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Justice and Regulation in Pharmaceutical Patents: A Comparative Philosophical Inquiry into India and Indonesia (1970–2024) Tjandrawinata, Raymond R.
Jurnal Impresi Indonesia Vol. 4 No. 11 (2025): Jurnal Impresi Indonesia
Publisher : Riviera Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58344/jii.v4i11.7225

Abstract

This article traces the evolution of pharmaceutical patent regimes in India and Indonesia through a jurisprudential and philosophical lens, positioning justice, certainty, and protection as the three normative pillars of evaluation. The theoretical framework draws on John Rawls’s theory of distributive justice, Satjipto Rahardjo’s concept of progressive law, and Barry Mitnick’s theory of the political economy of regulation. Historical analysis reveals two epistemologically distinct trajectories. Since 1970, India has developed a legal system that balances exclusive rights and public welfare through substantive mechanisms such as Section 3(d), compulsory licensing, and drug price control under the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA). Indonesia, by contrast, initially adopted a TRIPS-compliant positivist approach and began transitioning only in 2024 toward a more reflective and justice-oriented patent regime through the enactment of Law No. 65/2024 on Patents. The study argues that the fairness of a patent system should not be measured by its capacity to create monopolies of knowledge but by its effectiveness in distributing the benefits of technology to those most in need. It concludes with the formulation of a Balanced Patent Justice Framework (BPJF) a normative model integrating Rawlsian fairness, Satjiptian humanism, and Mitnickian institutional design to construct a pharmaceutical patent regime that is not only efficient but also morally sustainable.
Analysis of State Responsibility for Health Rights in Indonesia: Integrating Legal Positivism and Justice Theory Tjandrawinata, Raymond R.; Heliany, Ina
Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies Vol. 5 No. 12 (2025): Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies
Publisher : Green Publisher Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59188/eduvest.v5i12.52613

Abstract

This research examines the legal and moral dimensions of the state's responsibility for the right to health in Indonesia by synthesizing legal positivism and contemporary theories of justice. Focusing on Law No. 17 of 2023 on Health and the National Health Insurance scheme (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional, JKN), the research argues that formal legal validity alone is insufficient to discharge the state’s constitutional obligations. While Indonesia has constructed a procedurally coherent health law framework that satisfies positivist criteria of legality, significant gaps remain in the realization of substantive justice, particularly for disadvantaged populations. By juxtaposing H.L.A. Hart’s conception of legal validity with John Rawls’s theory of justice as fairness, this study demonstrates that the legitimacy of health law must be assessed not only by its formal pedigree but also by its distributive consequences. The research concludes that state responsibility for health rights requires an integrated approach in which legal positivism is complemented—and normatively corrected—by justice-based evaluation, thereby proposing a dual-threshold conception of state responsibility in health law that distinguishes legal validity from normative legitimacy through doctrinal analysis and normative institutional evaluation. This study conceptually reframes state responsibility for social rights as a dual-threshold structure in which formal legality constitutes a necessary condition of obligation, while distributive justice operates as an independent condition of legitimacy.
Co-Authors Achmad K. Harzif Agung Endro Nugroho Agung Endro Nugroho Andon Hestiantoro Andri Prasetiyo Anindini Winda Amalia Anindyajati Anindyajati Anita Artarini Armini Syamsidi ARTARINI, ANITA B. Atawolo, Andreas Babu, Murali Mohan Budi Wiweko Caroline G. Puspita CATUR RIANI Danang Agung Yunaidi Dayana, Hepy Debbie S. Retnoningrum Debbie S. Retroningrum DEBBIE SOEFIE RETNONINGRUM Dewi Riskha Nurmalasari Diana Nur Afifah Esti Mumpuni Esti Mumpuni Esti Mumpuni, Esti Gayatri, Anggi Gita Pratama Hapsari, Riani Hartati Tuna, Hartati Heliany, Ina Henry Soelistyo Budi Henry Soelistyo Budi, Henry Soelistyo Herbert Situmorang Herbert Situmorang Huda Shalahudin Darusman Indriawati, Iin Irsan Hasan Ismaya, Wangsa T. Kaka Renaldi Kanadi Sumapradja Krisnayanti, Ni Putu Eka Kristiana, Hery Kristiana, Hery Laurentia Stephani Lee, Hee Jae Liana W. Susanto Lilik Sulastri Luh Putu Nurshanti, Ni Maggy T. Suhartono Maggy T. Suhartono Maggy Thenawidjaja Suhartono Marcellus Simadibrata Martha Wijaya, Harry Melva Louisa Murdani Abdullah Nafrialdi Nafrialdi Nailufar, Florensia Nailufar, Florensia Novia Tri Astuti Novia Tri Astuti Novitasari, Putri Rachma Permanasari, Silmi Citra Rachman, Andika Raden Muharam Natadisastra Retroningrum, Debbie S. Rosyidah, Citra Santi Tan Saut Horas Hatoguan Nababan Setiabudy, Rahajuningsih D Shirly Kumala SILMI MARIYA Simatupang, Stefeny Theresia Sinaga, Wenny S.L. Soelistyo Budi, Henry Susanto, Liana W Suwijiyo Pramono Suwijiyo Pramono Tan, Santi Viedya Novalinda Said Wahyunia Likhayati Septiana Wangsa T. Ismaya Wangsa Tirta Ismaya Wawaimuli Arozal Widjaja, Nadia Winoto, Imelda L Winoto, Imelda L Yanti Lim Zaelani, Bella Fatima Dora