin, RUNX2), enhanced angiogenesis, reduced inflammation, and histological evidence of accelerated bone regeneration compared with conventional treatment. In conclusion, current evidence suggests that salivary exosomes encapsulated in chitosan have strong therapeutic potential for alveolar osteitis by promoting osteogenesis, reducing inflammation, and enhancing bone healing. However, further preclinical validation and controlled human trials are required before clinical translation.

Isolation and Identification of Indonesian Lactobacillus reuteri strain from Saliva of Young Adults Armelia Sari Widyarman; Stella Pranoto; Citra Fragrantia Theodorea; Endang Winiati Bachtiar; Boy Muchlis Bachtiar
Scientific Dental Journal VOLUME 2, ISSUE 2, MAY 2018
Publisher : Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Trisakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25105/sdj.v2i2.2840

Background: Biofilms are involved in a wide variety of microbial infections, including dental caries and periodontitis. The use of probiotics has been a promising prevention and treatment modality with which to combat biofilm-related diseases in the oral cavity. The probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri has been proven to reduce gingivitis and plaque index inside the oral cavity. These bacteria can be found in the digestive system and also in the human oral cavity. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify L. reuteri in the saliva of Indonesian young adults. Methods: Forty saliva samples were collected from 18–24 year-old Indonesian subjects. DNA extraction was performed, and then, the identification of L. reuteri was accomplished using PCR. Six subjects showed positive results. The positive samples were cultured in Rogosa Agar for 24 hours at 37°C anaerobically. Several single colonies were further cultured separately in broth medium before DNA extraction and PCR identification were performed. The four thickest bands were selected for DNA sequencing. Results: An analysis performed using BLAST showed that two of the L. reuteri strains obtained from the Indonesian saliva isolates had 96% (isolate 3.11) and 95% (isolate 5.14) values. This confirmed the presence of new strains based on average nucleotide identity (ANI). The isolate strains of 3.11 and 5.14 have been registered at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the accession number LC382415 and LC382416, respectively. Conclusion: L. reuteri novel strain can be isolated from the saliva of Indonesian young adults. Further studies involving biochemical tests and phenotypic analysis are needed to better understand these new L. reuteri strains.

Adjunctive Probiotics as Host Modulation Agent in Advanced Periodontitis: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials Cherry Erlin Lindo; Boy Muchlis Bachtiar; Claudia Isabella; Karina Natalie Natalie; Karina Putri Juwita
Scientific Dental Journal VOLUME 8, ISSUE 1, JANUARY 2024
Publisher : Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Trisakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25105/sdj.v8i1.19460

Periodontitis, a complex oral inflammation, poses health risks, especially in advanced stages. Traditional treatments like nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) have limitations, prompting exploration of adjunctive approaches like probiotics. This systematic review focuses on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing probiotics' impact when used alongside NSPT for advanced periodontitis. Periodontitis, a chronic oral condition, requires effective interventions, especially in advanced stages marked by severe tissue damage. Probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, have gained attention for their potential in supporting oral health. This review aims to analyse RCTs exploring probiotics as adjuncts to NSPT in advanced periodontitis. From 59 identified studies, 5 met inclusion criteria, published between 2019 and 2021. These studies examined probiotics' effects on probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) in stage III/IV Grade C periodontitis. Variations in probiotic strains, formulations, and therapy durations were observed. Risk of bias assessment indicated generally low risks across selected studies. Findings on PPD reduction were inconclusive, with two studies favouring probiotics, while others showed minimal differences. CAL gain was observed in all three studies assessing it, but no significant differences between probiotics and control groups were found. The benefits of adjunctive probiotics in advanced periodontitis remain unclear, contributing to the lack of firm conclusions. While probiotics show promise in influencing periodontal parameters, the current evidence does not firmly establish their efficacy as adjuncts to NSPT in advanced periodontitis. Homogeneous RCTs with standardized protocols are crucial for a more comprehensive evaluation of probiotics' potential benefits in this context

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