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All Journal Melintas An International Journal of Philosophy and Religion Jurnal Hukum PRO JUSTITIA Insignia: Journal of International Relations JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies) Jurnal Ilmiah HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL Jurnal Studi Diplomasi dan Keamanan Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Global Strategis Jurnal Hubungan Internasional Indonesian Perspective Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Verity: Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional (International Relations Journal) Jurnal Pertahanan : Media Informasi tentang Kajian dan Strategi Pertahanan yang Mengedepankan Identity, Nasionalism dan Integrity Mandala: Jurnal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional Andalas Journal of International Studies AEGIS : Journal of International Relations NUSANTARA : Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial Indonesian Journal of International Relations Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi dan Kajian Hukum Publica: Jurnal Pemikiran Administrasi Negara Academia Praja : Jurnal Ilmu Politik, Pemerintahan dan Administrasi Publik DINAMIKA GLOBAL : JURNAL ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi: Media Pengembangan Ilmu dan Praktek Administrasi Jurnal Syntax Imperatif : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan Jurnal Kewarganegaraan Jurnal Maritim Indonesia (Indonesian Maritime Journal) Jurnal Politica Dinamika Masalah Politik Dalam Negeri dan Hubungan Internasional Indonesian Journal of Peace and Security Studies East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (EAJMR) International Journal of Humanities Education and Social Sciences Formosa Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (FJMR) Intermestic: Journal of International Studies Indonesian Perspective Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional Aurelia: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Indonesia Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi: Media Pengembangan Ilmu dan Praktek Administrasi Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Aksaqila International Humanities and Social Sciences [AIHSS] Journal Jurnal TNI Angkatan Udara International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences
Anak Agung Banyu Perwita
Universitas Pertahanan RI
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South Korea’s Defense Diplomacy for Long Term Capacity Building through International Military Education in the United States Nugraha, Deja Akmal; Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu; Inkiriwang, Frega Wenas; Joodael, Kim
East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Vol. 3 No. 8 (2024): August 2024
Publisher : PT FORMOSA CENDEKIA GLOBAL

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55927/eajmr.v3i8.10607

Abstract

This paper explores the long-term impact of South Korean military education in the United States on South Korea's defense capacity building. Through qualitative case studies, the research examines the evolution of South Korea's participation in US military education programs and the subsequent utilization of US-trained officers within the South Korean military. The findings reveal significant benefits such as enhanced interoperability, modernization of military tactics, and the development of a highly skilled officer corps. However, the study also addresses challenges including cultural barriers, costs, and political polarization. By providing a comprehensive analysis, this research underscores the critical role of international military education in strengthening South Korea’s defense capabilities and fostering enduring defense partnerships between South Korea and the United States.
The Role of AUKUS in Australia’s Military Capacity Building Strategy Lubis, Lia Aulia; Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu; Hadisancoko, Rizerius Eko
East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Vol. 3 No. 8 (2024): August 2024
Publisher : PT FORMOSA CENDEKIA GLOBAL

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55927/eajmr.v3i8.10608

Abstract

This paper explores the role of AUKUS in enhancing Australia's military capacity amid evolving Indo-Pacific geopolitics. The AUKUS partnership between Australia, the UK, and the US aims to increase Australia's defense capabilities, focusing on nuclear-powered submarines, cyber security, AI, and underwater warfare. The analysis shows how AUKUS addresses Australia's military challenges by offering advanced technology and strategic support. The SSN-AUKUS submarines symbolize a major advancement in Australia's naval capabilities. The partnership also promises economic and social benefits, including job creation and infrastructure development. However, the study also notes potential drawbacks, such as increased regional tensions and the risk of an arms race, highlighting the need for balanced diplomatic effort.
Hedging through Defense Diplomacy: Indonesia’s Non-Alignment in the Age of Emerging Technologies Suminar, Sekar Hesti; Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu; Ramsi, Oktaheroe
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 3 No 4 (2025): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v3i4.7112

Abstract

Indonesia’s long-standing doctrine of a “free and active” foreign policy is increasingly reinterpreted in the 21st century as a strategic hedging approach, enabling the state to navigate intensifying great-power competition and rapid technological change. This study examines the emergence of defense diplomacy as a core instrument of Indonesia’s hedging strategy, allowing engagement with major powers and access to evolving defense technologies without compromising its non-aligned identity. Using a qualitative case study method, the research contrasts two key partnerships: the PT Len–Thales combat management system contract, representing Indonesia’s engagement with Western technology, and the ongoing Indonesia–India BrahMos missile negotiations, exemplifying diversification beyond traditional suppliers. The findings demonstrate that cultivating diverse, well-managed defense relationships mitigates overdependence on a single partner, enhances indigenous technological capacity, and advances strategic autonomy. This analysis argues that Indonesia’s hedging constitutes a contemporary articulation of non-alignment, reconciling normative commitments to sovereignty with pragmatic uncertainty management amid emerging technologies. By situating this dynamic within the broader framework of middle power diplomacy in the Indo-Pacific, the study underscores the growing relevance of defense diplomacy in safeguarding national interests in a fluid and contested geopolitical environment.
Hedging at Sea: Indonesia–Russia Defense Diplomacy through ORRUDA 2024 in the Indo-Pacific Norlyanti, Nia; Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu; Hendarwoto, Yermia
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 3 No 4 (2025): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v3i4.7123

Abstract

Amid intensifying great-power rivalries in the Indo-Pacific, Indonesia’s defense strategy has shifted toward multidirectional engagement to preserve strategic autonomy without committing to any single bloc. This study examines the strategic significance of the ORRUDA 2024 joint naval exercise between Indonesia and Russia as a case of defense diplomacy within a hedging framework. Drawing on neorealism, hedging theory, and the actor–process–issue model of defense diplomacy, the research adopts a qualitative case study approach that integrates primary sources, including press releases and official statements, with secondary scholarly literature. The findings reveal that ORRUDA operates both as a balancing mechanism against U.S.-led regional security architectures such as AUKUS and the Quad, and as a diplomatic signal affirming Indonesia’s bebas-aktif foreign policy. The exercise strengthens operational cooperation with non-Western partners, reinforces national security, and contributes to regional stability. It also demonstrates the utility of defense diplomacy as a non-aligned, peacetime instrument of strategic statecraft involving coordinated planning, communication, and issue-specific collaboration. Overall, the analysis underscores the role of calibrated, non-provocative military engagement in managing geopolitical uncertainty and highlights the importance of diversifying defense partnerships and enhancing strategic communication to sustain Indonesia’s agency in a contested Indo-Pacific environment.
U.S.-China Rivalry Controls AI-Based Defense Machine in the Natuna Sea and Malacca Strait: Indonesia's AI Governance Diplomacy in Navigating International Regulations Baresi, Muhammad Jordan; Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu; Hendarwoto, Yermia
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 3 No 5 (2025): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v3i5.7594

Abstract

This research examines the intensifying military artificial intelligence (AI) rivalry between the United States and China in the Southeast Asian maritime domain, with a focus on its implications for Indonesia’s sovereignty and regional security, particularly in the Natuna Sea and the Strait of Malacca. Despite the strategic significance of this technological contest, its impact on Indonesia’s defense and diplomatic posture remains underexplored. The study aims to analyze how the U.S.–China military AI competition is reshaping regional security dynamics and how Indonesia’s defense diplomacy navigates international legal frameworks amid emerging AI-based threats. Adopting a qualitative descriptive approach with a comparative case study design, the research draws on diplomatic documents and reports from international institutions such as the UN, ASEAN, SIPRI, and IISS. Data were analyzed using thematic coding via NVivo 14 and triangulated across multiple sources. Findings reveal that military AI has transformed conventional security concerns into an era of algorithmic rivalry that remains largely unregulated under existing international law. In response, Indonesia has pursued a form of AI Governance Diplomacy, a defense diplomacy strategy grounded in the principles of human oversight, algorithmic transparency, and legal accountability. The study concludes that Indonesia’s normative approach contributes to shaping emerging global norms on military AI governance. Theoretically, the findings expand non-traditional security discourse by incorporating algorithmic threats, while practically offering recommendations to strengthen ethical and regulatory frameworks for AI within ASEAN’s regional security architecture.
Safeguarding Maritime Critical Infrastructure: Indonesia’s Defense Diplomacy in the Indo-Pacific Security Architecture under the Joko Widodo Administration (2014–2024) Nurjanah, Ita; Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu; Hendarwoto, Yermia
Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art Vol 3 No 5 (2025): Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstea.v3i5.7607

Abstract

Maritime critical infrastructure (MCI)—comprising undersea data cables, energy pipelines, ports, and shipping lanes—is essential to sustaining global economic stability and digital connectivity. This is particularly critical in Southeast Asia, a region marked by dense maritime traffic and rising geopolitical tensions, including hybrid threats. As the largest archipelagic state in the region, Indonesia plays a pivotal role in safeguarding the security and resilience of these infrastructures. This study analyzes Indonesia’s defense diplomacy in protecting MCI within the broader Indo-Pacific security architecture during the administration of President Joko Widodo (2014–2024). Anchored in Barry Buzan’s Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT), alongside the concepts of hedging and defense diplomacy, the research employs a qualitative descriptive method to examine Indonesia’s strategic positioning. Findings indicate that Indonesia’s approach emphasizes diplomatic engagement, regional institutional cooperation, and strategic autonomy—enabling it to enhance infrastructure resilience while preserving neutrality amid intensifying U.S.–China rivalry. Key enablers include the adoption of technological innovation, improved inter-agency coordination, and multilateral defense partnerships. The study concludes that Indonesia’s defense diplomacy not only contributes to national infrastructure protection but also reinforces the stability of the Indo-Pacific maritime order.
Law of Armed Conflict and Humanitarian Law (Case Study: U.S. War in Vietnam) Athar Dil, Saqib; Banyu Perwita, Anak Agung; Rishianto, Agung; Hashmi, Hassan Raza
Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024): Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research
Publisher : Universitas Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31004/innovative.v4i1.7613

Abstract

Laporan ini menyelidiki kompleksitas dan kontroversi seputar kepatuhan terhadap prinsip-prinsip HHI di tengah konflik yang berkepanjangan dan kontroversial. Pasal ini menyoroti tujuan inti dari Undang-Undang Konflik Bersenjata (LOAC), yang menekankan pada perlindungan kehidupan dan martabat manusia, pembatasan sarana dan metode peperangan, pembedaan antara kombatan dan non-kombatan, perlindungan terhadap yang terluka, sakit, dan tidak berperang. dan menangkap individu, serta pelestarian kekayaan budaya dan lingkungan. Metodologi penelitiannya menggunakan pendekatan kuasi-kualitatif, yang diambil dari berbagai sumber, termasuk wawancara media, buku, artikel ilmiah, dan dokumenter. Artikel ini mengkaji akar dan pelajaran dari Perang Vietnam dan menyajikan dugaan pelanggaran HHI selama konflik, seperti penargetan yang tidak pandang bulu, penggunaan senjata terlarang, penganiayaan terhadap tahanan, dan penargetan infrastruktur yang melanggar hukum. Buku ini juga mengeksplorasi Teori Perang yang Adil sebagai kerangka penilaian aspek etika perang, dengan fokus pada proporsionalitas. Artikel ini secara kritis mengevaluasi keterlibatan AS dalam Perang Vietnam, menyoroti perdebatan tentang penerapan HHI dalam perang saudara yang diinternasionalisasi. Bab ini menyajikan berbagai perspektif tentang bagaimana HHI harus diterapkan dalam konflik-konflik tersebut dan mengatasi tantangan-tantangan hukum dan etika yang muncul. Artikel ini menyimpulkan dengan menekankan relevansi prinsip-prinsip HHI dalam konflik bersenjata kontemporer, menekankan perlunya penerapan prinsip-prinsip tersebut secara ketat untuk mencegah penderitaan manusia yang tidak perlu dan melindungi hak asasi manusia. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kesadaran dan pendidikan mengenai HHI harus ditingkatkan, dan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai konflik bersenjata yang terjadi baru-baru ini harus dilakukan untuk memperluas pemahaman tentang penerapan hukum humaniter internasional.
Building Regional Readiness Indonesia’s Leadership in Enhancing AHA Centre’s Disaster Response Capabilities Rahmadhani, Putri; Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu; Ramsi, Oktaheroe
International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences Vol 3 No 3 (2025): International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ijhess.v3i3.6951

Abstract

Indonesia, one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world, plays a strategic role in advancing regional disaster preparedness through its leadership in the ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on Disaster Management (AHA Centre). This study examines Indonesia’s leadership in the AHA Centre by employing the theoretical frameworks of Security Community (Karl Deutsch) and Norm Life Cycle (Finnemore & Sikkink) to analyze how Indonesia promotes cooperative norms and fosters a collective regional identity in disaster management. Utilizing a qualitative approach, the study evaluates Indonesia’s contributions in policy harmonization, operational readiness, resource mobilization, and norm internalization across ASEAN member states. The findings indicate that Indonesia functions as a norm entrepreneur by leading initiatives such as joint training programs, simulation exercises, information-sharing mechanisms, and the development of early warning systems—efforts that significantly enhance regional resilience and inter-state collaboration. Nonetheless, the study also identifies key challenges, including disparities in national disaster management capacities, inconsistent political commitment, and technological integration gaps, which impede the full realization of a cohesive regional response. The study concludes that Indonesia’s leadership has been instrumental in strengthening both national and regional disaster management frameworks and advancing ASEAN’s vision of a resilient community. Sustained efforts in policy alignment, capacity building, and resource sustainability are essential for deepening ASEAN’s collective disaster preparedness and response mechanisms.
Indonesia’s Defense Diplomacy Toward Fiji on the Papua Issue: Strengthening Bilateral Cooperation and Regional Stability Estirahayu, Ferditania; Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu; Hendarwoto, Yermia
International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences Vol 3 No 3 (2025): International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ijhess.v3i3.7153

Abstract

This study analyzes Indonesia’s defence diplomacy towards Fiji through the combined lenses of neorealism and soft power to explain Jakarta’s strategic conduct in the South Pacific. In a regional environment where states prioritize security and survival, Indonesia’s engagement with Fiji represents a calculated, non-coercive approach to advancing national interests, particularly regarding the Papua issue. Defence diplomacy initiatives include officer training programmes, high-level visits, joint military exercises, and institutionalised strategic dialogues designed to promote trust, transparency, and mutual understanding. Empirical evidence highlights the participation of Fijian officers in Indonesia’s Army Staff and Command College and Peacekeeping Centre, as well as bilateral commitments to expand cooperation across the army, navy, and air force. These activities have coincided with a moderation of Fiji’s stance on Papua in regional forums, aligning more closely with Indonesia’s position. Humanitarian assistance, capacity-building measures, and regional security collaboration have further enhanced Indonesia’s diplomatic image and supported its free and active foreign policy. The study concludes that Indonesia’s defence diplomacy towards Fiji serves both as a structural security strategy and a normative engagement tool, generating mutual benefits while strengthening Jakarta’s strategic influence in the Pacific.
Integrated Deterrence in Practice: The 2022 United States National Defense Strategy Towards the Russia-Ukraine War Masitoh, Yuniar Tri; Perwita, Anak Agung Banyu; Rudy, Elphis
International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences Vol 3 No 3 (2025): International Journal of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ijhess.v3i3.7317

Abstract

This paper analyzes the implementation of integrated deterrence by the United States, as articulated in the 2022 National Defense Strategy (NDS), in response to the Russia–Ukraine War. The central issue examined is how a strategy originally tailored to counter China was adapted to address Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Integrated deterrence seeks to align military and non-military instruments across domains and in coordination with allies, yet its real-world application presents complex challenges. The objective of this study is to assess how integrated deterrence was operationalized, evaluate its effectiveness, and identify key lessons for future defense planning. Employing a qualitative case study approach grounded in the framework of neoclassical realism, the research draws on official policy documents, expert commentary, and academic analyses. The findings reveal that the United States effectively leveraged integrated deterrence to support Ukraine without direct military engagement, utilizing a combination of economic sanctions, cyber defense, intelligence sharing, and diplomatic coordination. While the strategy did not prevent the initial invasion, it contributed to denying Russia a swift victory and reinforced NATO cohesion. The study concludes that integrated deterrence offers strategic flexibility and strengthens coalition responses in an increasingly complex global security landscape. However, its success is contingent upon domestic political consensus, sustained resource commitments, and a nuanced understanding of adversary behavior. The research underscores the need to adapt integrated deterrence for varying threat environments, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region, where escalation dynamics and regional contexts differ significantly.
Co-Authors Abdullah Zulkifli Adelia Wulandari Agung Risdhianto Agung Risdhianto Agung Rishdianto Agung Rishdianto Agus Sudarya Agus Sudarya Akhmad Sultoni Yahya Akmal Nugraha, Deja Akmhad Sultoni Yahya Albubaroq, Hikmat Zakky Andriyanto, Kristoforus Evan Annisa Dipa Pertiwi Arcelinocent Emile Pangemanan Asrudin, Muhammad Athar Dil, Saqib Baresi, Muhammad Jordan Brahmana, Dedy Putra BUDI PRAMONO Dedy Putra Brahmana Denisa Rizkiya Denisa Rizkiya Dewi, Dyah Apriliana Chandra Editha Praditya Eko Hadisancoko, Rizeriu Ernasari, Cici Estirahayu, Ferditania Fadhlur Rivanda Febry Hadiaty Furqon Hananto, Subarkah Hashmi, Hassan Raza Hendarwoto, Yermia Heni Yekti Pamulatsih Herlina Juni Risma Saragih Hikmat Zakky al Mubaroq Huliyani, Tri I Gusti Bagus Dharma Agastia, I Gusti Bagus Dharma Inkiriwang, Frega F. Wenas Inkiriwang Inkiriwang, Frega Ferdinand Wenas Inkiriwang, Frega Wenas Ircha Tri Meilisa Irene Irene Jennie Joyce Candice Jennie Joyce Candice Joodael, Kim Joseph Tertia Joseph Tertia Kim, Joodael Kurniawan Kurniawan Firmuzi Syarifuddin Lazuardi Loqman Ar Rahman Lazuardi Loqman Ar Rahman Luangphane, Chanthaboun Lubis, Lia Aulia M. Adnan Madjid Madjid, M. Adnan Mahroza, Jonni Makarim Wibisono Masitoh, Yuniar Tri Megawati Putri Militia Christi Pandelaki Militia Christi Pandelaki Montolalu, Reynaldo Rudy Kristian Muhamad Hasanuddin Wahid Muhammad Arkan Muhammad Ilham Razak Munif Prasojo Nisrina Nadhifa Norlyanti, Nia Nugraha, Deja Akmal Nurhayati Pakpahan Nurjanah, Ita Oktaheroe Ramsi Pamulatsih, Heni Yekti Pandelaki, Militia Christi Pedrason, Rodon Peni Hanggarini Praditya, Editha Purwantoro, Susilo Adi R, Andana Prawitra Rahma Yustika Dewi Rahmadhani, Putri Reza A.A Wattimena Ria Putri Santoso Riant Nugroho Rishianto, Agung Rizerius Eko Hadi Sancoko Rudy, Elphis Rui Duarte Santoso, Ria Putri Silaen, Christo Ariel Mario Simamora, Yohana Meyrida Sudibyo Sudibyo Sudibyo Suminar, Sekar Hesti Surachman Surjaatmadja Suyono Thamrin Tertia, Joseph Thamrin, Suyono Tia Dikatama Tsania Vania Lalita Wahid, Muhamad Hasanuddin Wenas Inkiriwang, Frega F. Wicaksono, Tresno Widjayanto, Joni Widya Dwi Rachmawati Wiranto, Surya Yasintha Selly Rossiana Yusuf Ali