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All Journal Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syariah dan Masyarakat Jurnal Akta Humani (Hukum dan Masyarakat Madani) Awang Long Law Review Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi dan Kajian Hukum MAGISTRA Law Review Al-Adl : Jurnal Hukum Jurnal Darma Agung Borneo Student Research (BSR) Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Nusantara JURNAL RECTUM: Tinjauan Yuridis Penanganan Tindak Pidana TATOHI: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Sultan Jurisprudence : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Hukum Action Research Literate (ARL) Bureaucracy Journal : Indonesia Journal of Law and Social-Political Governance Bacarita Law Journal AHKAM : Jurnal Hukum Islam dan Humaniora Journal of Sharia and Legal Science Journal of International Islamic Law, Human Right and Public Policy Jurnal Aksi Dosen dan Mahasiswa Journal of Creative Power and Ambition (JCPA) Disiplin : Majalah Civitas Akademika Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum sumpah Pemuda Jurnal Abdimas Mahakam
Rahmatullah Ayu Hasmiati
Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur
Religion Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Arts Humanities Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Environmental Science Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Library & Information Science Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mathematics Public Health Social Sciences Other

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Commodification of Companion Animals in Indonesian Business Law: Regulatory Gaps and an Ecological Justice–Based Reconstruction Rahmatullah Ayu hasmiati; Mohammed A. Al-Absi
JURNAL AKTA Vol 13, No 2 (2026): June 2026
Publisher : Program Magister (S2) Kenotariatan, Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Islam Sultan Agung

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Abstract

Within Indonesian law, companion animals are predominantly treated as economic objects subject to ownership and commercial exchange. This market-oriented legal construction provides limited recognition of animals as living beings and creates structural weaknesses in the protection of animal welfare, particularly regarding the responsibilities of business actors involved in animal-related activities. This article examines how Indonesian business law constructs the legal status of companion animals and identifies the regulatory gaps affecting the protection of their welfare. The research employs normative juridical (doctrinal) methods using statutory, conceptual, and limited comparative approaches. The study analyzes Article 499 and Article 509 of the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata), Article 302 of the Criminal Code (KUHP), and Law Number 18 of 2009 as amended by Law Number 41 of 2014 concerning Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Health through the perspective of ecological justice, with a brief comparative reference to South Korean regulatory developments. The findings indicate that Indonesian business law continues to frame companion animals primarily as commodities, resulting in fragmented governance in which welfare protection remains secondary to administrative and economic considerations. The study proposes an ecological justice-based reconstruction that integrates animal welfare obligations into the regulatory governance of companion animal-related businesses through welfare-based licensing, supervisory mechanisms, and duties of care for business actors.
Implementasi Klausul Mitigasi Risiko sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Wanprestasi dalam Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli Tanah Dikota Samarinda Nurtiara; Asnawi Mubarok; Rahmatullah Ayu Hasmiati
AHKAM Vol 5 No 4 (2026): AHKAM: Jurnal Hukum Islam dan Humaniora
Publisher : Lembaga Yasin AlSys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ahkam.v5i4.11453

Abstract

Although risk mitigation clauses in land Preliminary Sale and Purchase Agreements (PPJB) play an important role in preventing breaches of contract, their implementation continues to face various obstacles, including incomplete documentation and unclear legal status of the land concerned, limited understanding among the parties regarding the contents of the agreement, noncompliance with obligations, and the suboptimal application of the principle of good faith. This study aimed to analyze the implementation of risk mitigation clauses in land PPJB as an effort to prevent breaches of contract and identify the obstacles to and measures for optimizing their application. The study employed an empirical legal method with an empirical juridical approach and qualitative analysis. Data were obtained through interviews with notaries/Land Deed Officials and employees of the Samarinda City Land Office and were supported by a literature review. The results showed that risk mitigation clauses had been implemented through provisions governing the rights and obligations of the parties, payment mechanisms, deadlines for the fulfillment of contractual obligations, breach-of-contract provisions, force majeure, and dispute resolution mechanisms. Notaries/Land Deed Officials also verified the legality of the land concerned and explained the substance of the agreement before the PPJB was signed, thereby supporting legal certainty and protection for the parties. However, the effectiveness of their application remained influenced by administrative completeness, certainty regarding the legal status of the land concerned, the parties’ understanding, compliance with contractual obligations, and adherence to the principle of good faith. This study confirms that optimizing risk mitigation clauses requires clear and comprehensive clause formulation, strengthening the role of notaries/Land Deed Officials in providing legal explanations, and enhancing administrative verification and verification of the legality of the land concerned before the PPJB is prepared. These findings contribute to the development of contract law studies and provide practical implications for the parties and authorized officials in improving the effectiveness of breach-of-contract prevention in land sale and purchase transactions.
Legal Responsibility of Electronic System Operators for Fraudulent Acts in Marketplace Transactions in Indonesia Devi Mustika; Lisa Anggraini; Simalango, Juita Octaviani; Agusriansyah Ridwan; Rahmatullah Ayu Hasmiati
Sultan Jurisprudence: Jurnal Riset Ilmu Hukum Vol 6, No 1 (2026): IN PRESS
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51825/sjp.v6i1.40634

Abstract

The rapid expansion of digital marketplaces has intensified concerns over the legal responsibility of Electronic System Operators (ESOs) for fraudulent activities conducted through their platforms. While Indonesia's legal framework recognizes the safe harbor doctrine, it provides limited guidance on the circumstances under which ESOs lose immunity because of inadequate platform governance. This study examines the limits of ESO liability for online fraud and evaluates the relationship between safe harbor protection and due diligence obligations under Indonesian law. Employing normative juridical research through statutory and conceptual approaches, the study analyzes the regulatory framework governing intermediary liability and platform accountability. The findings reveal that safe harbor protection cannot be treated as absolute immunity but is conditional upon the effective implementation of due diligence measures, including user verification, timely responses to reports of unlawful conduct, and proportionate mitigation of foreseeable risks. Building on these findings, this study proposes a Risk-Tiered Intermediary Liability model that calibrates legal responsibility according to the level of platform involvement and the adequacy of preventive measures adopted by ESOs. The proposed framework contributes to intermediary liability scholarship by reconciling innovation-friendly safe harbor protection with accountable digital governance and offers a normative basis for future regulatory reform in Indonesia.
Co-Authors Abdul Jafar Absori Absori Agusriansyah Ridwan Aldi Pebrian Anatasyah, Clerine Clarisa Apriliani, Nur Aulia Arbansyah Arbansyah Ardha, Dea Justicia Arief Budiono Aulia Vivi Yulianingrum Azmi, Anisa Delia Cholid, Idham Dea Justicia Ardha Dea Justicia Ardha Dea Justicia Ardha Derei, Daniël Devi Mustika Elviandri, Elviandri Fadlurrahman , Muhammad Fais Febrina Hertika Rani Gumilang, Arvin Heni Marlina Herdiawan, Herdiawan Hisyam, Akmal Ihsan, Beril Fahrezi Ikhwanul Muslim indriati, Menik Yuni Indriyani, Ananda Dwi Justicia Ardha, Dea Khayrul Rizal L.W, Kevin Ardian Lisa Anggraini M.Krisna Marsetina, Lola Naury Menik Yuni indriati Mohammed A. Al-Absi Mubarok, Asnawi Muhammad Adi Saputra Muhammad Kholil Mulyadi Tanzili Mustaqim, Jimmy Nabila, Sofia Nur Annafi, Hafiyyan Nurtiara Patih Ahmad Rafie Pettanase, Ismail Priyambada, Galih Putri, Shifa Nurdila Rio Arif Pratama Sasikirana Anastasia Simalango, Juita Octaviani Sofia Ulfa Eka Hadiyanti, Sofia Ulfa Eka Sugara, Robbi Sulistafando, Ravidan Maheer Surahman Surahman Syamsul - Taufik Akbar Taufiq Idris, Muhammad Yudistira Rusyidi Yulianingrum, Aullia Vivi