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Journal : Universa Medicina

Interleukin-22-induced β‑defensin-2 expression by intranasal immunization with Streptococcus pneumoniae RrgB epitopes Mufida, Diana Chusna; Saputra, Antonius Dwi; Hermansyah, Bagus; Agustina, Dini; Shodikin, Muhammad Ali; Armiyanti, Yunita
Universa Medicina Vol. 41 No. 1 (2022)
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Trisakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18051/UnivMed.2022.v41.37-46

Abstract

BackgroundStreptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumococcal disease, which is responsible for millions of deaths worldwide. Various pneumococcal vaccine candidates have been developed to prevent S. pneumoniae infection, one of which is an epitope-based vaccine. This study aimed to prove that intranasal immunization with each of the five S. pneumoniae RrgB epitopes can induce a mucosal immune response by increasing the β-defensin-2 concentration through upregulation of interleukin (IL)-22 expression. MethodsAn experimental laboratory study was conducted using 28 male Wistar rats aged 3-4 months, that were randomly divided into 7 groups containing four rats each. Group 1 was given 40 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) only (control group). Group 2 was the adjuvant group that received 40 mL PBS containing 2 ìg cholera toxin B (CTB), and groups 3-7 were immunized with 40 mL PBS containing a combination of adjuvant and one of the five different S. pneumoniae RrgB epitopes. The concentrations of IL-22 and β-defensin-2 from nasal rinse examination were measured by means of ELISA. The Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Mann-Whitney post-hoc test were used for statistical analysis. ResultsRats immunized with the adjuvant-epitope combination had significantly higher β-defensin-2 and IL-22 levels than the control group (p=0.030; p=0.018, respectively), according to the Kruskal-Wallis test. And the Mann-Whitney statistical test, showed there was a significant increase in β-defensin-2 and IL-22 levels. ConclusionsIntranasal immunization with epitope 1 of the S. pneumoniae RrgB can increase β-defensin-2 expression significantly and has a greater potential to be developed into a pneumococcal vaccine.
Parasite immunomodulatory role in reducing the prevalence of COVID-19 in endemic regions Hermansyah, Bagus; Agustina, Dini; Zulaikha, Siti; Habibi, Ali
Universa Medicina Vol. 41 No. 1 (2022)
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Trisakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18051/UnivMed.2022.v41.90-99

Abstract

Nearly 35 million cases and one million deaths over the nine months of the COVID-19 pandemic have been reported worldwide. Africa and some countries with endemic parasitic infections had a low incidence of COVID-19. By contrast, the United States and several European countries, having a non-endemicity of parasitic infections, recorded a high incidence of COVID-19. Some parasites have an immunomodulatory mechanism that can induce an immune tolerance state in the infected persons by balancing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. Emerging reports also stated that COVID-19 and helminth co-infections may have more hidden outcomes than predictable ones. Hence, the aim of this literature review is to show and identify that an increase in the number of regulatory immune cells due to the immunomodulatory role of a pre-existing parasitic infection could reduce the risk of COVID-19. This study explored the existing literature to determine the role of parasitic infections in modulating the immune response and possibly reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection in endemic countries. The mechanism of immunomodulation by parasites is the increased numbers of Treg cells, M2 macrophages, eosinophils, the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5, and the pro-inflammatory downregulation of IFN λ, TNF α, and IL-6, which play an essential role in inducing cytokine storms in COVID-19 infection. This condition will probably occur in an individual with parasitic infection in a community with limited facilities and infrastructure to treat parasitic infections, particularly in developing countries. To conclude, in endemic areas, the immunomodulatory effect of parasitic infection to reduce the risk of COVID-19 cases/deaths is a possibility if the host is immunocompetent. Herein, the current knowledge on the immunomodulatory role of COVID-19 and helminth co-infections will be discussed.
Co-Authors Achmad Maududie Achmad Nazalal Furqon Adilah Julinar Irianti Afifatun Hasanah Agustina Tri Endharti Ahmad Hasbi Al-Muzaky Angga Mardro Raharjo Ardyansyah, Rizky Robeth Arifin, Mochammad Samsul Asis Fitriana Ayundasari, Asti Azham Purwandhono Azham Purwandhono Aziz, Ayu Munawaroh Billy Jusup Kurniawan Brillian Adexa Yudinda Burhan, Niniek Cholis Abrori, Cholis Cicih Komariyah Desi Dwi Cahyani Diana Chusna Mufida Dicky Setiawan Didi Candradikusuma Didi Candradikusuma Dimas Aji Bimantara Dina Helianti Dinda Ayu Wanodya Supriatiningsih Dini Agustina Drajad, Rahadinda Mutia Dhamar Dwita Aryadina Dwita Aryadina Rachmawati Dwita Sakuntala Edda Rachmadenawanti El Milla, Kardiana Izza Ellen Ocktavironita Elvia Rahmi Marga Putri Enny Suswanti ENNY SUSWATI Eny Nurmaida Epafroditus Sanjaya Adiguna Erfan Efendi Erma Sulistyaningsih Erma Sulistyaningsih Febrianti, Zahrah Fitri, Nadya Eka Ghaiska Najma Amnur Habib Mustofa Habibi, Ali Hanu Neda Septian Heni Fatmawati Hidayat Sujuti Ida Srisurani Wiji Astuti Ika Rahmawati Sutejo Indra Samudra Rahmat Irawan Fajar Kusuma Ivan Iqbal Baidowi Jauhani, M. Afiful Jauhar Firdaus Josef Sem Berth Tuda Kesy Sasta Handani Kristianningrum Dian Sofiana Kusiyanto Taslim, Fitranda Lailatis Shofia Laili, Nikmatul Laily Nurhayati Laksmi Indreswari Laksmi Indreswari Leersia Yusi Ratnawati Loeki Enggar Fitri M. Ali Shodikin M.S. Irham Rozaq Made Masagung Kawiartha Mash’ab Zirrun Al-Qomah Muhammad Afiful Jauhani Muhammad Alif Taryafi Muhammad Dimas Arya Candra Permana Muhammad Ryznar Faisal Nur Luqmani Nabila Putri Anissa Nexia Nevarachell Onny Amirsyah Nidya Husna Kholidah Niniek Burhan Nita Alfianti Nugraha, Bima Setia Sandya Nurmaida, Eny Nurul Furqooniyah Pangestu, Ahmad Yudho Hadi Pralampita, Pulong Wijang Primadana, Aditya Putra, Muhamad Dwi Eka Putri, Elvia Rahmi Marga Qintar Layallia Faza Rahardjo, Angga Mardro Rahmadhan, Adiz Dwiputra Rahmi, Aulya Raissa Puan Andrina Ramadanti, Novi Awalia Ramadhani, Rafindra Rena Normasari Rezza Putri Mahartika Risyanto, Chusnul Aulia Arisny Putri Rozaq, M.S. Irham Sa'bani, Begawan Sakinah, Elly N Salsabila, Yuna Annisa Salsabilla, Safira Putri Nur Samsul Arifin Saputra, Antonius Dwi Sarah Andriani Selly Silfana Liensa septa surya wahyudi, septa surya Shabri, Hammam Arif Shodikin, M Ali Shodikin, M. Ali Shofia, Lailatis Siti Zulaikha Sri Rahmanita Sugiyanta Sugiyanta Supangat Supangat Syamsuddin, Alif Fazduani Tiara Ajeng Dewita Tristianti, Farmitalia Nisa Tuda, Josef Sem Berth Tutiana Bayati Umar Zein Wiwien Sugih Utami Wiwin Sugih Utami Wulandari, Lindi Priyantika Tri Yoga Setyo Yonas Hadisubroto Yudha Nurdian Yuli Hermansyah Yuli Hermansyah Yuli Rahmantia, Vania Yuna Annisa Salsabila Yunita Armianti Yunita Armiyanti Zahrah Febianti Zulaikha Rizqina Rahmawati