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Sciences of Pharmacy
Published by ETFLIN
ISSN : 28307046     EISSN : 28307259     DOI : https://doi.org/10.58920/sciphar
Core Subject : Health, Science, Engineering,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
Sciences of Pharmacy (SciPhar) is an international, peer-reviewed open-access journal of pharmacy. We offer a platform and place for researchers and intellectuals, especially the youth, to share their insights and works. Every year, we hold seminars/webinars under the ETFLIN Scientific Society to facilitate the exchange of information concerning pharmacist research progress. Publication on SciPhar is free of charge at any stage. Scope We are accepting articles related to drug development (preclinical and clinical drug development, drug delivery, and pharmaceutical formulation). Fundamental and clinical pharmacology (drug mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug metabolism, and pharmacogenetics). Pharmaceuticals (gene-based, cell-based, protein-based therapy, other drug modalities, routes of administration, drug classes, drug nomenclature). Drug toxicity and safety (drug-drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, mechanisms of drug toxicity, pharmacovigilance). Pharmacoepidemiology, pharmacoeconomics, and pharmacy.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 112 Documents
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Effectiveness of Apigenin–Banana Stem (Musa paradisiaca) Combination Gel on Incised Wound Healing Stiani, Sofi Nurmay; Selviani, Astri; Chairani, Farahdina; Yusransyah, Yusransyah; Udin, Baha
Sciences of Pharmacy Volume 4 Issue 4
Publisher : ETFLIN Publishing House

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Abstract

Wound healing is a complex biological process involving inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling. Delayed healing increases the risk of infection and other complications. Ambon banana stem (Musa acuminata) contains flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannins that support tissue regeneration, while apigenin exhibits anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative activities. The combination of these two agents is expected to enhance wound repair. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a gel containing Ambon banana stem powder and apigenin in promoting wound healing in Sprague Dawley rats. A linear incision wound (1.5 cm × 2 mm) was created on the dorsal skin of anesthetized rats. Twenty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into six groups (n = 4): untreated control (F0), negative control (gel base), positive control (Bioplacenton®), and three test formulations (F1: 5% banana stem + 10% apigenin; F2: 7.5% + 7.5%; F3: 10% + 5%). Wound length was measured daily for eight days using a digital caliper, and the percentage of wound closure was calculated. All combination gels significantly accelerated wound contraction compared with the negative control (p < 0.001). Formula F3 demonstrated the fastest healing, achieving complete closure on day 5 (1.50 ± 0.00 cm to 0.00 ± 0.00 cm), whereas the positive control reached 87.8 ± 0.15% closure by day 8. No significant differences were observed among the three test formulations. The accelerated healing is attributed to the synergistic effects of banana stem phytochemicals and apigenin. Overall, the combination gel effectively promotes wound healing and shows potential as a natural-based topical therapeutic.
Efficacy and Safety of Tenofovir in Preventing Perinatal Hepatitis B in Jakarta Muzakar, Cholid; Sandhiutami, Ni Made Dwi; Ramadaniati, Hesty Utami; Sriyono, Bimantoko Hadi
Sciences of Pharmacy Volume 5 Issue 1
Publisher : ETFLIN Publishing House

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Abstract

Vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major public health challenge in Indonesia, particularly among pregnant women with high viral loads. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) has been recommended to prevent perinatal transmission; however, local data regarding its efficacy and safety remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate Analyzing the effectiveness and safety of TDF in HBsAg-reactive pregnant women and its relationship with the infant's HBsAg status is necessary. An observational cohort study was conducted on 103 HBsAg-reactive pregnant women at five referral health facilities in Jakarta. Maternal effectiveness was measured by changes in SGPT and SGOT levels before and after therapy using the Wilcoxon test. Safety was assessed based on adverse events, pregnancy complications, and renal function using the chi-square test. Infant effectiveness was analyzed based on HBsAg status and tested using multivariate logistic regression. TDF significantly reduced SGPT and SGOT levels (p < 0.001). No significant association was found between TDF duration and adverse events, complications, or renal impairment (p > 0.05). Ninety-one-three percent of infants were HBsAg non-reactive, and 93.2% received complete hepatitis B vaccination. Complete vaccination (OR = 414.52; p < 0.001) and the absence of pregnancy complications (OR = 0.048; p = 0.021) were the main protective factors. TDF is safe and effective in preventing vertical transmission of HBV. Successful prophylaxis is highly dependent on infant vaccination and maternal health. These results support the integration of TDF into the national hepatitis B elimination program. 
Nanochemistry in Vaccine Delivery: Lipid Nanoparticles, Polymers, and Hybrid Systems Chandipwisa, Courage; Shimilimo, Agness; Zenda, Tendai Pride; Banda, Harrison
Sciences of Pharmacy Volume 5 Issue 1
Publisher : ETFLIN Publishing House

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Abstract

Conventional vaccines face challenges in antigen stability, delivery efficiency, and scalability, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Nanochemistry offers innovative approaches through lipid nanoparticles, polymeric carriers, and hybrid systems. This review evaluates these platforms using criteria such as physicochemical properties, immunological outcomes, translational feasibility, and One Health relevance. A narrative literature review was conducted across major databases between 2015 and 2025. Studies were screened by title and abstract, excluded if not directly relevant to vaccine delivery, and weighted according to design, with clinical trials prioritized over in vitro or modeling studies. Reference lists of key papers were also examined to ensure comprehensive coverage. Lipid nanoparticles supported mRNA delivery in licensed COVID-19 vaccines, achieving strong immune responses but with variability across populations and reported adverse events including myocarditis and anaphylaxis. Polymeric nanoparticles such as PLGA and chitosan enabled controlled antigen release, though cost-effectiveness remains constrained by manufacturing and scalability challenges. Hybrid lipid-polymer systems demonstrated enhanced stability and multi-antigen presentation, with current evidence largely limited to preclinical studies. One Health implications are defined as the potential of nanochemistry to contribute to zoonotic disease prevention, food safety, and cross-species vaccine design, requiring clearer frameworks for integration. In conclusion, nanochemistry-based vaccine platforms show promise for advancing immunization strategies, but unresolved issues in safety evaluation, regulatory harmonization, and equitable access highlight the need for cautious interpretation and further interdisciplinary collaboration.
Management of Iodine Contrast Media Related Anaphylactic Shock following Renal Arteriography: A Rare Case Report Kino, Kino; Karmia, Rofila Dita; Harun, Harnavi
Sciences of Pharmacy Volume 5 Issue 1
Publisher : ETFLIN Publishing House

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58920/sciphar0501429

Abstract

Background, anaphylactic shock (AS) caused by iodinated contrast media (ICM) is a rare but potentially life-threatening immediate hypersensitivity reaction. Despite widespread use of ICM in diagnostic imaging, data on ICM-related AS are limited, particularly in Indonesia. Early recognition and timely intervention are crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality. Case presentation, a 28-year-old female underwent renal arteriography with iodixanol. Within 5 minutes of contrast administration, she developed a generalized pruritic rash, dyspnea, vomiting, hypotension, and unstable cardiac parameters. Clinical presentation confirmed iodixanol-induced anaphylactic shock. Management, initial management included intramuscular epinephrine, rapid intravenous fluids, intravenous antihistamines and corticosteroids, and norepinephrine infusion. The patient’s hemodynamic status stabilized, and she was monitored in the CVCU for 48 hours. Outcome and conclusion, the patient recovered fully without complications. This case emphasizes the importance of rapid recognition and prompt pharmacologic intervention in ICM-induced anaphylaxis, while highlighting the value of thorough allergy documentation and preventive counseling.
Animal Models of Acute Exacerbations COPD: Mechanistic Insights and Translational Challenges Dewi, Rika Sari; Wuyung, Puspita Eka; Louisa, Melva; Sandhiutami, Ni Made Dwi; Pratomo, Irandi Putra
Sciences of Pharmacy Volume 5 Issue 1
Publisher : ETFLIN Publishing House

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58920/sciphar0501482

Abstract

Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) represent critical events in disease progression, yet their complex pathophysiology remains incompletely understood. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these exacerbations is essential for developing effective therapeutic strategies and improving patient outcomes. This literature review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving acute exacerbations of COPD, highlighting the importance of utilizing appropriate animal models for future research. This review identified rodent models, particularly mice (C57BL/6 strain) and rats (Sprague-Dawley) are predominantly employed due to their genetic tractability and physiological relevance, with occasional use of guinea pigs for airway hyperresponsiveness studies. Combined approaches using cigarette smoke exposure followed by inflammatory triggers (LPS, viral infections) showed the highest translational relevance. Key pathophysiological mechanisms studied include neutrophilic inflammation, oxidative stress, airway remodelling, and mucus hypersecretion. Current animal models provide valuable insight into AECOPD pathophysiology but face limitations in fully recapitulating human disease complexity. Future directions should focus on incorporating comorbidities, aging, and standardized outcome measures.
The Relationship Between Medication-Related Burden and Therapy Compliance of Hypertension Patients Supadmi, Woro; Afifa, Shafira Diestra; Izzah, Fiya Nailil; Gustinanda, Rizky
Sciences of Pharmacy Volume 5 Issue 1
Publisher : ETFLIN Publishing House

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58920/sciphar0501420

Abstract

Hypertension prevalence in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (31.8%) is higher than the national average (30.8%), and long-term medication use may create a burden that negatively affects adherence. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between medication-related burden and adherence among hypertensive outpatients at Panembahan Senopati Bantul Regional Hospital and Yogyakarta City Regional Hospital. Using a cross-sectional design, 161 patients were recruited between January and February 2025. Medication-related burden was assessed with the Living with Medicines Questionnaire version 3 (LMQ-3), while adherence was measured using the Medication Adherence Rating Scale-5 (MARS-5). Most patients experienced a low burden (76.4%), followed by no burden (15.5%) and moderate burden (8.1%). Regarding adherence, 83.2% showed moderate adherence and 16.8% high adherence. Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between medication-related burden and adherence (p=0.000; Rho = -0.461). These findings suggest that a higher treatment burden reduces adherence to antihypertensive therapy, highlighting the need for strategies to minimize patient burden and improve treatment outcomes.
Comparative Glycemic Effectiveness of Long- and Rapid-Acting Insulin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Sutrisno, Entris; Kaniawati, Marita; Maharani, Ilmi Intan; Sodik, Jajang Japar
Sciences of Pharmacy Volume 4 Issue 4
Publisher : ETFLIN Publishing House

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58920/sciphar0404502

Abstract

Insulin therapy is essential for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), particularly in patients who fail to achieve glycemic targets with oral antidiabetic agents. Long-acting insulin is primarily used to control basal glucose levels, while rapid-acting insulin targets postprandial hyperglycemia. However, comparative real-world evidence regarding their effectiveness on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of long-acting and rapid-acting insulin in improving HbA1c and FBG levels among patients with T2DM. A retrospective before–and–after observational study was conducted involving 122 T2DM patients treated at the outpatient unit of Majalaya Regional General Hospital between January and December 2024. Patients received either long-acting insulin (e.g., insulin glargine) or rapid-acting insulin (e.g., insulin lispro and insulin aspart) as monotherapy. Changes in HbA1c and FBG before and after therapy were analyzed using paired t-tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Clinical effectiveness was defined according to American Diabetes Association criteria as a reduction of ≥1% in HbA1c or ≥30 mg/dL in FBG. Insulin therapy significantly reduced HbA1c (−7.77 ± 3.09, p < 0.001) and FBG levels (Z = −5.53, p < 0.001). Based on ADA criteria, 90.3% of patients achieved an effective reduction in HbA1c, while 43.5% achieved an effective reduction in FBG. Insulin lispro and insulin glargine showed the highest HbA1c-based effectiveness (100%), whereas FBG-based effectiveness varied across formulations. Insulin therapy significantly improves long-term and short-term glycemic control in T2DM patients, with insulin lispro and insulin glargine demonstrating the most consistent effectiveness.
Liposomal Gel of Centella asiatica: Antioxidant Activity and Release Profile Indriaty, Sulistiorini; Firmansyah, Deni; Utami, Mima Eliestya; Karlina, Nina; Suharyani, Ine; Haidar, Hilal; Safitri, Amanda; Setiawati, Elis
Sciences of Pharmacy Volume 4 Issue 4
Publisher : ETFLIN Publishing House

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58920/sciphar0404437

Abstract

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban contains flavonoids and triterpenoids with strong antioxidant activity; however, its topical bioavailability is limited by poor solubility. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate liposomal gel systems containing a 70% ethanol extract of C. asiatica to enhance dermal penetration while preserving antioxidant activity. The extract was incorporated into liposomes using a lecithin–cholesterol ratio of 9:1 and formulated into gels at concentrations of 0.3% (FG1) and 0.5% (FG2). Physicochemical characterization showed mean particle sizes of 119.8 ± 7.21 nm (FG1) and 101.3 ± 6.55 nm (FG2), with polydispersity index values of 0.410 and 0.306, respectively, indicating acceptable vesicle homogeneity across three independent replicates (n = 3). The formulations were physically stable for two weeks at 4 °C but exhibited instability at elevated temperatures. Antioxidant activity evaluated using the DPPH assay yielded IC₅₀ values of 13.87 ± 0.02 µg/mL for FG1 and 13.97 ± 0.06 µg/mL for FG2, which were not significantly different (p > 0.05) from vitamin C (9.16 ± 0.06 µg/mL), indicating preservation of radical-scavenging capacity. In vitro permeation studies using Franz diffusion cells demonstrated cumulative quercetin penetration of 280.86 ± 1.12 µg/cm² for FG1 and 314.40 ± 0.93 µg/cm² for FG2 over 4 h, with FG2 showing significantly higher flux (p < 0.05). Release kinetics followed a zero-order model (R² = 0.9881–0.9914), suggesting controlled release behavior. Overall, liposomal gel formulations show potential for improving topical delivery of C. asiatica without overstating long-term stability or therapeutic superiority.
Development and Evaluation of Microcapsules Containing Combined Extracts of Bay, Cherry, and Green Betel Leaves as Natural Antioxidants Pratama, Reza; Budiana, Wempi; Zaelani, Diki; Asnawi, Aiyi
Sciences of Pharmacy Volume 4 Issue 4
Publisher : ETFLIN Publishing House

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58920/sciphar0404493

Abstract

Bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum), cherry leaf (Muntingia calabura), and green betel leaf (Piper betle) contain phenolic and flavonoid compounds with antioxidant potential, but their utilization is limited by physicochemical instability. This study aimed to develop microcapsules containing a combined extract of these three leaves and to evaluate their physicochemical properties and in vitro antioxidant activity as an initial formulation feasibility study. Each extract was prepared by maceration using 96% ethanol, yielding 11.42–15.86%, and combined in a 1:1:1 (w/w/w) ratio prior to microencapsulation. Microcapsules were produced using a fluidized bed dryer with lactose as the core material and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the coating polymer. Physicochemical characterization included moisture content, flow rate, angle of repose, compressibility index, dissolution time, particle size, and surface morphology. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH and CUPRAC assays, with IC₅₀ values calculated from triplicate measurements. The coating process increased mean particle size from 636.2 µm to 728.0 µm and prolonged dissolution time from 2.14 to 3.55 minutes, indicating coating layer formation. Among the individual extracts, cherry leaf extract showed the strongest antioxidant activity. The microcapsules exhibited antioxidant activity within the same order of magnitude as the combined extract under initial, non-stressed testing conditions. These results demonstrate the feasibility of formulating combined plant extracts into microcapsules with acceptable physical properties, while further stability and comparative studies are required to support antioxidant preservation and potential applications.
Effect of Deferiprone on Hepatic Expression of Hamp, Ftl, and Tfr1 Genes in an Iron-Overloaded Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Model Salsabila, Nadhila Hasna; Kuntana, Yasmi Purnamasari; Arrizqiyani, Tanendri; Safitri, Ratu
Sciences of Pharmacy Volume 4 Issue 4
Publisher : ETFLIN Publishing House

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58920/sciphar0404387

Abstract

Iron overload is linked to progressive impairment of organ function, with the liver being the primary site of deposition due to the lack of a physiological route for iron elimination. The maintenance of systemic iron balance depends on key regulatory proteins, including hepcidin (Hamp gene), ferritin light chain (Ftl gene), and transferrin receptor 1 (Tfr1 gene). This study tested the hypothesis that Deferiprone (DFP), an oral iron chelator, modulates the hepatic expression of Hamp, Ftl, and Tfr1 genes in an iron-overloaded rat model. Eighteen male Wistar rats (150-200 g) were randomly assigned into three groups: Normal (N), Negative Control (NC; induced with Iron Dextran), and Treatment (T; Iron Dextran + DFP). Iron overload was induced via intravenous injection of Iron Dextran (120 mg/kg BW) over 15 days at 3-day intervals, while DFP was administered orally (100 mg/kg BW) in three divided doses for 28 consecutive days. Gene expression was assessed using RT-PCR, and relative quantification was performed using the Livak method. The iron-overloaded rats showed marked upregulation of Hamp and Ftl and downregulation of Tfr1. Administration of DFP significantly reversed these alterations, decreasing Hamp and Ftl levels while restoring Tfr1 expression to levels comparable to normal controls. These results highlight the potential role of DFP in modulating hepatic iron-regulatory genes under iron overload conditions. 

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