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All Journal Wacana Hukum Perspektif : Kajian Masalah Hukum dan Pembangunan DE LEGA LATA: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Nagari Law Review Unes Law Review Buletin Ilmiah Nagari Membangun Jurnal Yudisial PROGRESIF: Jurnal Hukum Jurnal Syntax Transformation UNES Journal of Swara Justisia Andalas International Journal of Socio-Humanities El-Hadhanah: Indonesian Journal Of Family Law And Islamic Law Ranah Research : Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development Delicti : Jurnal Hukum Pidana Dan Kriminologi Lareh Law Review Alfuad: Jurnal Sosial Keagamaan Southeast Asian Journal of Victimology Jurnal Sakato Ekasakti Law Review
Aria Zurnetti, Aria
Fakultas Hukum Universitas Andalas
Religion Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Arts Humanities Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Engineering Environmental Science Health Professions Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Nursing Physics Public Health Social Sciences Transportation Veterinary Other

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Exceptional Crimes, Codification, and Human Rights: Reconstructing Lex Specialis in Indonesia’s Penal Reform Roni Efendi; Aria Zurnetti; Khairani
Alfuad: Jurnal Sosial Keagamaan Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Mahmud Yunus Batusangkar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31958/jsk.v10i1.17079

Abstract

The enactment of Indonesia’s Law No. 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code represents a paradigmatic shift toward a fully codified legal system through an open codification model. While this reform seeks to modernize national criminal law and dismantle the colonial legacy of the Wetboek van Strafrecht, it simultaneously generates a fundamental normative tension concerning the legal status of exceptional crimes traditionally governed by special statutes. This tension raises broader concerns regarding the protection of human rights in the governance of extraordinary crimes, particularly in balancing legal certainty, institutional authority, and the need for exceptional enforcement mechanisms. This article aims to examine whether the incorporation of core offenses such as corruption, terrorism, gross human rights violations, narcotics, and money laundering into Chapter 35 of the new Criminal Code transforms their legal character, enforcement regimes, and human rights implications. Using a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, this study analyzes the structural consequences of this integration within a broader framework of codification and legal pluralism. The article argues that Chapter 35 does not dilute the exceptional nature of these crimes nor undermine the operation of the lex specialis derogat legi generali principle. Instead, it establishes a layered and hybrid normative framework in which the Criminal Code functions as an internal special regime that systematically interacts with external special laws while preserving institutional authority. This study further proposes a reconceptualization of lex specialis as a multi-dimensional construct encompassing material specificity, differentiated sanctioning regimes, institutional design, and human rights safeguards. By situating Indonesia’s penal reform within broader debates on codification and legal pluralism, this article contributes to comparative discussions on how contemporary legal systems reconcile unified codification with the protection of fundamental rights in addressing exceptional crimes.
Co-Authors Afdilla, Andra Ahmad Iffan Aldyans Rio Pratra Andy Sonya Meylani Apred Zenegger, Tigor ARIZAL, HENDRIKO Awilda Awilda Awilda, Awilda Chandra, Yonatan Iskandar desky, teku ananta Efendi, Roni Efendi, Roni Efren Nova Elda, Edita Elwi Danil Fachrie, Yogie Fadhilah Sabri Fadhilah Sabri Febrian Akhirama Saputra Fengki Andreas Fengki Andreas Gaol, Suryadinata LBN Gemilang, Zaifi Surya Ghifari, Teguh Gugi Dolansyah Harfiani, Putri Salsa Henni Muchtar Herri Hendra Intania Iqbal, Tavialsyah Ismansyah Ismansyah Ismansyah Ismansyah Kamila Hesti Kevin Lie Khairani Khairani Khairani Khairani Khairani Khairani Khofifah Kusuma Wardani Khoirunnisa, Umni Kusuma Wardani, Khofifah LBN Gaol, Suryadinata Lucky Raspati M. Hasbi Maulana Fajri Adrian Maulana Fajri Adrian Mukhti, Putri Cempaka Najmi Najmi Najmi Najmi, Najmi Nani Mulyati Nilma Suryani Nurjannatul Fadhilah Oktriadi Kurniawan Putra, Vananda Putri Cempaka Mukhti Raihany, Farras Audia Reza Tri Putra Aldrin Rias, Irzal Ridwan Syafaat Yori Riki Afrizal Roni Efendi Saputra, Febrian Akhirama Sinaga, Risa Putri Siska Elvandari Suharizal Sukmareni Sukmareni Sukmareni Sukmareni, Sukmareni Suryadinata LBN Gaol Suryadinata LBN Gaol Teguh Sulistia Trisanti Trisanti Trisanti, Trisanti Vananda Putra Yasniwati, Yasniwati Yonatan Iskandar Chandra Yoserwan Yulia Susanti, Yulia Yunita Eka Putri Yunita Eka Putri Zaifi Surya Gemilang