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All Journal Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia The Journal of Experimental Life Sciences (JELS) El-Hayah : Jurnal Biologi Jurnal Harpodon Borneo Journal of Innovation and Applied Technology Research Journal of Life Science agriTECH Jurnal Sumberdaya Akuatik Indopasifik JFMR (Journal of Fisheries and Marine Research) AKSIOLOGIYA : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA (JPPIPA) Media Akuakultur Samakia: Jurnal Ilmu Perikanan Journal of Aquaculture and Fish Health Bioscientist : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi JURNAL BAHARI PAPADAK Journal of Fisheries & Marine Journal of Tropical Diversity
Ating Yuniarti
Department Of Aquaculture, Faculty Of Fisheries And Marine Science, Universitas Brawijaya. Malang. Indonesia
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Computer Science & IT Earth & Planetary Sciences Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Engineering Environmental Science Immunology & microbiology Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience Physics Social Sciences Other

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Survival Rate and Growth Length of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Exposed to Microplastics Diana Permatasari; Mohamad Fadjar; Ating Yuniarti
Journal of Aquaculture and Fish Health Vol. 12 No. 1 (2023): JAFH Vol. 12 No. 1 February 2023
Publisher : Department of Aquaculture

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jafh.v12i1.36844

Abstract

Aquaculture has a land potential of 17.92 million ha consisting of 2.83 million ha of freshwater aquaculture potential, 2.96 million ha of brackish water aquaculture and 12.12 million ha of marine aquaculture. One of the freshwater species that has the potential to be cultivated is catfish (C. gariepinus). But now, as a result of the decline in the quality of the freshwater environment, catfish are prone to contamination by plastic waste. If microplastic particles have accumulated in large numbers in the fish's body, it can clog the fish's digestive tract and affect the growth of catfish which will affect the results of aquaculture production. The purpose of this study was to determine the survival rate or survival rate of catfish exposed to microplastics. The research design used in this study was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 1 control variable, namely no mixing of microplastics in commercial feeds and 3 different doses of microplastics, namely A (5%), B (10%), C (15%) mixed with commercial feed, where each treatment was repeated 3 times. The results of the one way ANOVA analysis showed that the treatment of exposure to microplastics with different doses did not have a significant effect (P<0.05) on the survival rate and length growth of catfish. The survival rate ranges from 65- 100%. Survival values that were not significantly different could indicate that there was competition for space and dominance of larger fish in the aquarium which affected fish growth, feed utilization and fish survival. Meanwhile, the length growth value ranged from 21-28cm. The length growth value which was not significantly different could indicate that the dose of microplastic used in the study did not result in muscle and bone cell division which was the cause of the increase in body length of fish.
Immunostimulant Activity of Neem Leaf (A. indica A. Juss) Ethanol Fraction on Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Rika Putri; Sri Andayani; Ating Yuniarti
The Journal of Experimental Life Science Vol. 8 No. 3 (2018)
Publisher : Postgraduate School, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1110.631 KB) | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jels.2018.008.03.08

Abstract

Intensive cultivation of Tilapia with high stock density and continuous artificial feeding will decrease the water quality and increase the growth of pathogenic bacteria. That situation led to the fish stressed so that the fish become the target of bacterial pathogen attacks. Alternatively, the environmental friendly treatment using herbal immunostimulant to solve that problem is required. The herbal in this study used neem leaf (Azadirachta indica A. Juss). The aim of this study was to evaluate ethanol fraction of neem leaf on immunostimulant activity of Oreochromis niloticus. In this study, the extraction method used maceration. Fractionation methods were using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Column Chromatography (CC). The biological component was analyzed using Phytochemical, FTIR and GC-MS methods. TLC test showed that ethyl acetate: n-hexane (1:1, v/v) result in brightest luminescence colors on the plates of silica gel under UV light (365 nm). The chromatography column from the ethanol extract of neem leaf (A. indica A. Juss) showed that separation of the fraction was done based on the formation of color, which obtained 5 (five) types of fractions. The results of the phytochemical test for the fraction 4 of neem leaf contains two compounds, i.e. flavonoids (+) and triterpenoids (++). The FTIR test showed that fraction 4 of neem leaves contain a class of terpenoid and flavonoid compounds. GCMS test results on fraction 4 of the neem leaves (A. indica A. Juss) obtained the high peak, which has 4 terpenoid compounds, 1 compound of flavonoid, and 1 type of lauric acid. The total leukocyte of the fish test increased after treated with fraction 4 of neem leaf (A. indica A. Juss) compared with control on day 7 after injection, i.e. 25.29 x 104 cells.mL-1.Keywords: fraction, leukocyte, Neem Leaves, Tilapia, Phytochemicals.
Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Flower Extract Against Aeromonas hydrophila Sitti Khairul Bariyyah; Arief Prajitno; Ating Yuniarti
The Journal of Experimental Life Science Vol. 9 No. 2 (2019)
Publisher : Postgraduate School, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1061.809 KB) | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jels.2019.009.02.01

Abstract

Medicinal plants as an antimicrobial agent may provide an alternative way to replace the use of antibiotics to control disease agents in aquaculture. Roselle flowers (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) has been used in many sectors as a source of functional food, natural coloring agents as well as antimicrobial agents. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the phytochemical compound in methanolic extract of roselle flower and their antimicrobial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila. The phytochemical composition of roselle flower was evaluated using phytochemical screening and FTIR. While the antimicrobial activity was performed by using the disc diffusion agar and co-culture with A. hydrophila. The results of phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids, and tannins. The results of FTIR revealed that Roselle flower extract had the main phenolic compounds. The result of disc diffusion and co-culture method indicated that the roselle flower extract had antibacterial activity against A. hydrophila. This antibacterial activity depended on the concentration applied.Keywords: antibiotics, Co-culture, Disk diffusion, flavonoid, Hibiscus sp.
Phytochemicals and The Ability of Plantago major Linn. Extract to Inhibit The growth of Aeromonas hydrophila Annisa Farhana Dewi; Arief Prajitno; Ating Yuniarti
The Journal of Experimental Life Science Vol. 9 No. 2 (2019)
Publisher : Postgraduate School, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1120.058 KB) | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jels.2019.009.02.02

Abstract

Aeromonas hydrophila is a type of gram-negative bacteria that can harm humans and major animals that have poikilotherm properties such as fish and shrimp. These bacteria can cause haemorrhages in fish until death and causing fish farming production to failure. The use of medicinal plants has been trusted by people all over the world to overcome various disease problems, one of which is a disease caused by bacteria. Plantago major L. is known that able to inhibit the growth of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The purposes of this study were to identify the extracted compounds contained in Plantago major L., using FTIR and UV-VIS spectrophotometer and to evaluate antibacterial activity against A. hydrophila. The results of this study showed that crude extracts of Plantago major L. contained polar compounds such as phenols, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The presence of phenols and flavonoids was confirmed by the results of FTIR and UV-VIS. Furthermore, the crude extract of Plantago major L. significantly inhibited the growth of A. hydrophila (P <0.05).Keywords: Antibacterial, Co-culture, Extraction, FTIR, UV-VIS.
Effect of Prebiotic and Probiotic Fish Feed on Physical, Chemical and Biological Quality of Feed M. Indra Wahyu Pratama; Anik Martinah; Ating Yuniarti
The Journal of Experimental Life Science Vol. 11 No. 2 (2021)
Publisher : Postgraduate School, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jels.2021.011.02.04

Abstract

The limitations of fish in digesting food depend on the presence of enzymes protease, amylase, and lipase that react with substrates in the digestive channel of fish. Supplementation methods can be performed to increase fish growth by adding prebiotics and probiotics to the feed. This study aims to determine the influence of the difference in the length of time fermented prebiotic feed (sweet potato extract) and probiotics (Bacillus megaterium) on the quality of feed. The results of the physical analysis of fish feed showed the color looks brown, fishy smell, texture, and general conditions of feed seemed completely normal. Chemical analysis showed that the proteins were best improved in B3 treatment, with the period of fermentation approximately 72 hours. Biological analysis suggests that the longer the fermentation time taken, the higher the abundance of bacteria obtained.Keywords: B. megaterium, chemistry and biology of fish feed, physical analysis, sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L)
PROBIOTIK INDIGENOUS Bacillus sp (NL004) YANG DIPERKAYA PADA LIMBAH CAIR TAHU (LCT) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN IKAN NILA (Oreochromis niloticus) Agung Setia Abadi; Anik Hartinah Mariati; Ating Yuniarti
Media Akuakultur Vol 18, No 1 (2023): Juni, 2023
Publisher : Pusat Riset Perikanan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15578/ma.18.1.2023.15-20

Abstract

Telah diketahui bahwa penambahan probiotik dipercaya meningkatkan keuntungan dengan cara meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan resistensi serangan penyakit pada ikan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas penambahan probiotik indigenous pada laju pertumbuhan spesifik ikan nila (Oreocromis niloticus). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara mengisolasi, karakterisasi, dan identifikasi bakteri indigenous dari usus ikan nila. Selanjutnya dilakukan kultur bakteri kandidat probiotik pada limbah cair tahu, dan dilakukan uji viabilitas pada pakan. Tahap selanjutnya dilakukan uji in-vivo dengan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap yang diulang sebanyak dua kali. Perlakuan A tanpa penambahan probiotik, B dengan penambahan probiotik NL 004 107 cfu/ml/gr. Parameter uji yang dilakukan diantaranya sintasan, laju pertumbuhan spesifik, konversi pakan dan efisiensi pakan. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa penambahan C:N rasio pada LCT mempunyai waktu generasi sel lebih baik sebesar 0,29 (generasi/menit), viabilitas pada pakan menunjukkan pertumbuhan sel lebih baik pada dosis 107 cfu/ml/gr. Hasil uji karakter pertumbuhan ikan menunjukkan penambahan probiotik NL 004 meningkatkan laju pertumbuhan spesifik sebesar 2,44 % bb/hari, FCR menurun sebesar 1,09 dan meningkatkan efisiensi pakan sebesar 75,79%.It is known that the addition of probiotics is believed to increase profits by increasing growth and disease resistance in fish. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of adding indigenous probiotics to the specific growth rate of tilapia (Oreocromis niloticus). The method used in this research is by isolating, characterizing, and identifying bacteria from the intestines of tilapia. Furthermore, probiotic candidate bacteria culture was carried out in tofu liquid waste (TLW), and viability tests were carried out on the feed. The next stage is an in-vivo test using a completely randomized design which was two repetitions. Treatment A without the addition of probiotics, B with the addition of probiotics NL 004 107 cfu.ml-1.gr-1. The test parameters carried out include survival, specific growth rate, feed conversion, and feed efficiency. The test results showed that the addition of C:N ratio in TLW had a better cell generation time of 0.29 (generation.min-1), and viability on feed showed better cell growth at a dose of 107 cfu.ml-1.gr-1. The result of the fish growth character test showed that the addition of probiotics increased the specific growth rate by 2.44% w.day-1, decreased FCR by 1.09, and increased feed efficiency by 75.79%.
Komunitas Fitoplankton Pada Sistem Budidaya Intensif Udang Vaname, Litopenaeus vannamei di Probolinggo, Jawa Timur [Phytoplankton Community at Intensive Cultivation System of White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei in Pr Nasrullah Bai Arifin; Muhammad Fakhri; Ating Yuniarti; Anik Martinah Hariati
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan Vol. 10 No. 1 (2018): Jurnal ilmiah perikanan dan kelautan
Publisher : Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jipk.v10i1.8542

Abstract

                                                    AbstrakFitoplankton merupakan sumber pakan alami pada budidaya udang di tambak. Produktivitas fitoplankton dapat meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya kandungan nutrien di tambak. Sisa metabolisme dan pakan merupakan sumber nutrien bagi pertumbuhan fitoplankton di tambak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi produktivitas dan mengidentifikasi jenis fitoplankton pada sistem budidaya intensif udang vaname, Litopenaeus vannamei. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada tiga petak tambak budidaya intensif udang vaname di Probolinggo, Jawa Timur. Pengambilan sampel air tambak dilakukan pada hari ke-17 dan hari ke-87 masa budidaya masing-masing dua kali setiap petak. Empat parameter lingkungan yaitu total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrat, orthophosphate, total padatan tersupensi (TSS), dan klorofil diukur pada setiap sampel air tambak. Selain itu, kami juga mengidentifikasi dan menghitung fitoplankton pada setiap sampel. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa produktivitas pada ke tiga tambak berkisar antara 22.893,83 kg/ha sampai 23.600,61 kg/ha dengan ukuran panen 12,74 g/ekor sampai 14,35 g/ekor. Selama masa budidaya, konsentrasi TAN, TSS, dan klorofil meningkat seiring dengan semakin lamanya masa budidaya. Sementara itu, rerata kandungan nitrat dan orthophosphate cenderung menurun seiring bertambahnya masa budidaya. Jenis fitoplankton yang teridentifikasi yaitu dalam genus Oocystis, Chlorella, Nannochloropsis, Chaetoceros, Stephanodiscus, Nitzschia, Coscinodiscus, Cyclotella, dan Ulothrix. Fitoplankton dari kelompok Chlorophyta merupakan jenis yang dominan pada tambak 1 dan 2, sedangkan tambak 3 didominasi oleh kelompok Diatom. Penelitian ini mengindikasikan bahwa keberadaan fitoplankton di tambak mendukung ketersediaan pakan alami dan lingkungan yang baik bagi budidaya udang.                                                      AbstractPhytoplankton is a source of natural feed for shrimp cultivation in the pond. Phytoplankton productivity increases by the increased nutrient content in the pond. Feed and metabolic waste is the sources of nutrient for phytoplankton growth. This study aimed to evaluate productivity and identify phytoplankton at intensive white leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei cultivation system. This study was conducted at three intensive white shrimp located in Probolinggo, East Java. Samples were collected on the early and the late of culture period (day 17 and 87 after stocking). Four environmental parameters including total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrate, orthophosphate, total suspended solids (TSS), and chlorophyll-a were measured. Identification and density of phytoplankton were also performed of each pond. The result showed that the productivity of three ponds was 22,893.83 kg/ha to 23,600.61 kg/ha with an average size of 12.74 g to 14.35 g. During culture period, the concentration of TAN, TSS, and chlorophyll-a tended to increase. Meanwhile, the average of both nitrate and orthophosphate tended to decline. Several phytoplankton identified in this study were in the genus of Oocystis, Chlorella, Nannochloropsis, Chaetoceros, Stephanodiscus, Nitzschia, Coscinodiscus, Cyclotella, and Ulothrix. Phytoplankton of the group Chlorophyta is predominance for pond 1 and 2, while pond 3 was dominated by phytoplankton in the group of Diatom/Baccillariophyta. This study indicated that the presence of phytoplankton in the pond provides natural feed and good environmental condition for shrimp cultivation.
Spore production and sporulation efficacy of Bacillus subtilis under different source of manganese supplementation [Produksi Spora dan Efisiensi Sporulasi Bacillus subtilis dengan Suplementasi Mangan dari Sumber yang Berbeda] Ating Yuniarti; Nasrullah Bai Arifin; Muhammad Fakhri; Anik M. Hariati
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan Vol. 11 No. 2 (2019): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Publisher : Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jipk.v11i2.15250

Abstract

AbstractBacillus is a species widely used as a probiotic in the aquaculture industry. The Bacillus spores have more advantages than their vegetative ones, and an addition of minerals such as calcium, magnesium, and manganese can improve the spore production. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different sources of manganese on the production and sporulation efficacy of B. subtilis SB3. The sources of manganese used in this study were manganese chloride (MnCl2) and manganese sulfate (MnSO4) at the concentration of 10 mM. Media without manganese supplementation was used as a control. The results showed that there was a significant effect of different manganese sources on the spore production of B. subtilis SB3. The highest spore production was found in media with MnCl2 supplementation with the total spore of 8.77 x 107 spores. mL-1. However, spore production with MnSO4 supplementation was still higher (22.7%) compared to that without manganese supplementation. The decrease in spore production with MnSO4 supplementation was possible due to the sulfate inhibition. The high spore production in media with MnCl2 supplementation was also preceded by the high production of vegetative cells from B. subtilis SB3 (2.54 x 108 cells. mL-1). The results indicated that manganese could stimulate both vegetative cell growth and its spores. The highest sporulation efficacy (35%) was also achieved in media with MnCl2 supplementation. On the other hand, the germination rate of B. subtilis SB3 spores was not influenced by manganese supplementation.Abstrak Bacillus adalah species yang banyak digunakan sebagai probiotik pada industri akuakultur. Dalam bentuk spora, species ini lebih banyak mempunyai kelebihan dibandingkan dalam bentuk vegetatifnya dan peningkatan produksi sporanya dapat dilakukan dengan penambahan mineral seperti kalsium, magnesium dan mangan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh sumber mangan yang berbeda terhadap produksi dan efisiensi sporulasi B. subtilis SB3 indigenous akuatik. Sumber mangan yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah mangan klorida (MnCl2) dan mangan sulfat (MnSO4) sebanyak 10 mM dan sebagai kontrol digunakan media tanpa suplementasi mangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang nyata penggunaan sumber mangan yang berbeda terhadap produksi spora. Produksi spora tertinggi didapatkan pada media dengan suplementasi MnCl2 sebanyak 8,77 x 107 spora. mL-1. Sedangkan produksi spora dengan suplementasi MnSO4 juga masih lebih tinggi (22,7%) dibandingkan tanpa suplementasi magan. Penurunan produksi spora pada media dengan penambahan mangan sulfat diduga karena adanya penghambatan oleh sulfat. Tingginya produksi spora pada media dengan suplementasi MnCl2 sebelumnya juga didahului dengan tingginya produksi sel vegetatif dari B. subtilis SB3 (2,54 x 108sel. mL-1). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa mangan dapat menstimulasi baik pertumbuhan sel vegetatif dan sporanya. Efisiensi sporulasi tertinggi juga dicapai pada media dengan suplementasi MnCl2 sebesar 35%. Di sisi lain, kemampuan germinasi spora B. subtilis SB3 tercatat sama dan tidak dipengaruhi oleh suplementasi mangan.
Effects of Various Nitrogen Sources on the Growth and Biochemical Composition of Chlorella sp. Ating Yuniarti; Muhammad Fakhri; Nasrullah Bai Arifin; Anik Martinah Hariati
Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan Vol. 15 No. 2 (2023): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN
Publisher : Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jipk.v15i2.43182

Abstract

Highlight Research Each species of microalga has a preferable nitrogen source for their optimal growth. The nitrogen sources in the grown media affected the growth rate and biochemical composition of Chlorella FNUB01. (NH2)2CO (urea) was found to be the best alternative nitrogen source for Chlorella FNUB01. For producing 1 g of Chlorella FNUB01, the use of urea reduced the cost of medium by 72.6%. Abstract Chlorella sp. is a potential microalgae species to be produced commercially for feed, growth accelerator, and immuno-modulator in fish and shrimp culture. This study aimed to evaluate the various nitrogen sources on the growth, biomass production, and biochemical composition of Chlorella sp. FNUB01. The nitrogen sources used in this study were urea (NH2)2CO, potassium nitrate (KNO3), and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) was used as a control as it is a part of the commercial medium BG-11. Generally, the sources of nitrogen in the media affected the growth and chemical composition of Chlorella sp. FNUB01. This green microalga grew better in the urea-containing medium which accounted for 1.5 times the concentration of that cultured in BG-11 (40 x106 cells. mL-1). Meanwhile, this microalgae species experienced the lowest growth when cultured in NH4NO3-containing medium. The biomass productivity of Chlorella sp. FNUB01 cultured in urea (0.93 g.L-1) was comparable to those grown with NaNO3 as the N source. A similar pattern was recorded for protein, chlorophyll, and carotenoid content as these biochemical contents were affected by N availability in the medium. Urea was an alternative low-cost N source for the culture of Chlorella sp. FNUB01. Replacement of NaNO3 with urea could reduce the cost of the medium by 72.6%.
KAJIAN MORFOMETRIK DAN NISBAH JENIS KELAMIN IKAN LEMPUK DI RANU GRATI, KABUPATEN PASURUAN, JAWA TIMUR Anitasari, Septi; Faqih, Abd Rahem; Kusuma, Wahyu Endra; Yuniarti, Ating
Jurnal Harpodon Borneo VOLUME 14 NO. 1 APRIL 2021
Publisher : Fakultas Perikanan Dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Borneo Tarakan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35334/harpodon.v14i1.1898

Abstract

Ikan Lempuk merupakan salah satu komoditas perikanan yang menjadi salah satu sumber kebutuhan protein hewani masyarakat serta daya tarik wisatawan yang berkunjung ke Ranu Grati Pasuruan Jawa Timur Indonesia. Ikan Lempuk mudah ditemukan di Ranu Grati dan tidak ditemukan di tempat lain. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah ikan Lempuk Ranu Grati termasuk dalam genus Gobiopterus sp. Morfologi ikan ini dapat dikenali dari warna tubuhnya yang transparan dimana organ dalam seperti jantung, ginjal, kantung renang, pembuluh darah dan tulang belakang dapat dilihat dari luar tubuh. Ikan ini memiliki panjang rata-rata 2,43 cm, berat rata-rata 0,1223 gram. Bentuk badan fusiform, letak mulut sub terminal superior, bentuk sirip ekor truncate dengan tipe ekor diphycercal. Ikan ini memiliki gigi pada kedua rahang atau biasa disebut letak gigi vomer dan memiliki bentuk gigi canine, terdapat dua jenis bentuk ekor yaitu tipe Rounded dan Truncate.. Nisbah jenis kelamin lebih dominan pada jantan daripada betina, dengan perbandingan  6,2: 3,8.
Co-Authors ., Suleman A.P.W Marhendra Abdul Hamid A. Toha Abdul Rahem Faqih Agung Setia Abadi Amrulloh, Albazi Achmad Anam, C Andriawan, Soni Anik Hartinah Mariati Anik M. Hariati Annisa Farhana Dewi Apriliyanti, Fisma Josara Arief Prajitno Arief Prajitno Arief Prajitno, Arief Arifin, Nasrullah Bai Ariyani, Destia Fitri Arning Wilujeng Ekawati Aulia Rahmawati, Aulia Bao, Hung Tran Budianto Budianto C Anam Cheng, Phillip T. Citra Satrya Utama Dewi Dewa Gede Raka Wiadnya Dewa Gede Raka Wiadnya Dewi, Citra Satrya Utama Diana Permatasari Eka Supriatin, Febriyani Endang Yuli Herawati Happy Nursyam Hariati, Anik Martina Hariati, Anik Martinah Kholil, Kiki Nur Azam Kusuma, Wahyu Endra Lailaturramadhini, Nova Lalu Panji Imam Agamawan Lestari, Bela Fatma Hani Ayu M. Indra Wahyu Pratama Mahariawan, I Made Dedi Maheno Sri Widodo, Maheno Sri Marhendra, A.P.W Marsoedi Marsoedi Maulana, Antajala Rian Mayor, Corazon Ell Merilia Papuani Milansari, Sindi Mohamad Fadjar Muammar Kadhafi Muhammad Dailami, Muhammad Muhammad Fakhri Muhammad Fakhri Muhammad Fakhri Nasrullah Bai Arifin Nasrullah Bai Arifin Nasrullah Bai Arifin Nurcahyani, Shinta Eka Pangestu, Lintang Dion Paricahya, Akhsan Fikrillah Pratama, Rakhmad Ndaru Putri, Radwa Fathin H Ramadhan, Surya Dewa Rani Yuwanita Ridwanudin, Asep Rika Putri Rusmawanto, Rusmawanto Saleky, Dandi Septi Anitasari, Septi Septiana Sri Astuti, Septiana Sri Siahaan, Marthin Daniel Theo Gratia Sianturi, Andre Soaloon Sitti Khairul Bariyyah Sri Andayani Sri Andayani Sri Andayani Sufaichusan, Ifa Sukandar Sukandar Suleman Suleman Supriatin, Febriyani Eka Suryanto, Damang Yunita Maimunah