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Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Trachyspermum ammi Akram, Muhammad; Rehman, Urooj; Ahmed, Misbah
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v2i2.5280

Trachyspermum ammi is a member of the family Apiaceae. The majority of medical uses for seeds and roots are as spices and diuretics, respectively. Ajwain oil, a dark oil, is found in seeds. This oil is used to treat respiratory conditions, gastrointestinal problems, and hunger disorders. The oil exhibited antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-aggregatory properties. On the other hand, ajwain is a traditional potential herb that is used for a number of ailments. The fruit possesses carminative, antispasmodic, stimulant, and anti-diarrheal properties.

The Violent Surge: A Manifestation of Aggression Akram, Muhammad; Javed, Amna; Umaru, Isaac John
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v2i2.5324

In theory, aggression is an unbridled and barbaric force—a violent manifestation of unbridled emotion. Think of it as an internal hurricane that is threatening to devour everything in its path due to its overwhelming force. It starts with a rising sensation of tension, an undercurrent that starts as a faint vibration under the surface, rather than a straightforward outburst of rage. Like the quiet before a storm, when the air crackles with possible peril, the energy is dark, deep, and menacing. Any sense of order is broken by the forms, which are twisted and jagged, with sharp and angular lines slicing through the room. These lines are unpredictable, scurrying in all directions, and some of them curve into tight spirals that symbolize the cyclical nature of violence, in which hostility feeds on itself, strengthening and developing until it becomes a force that sustains itself. They rip and tear at the surface, leaving the abstract terrain with deep, bleeding scars that stand in for both received and inflicted emotional traumas. The lines get sharper and more pointed, like daggers aiming to the soul's center, the more fierce the violence. Flashes of white-hot light, rays of vivid orange and bright yellow, pierce the darkness like abrupt explosions, contrasting with the starkness of the dark, aggressive tones. These flashes, which are short but incredibly bright, symbolize times of heightened anger when energy surges wildly, unleashing all that has built up in a violent outburst. They are a dazzling light of sheer intensity, full of unadulterated passion, rage, and strength, like flashes of heat in a frigid expanse. These brief but impactful moments, which are like explosions amid a sea of turmoil, leave their mark on the composition. This aggressiveness has a tangible texture that is rough and ripped apart by violent forces rather than smooth or clean. The heavy, rough brushstrokes give the impression that someone was painting frantically, disregarding accuracy in favor of impact. There isn't a smooth transition between colors and forms; instead, it seems like each component is vying for control of the image and never quite succeeding. Rather, they collide, overlap, and clash, which gives the piece a persistent sense of tension. The hostility itself seems uncontrollable, like a fire that burns in all directions at once, devouring everything in its path but never completely extinguishing.

Peptic Ulcer Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Diagnosis, and Modern Therapeutic Approaches Akram, Muhammad; Umaru, Isaac John; Mahmood, Abid; Hasan, Mohammed Khudhair; Abdulghafoor, Hind A.; Khan, Fahad Said; Ozdemir, Fethi Ahmet; Sołowski, Gaweł; Ali, Jaouher Ben; Al-Musawi, Jehan Mohammed
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v2i2.5640

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is an ailment of the gastrointestinal tract that is quite common and is marked by the development of open lesions known as ulcers in the stomach as well as in the proximal duodenum. It arises as a consequence of the imbalance between the protective enzymatic mechanisms of the mucosa, and the injurious agents like gastric acid, pepsin, Helicobacter pylori, and even non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). While many ulcers heal spontaneously, complications such as bleeding, perforation, and gastric outlet obstruction can lead to serious morbidity or mortality. With PUD, they can be treated and/or prevented if basic instruction is provided alongside a proper overview of the condition's etiological basis. In this case, pharmacological therapy and endoscopic procedures are heavily applicable.

IBS: Pathophysiology and Management Challenges Akram, Muhammad; Umaru, Isaac John; Mahmood, Abid; Hasan, Mohammed Khudhair; Abdulghafoor, Hind A.; Khan, Fahad Said; Ozdemir, Fethi Ahmet; Sołowski, Gaweł; Ali, Jaouher Ben; Jehan Mohammed Al-Musawi, Jehan Mohammed
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v2i2.5641

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a widespread functional gastrointestinal ailment with chronic abdominal pain, change in bowel movements, and reduced quality of life as hallmarks. Unlike organic diseases, IBS is idiopathic—diagnosed in the absence of structural or biochemical disturbances, which makes disease management more difficult. The causes of IBS are heterogeneous: dysregulation of gut-brain axis, visceral hypersensitivity, motility disorders, changes in microbiome, and psychosocial aspects contribute to it. This article explains causes of IBS, symptomatology, diagnostic criteria, and treatment options multidisciplinary with a focus on tailored dietary intervention, medication, psychotherapy, as well as alternative methods.

Preserving Biodiversity: The Vital Role of Flora and Fauna in Global Sustainability Akram, Muhammad; Umaru, Isaac John; Mahmood, Abid; Hasan, Mohammed Khudhair; Abdulghafoor, Hind A.; Khan, Fahad Said; Ozdemi, Fethi Ahmet; Sołowski, Gaweł; Ali, Jaouher Ben; Al-Musawi, Jehan Mohammed
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v2i2.5814

The ecological balance of the planet, human well-being, and the vitality of natural systems are inextricably linked to the diversity of flora and fauna—biological resources that sustain life through myriad ecosystem services. Flora, comprising the world’s plant life, is fundamental to oxygen production, carbon sequestration, and photosynthetic energy transfer, forming the base of nearly all food webs. Fauna, encompassing animal life, plays critical roles in pollination, seed dispersal, pest regulation, and nutrient cycling. The vast biodiversity encapsulated in global flora and fauna represents the outcome of millions of years of evolution and adaptation. However, unprecedented anthropogenic pressures—including deforestation, habitat destruction, pollution, climate change, overexploitation, and biological invasions—have precipitated significant biodiversity loss in the twenty-first century. This decline jeopardizes not only ecological stability but also the essential services that underpin human health, agriculture, and economic development. In response, disciplines such as environmental science, conservation biology, and sustainable development have mobilized to advocate for the protection of biodiversity through international frameworks like the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), targeted species and habitat conservation programs, and enhanced biodiversity monitoring systems. This paper underscores both the intrinsic and utilitarian value of biodiversity, highlighting the urgent need for coordinated global action. Ensuring the persistence of biological diversity demands reinforced environmental governance, expanded protected area networks, ecological restoration, and the integration of sustainability principles into development agendas. The survival of flora and fauna is not only an environmental imperative but a foundation for human resilience and planetary sustainability.

Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Trachyspermum ammi Akram, Muhammad; Rehman, Urooj; Ahmed, Misbah
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v2i2.5280

Trachyspermum ammi is a member of the family Apiaceae. The majority of medical uses for seeds and roots are as spices and diuretics, respectively. Ajwain oil, a dark oil, is found in seeds. This oil is used to treat respiratory conditions, gastrointestinal problems, and hunger disorders. The oil exhibited antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-aggregatory properties. On the other hand, ajwain is a traditional potential herb that is used for a number of ailments. The fruit possesses carminative, antispasmodic, stimulant, and anti-diarrheal properties.

The Violent Surge: A Manifestation of Aggression Akram, Muhammad; Javed, Amna; Umaru, Isaac John
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v2i2.5324

In theory, aggression is an unbridled and barbaric force—a violent manifestation of unbridled emotion. Think of it as an internal hurricane that is threatening to devour everything in its path due to its overwhelming force. It starts with a rising sensation of tension, an undercurrent that starts as a faint vibration under the surface, rather than a straightforward outburst of rage. Like the quiet before a storm, when the air crackles with possible peril, the energy is dark, deep, and menacing. Any sense of order is broken by the forms, which are twisted and jagged, with sharp and angular lines slicing through the room. These lines are unpredictable, scurrying in all directions, and some of them curve into tight spirals that symbolize the cyclical nature of violence, in which hostility feeds on itself, strengthening and developing until it becomes a force that sustains itself. They rip and tear at the surface, leaving the abstract terrain with deep, bleeding scars that stand in for both received and inflicted emotional traumas. The lines get sharper and more pointed, like daggers aiming to the soul's center, the more fierce the violence. Flashes of white-hot light, rays of vivid orange and bright yellow, pierce the darkness like abrupt explosions, contrasting with the starkness of the dark, aggressive tones. These flashes, which are short but incredibly bright, symbolize times of heightened anger when energy surges wildly, unleashing all that has built up in a violent outburst. They are a dazzling light of sheer intensity, full of unadulterated passion, rage, and strength, like flashes of heat in a frigid expanse. These brief but impactful moments, which are like explosions amid a sea of turmoil, leave their mark on the composition. This aggressiveness has a tangible texture that is rough and ripped apart by violent forces rather than smooth or clean. The heavy, rough brushstrokes give the impression that someone was painting frantically, disregarding accuracy in favor of impact. There isn't a smooth transition between colors and forms; instead, it seems like each component is vying for control of the image and never quite succeeding. Rather, they collide, overlap, and clash, which gives the piece a persistent sense of tension. The hostility itself seems uncontrollable, like a fire that burns in all directions at once, devouring everything in its path but never completely extinguishing.

Peptic Ulcer Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Diagnosis, and Modern Therapeutic Approaches Akram, Muhammad; Umaru, Isaac John; Mahmood, Abid; Hasan, Mohammed Khudhair; Abdulghafoor, Hind A.; Khan, Fahad Said; Ozdemir, Fethi Ahmet; Sołowski, Gaweł; Ali, Jaouher Ben; Al-Musawi, Jehan Mohammed
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v2i2.5640

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is an ailment of the gastrointestinal tract that is quite common and is marked by the development of open lesions known as ulcers in the stomach as well as in the proximal duodenum. It arises as a consequence of the imbalance between the protective enzymatic mechanisms of the mucosa, and the injurious agents like gastric acid, pepsin, Helicobacter pylori, and even non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). While many ulcers heal spontaneously, complications such as bleeding, perforation, and gastric outlet obstruction can lead to serious morbidity or mortality. With PUD, they can be treated and/or prevented if basic instruction is provided alongside a proper overview of the condition's etiological basis. In this case, pharmacological therapy and endoscopic procedures are heavily applicable.

IBS: Pathophysiology and Management Challenges Akram, Muhammad; Umaru, Isaac John; Mahmood, Abid; Hasan, Mohammed Khudhair; Abdulghafoor, Hind A.; Khan, Fahad Said; Ozdemir, Fethi Ahmet; Sołowski, Gaweł; Ali, Jaouher Ben; Jehan Mohammed Al-Musawi, Jehan Mohammed
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v2i2.5641

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a widespread functional gastrointestinal ailment with chronic abdominal pain, change in bowel movements, and reduced quality of life as hallmarks. Unlike organic diseases, IBS is idiopathic—diagnosed in the absence of structural or biochemical disturbances, which makes disease management more difficult. The causes of IBS are heterogeneous: dysregulation of gut-brain axis, visceral hypersensitivity, motility disorders, changes in microbiome, and psychosocial aspects contribute to it. This article explains causes of IBS, symptomatology, diagnostic criteria, and treatment options multidisciplinary with a focus on tailored dietary intervention, medication, psychotherapy, as well as alternative methods.

Preserving Biodiversity: The Vital Role of Flora and Fauna in Global Sustainability Akram, Muhammad; Umaru, Isaac John; Mahmood, Abid; Hasan, Mohammed Khudhair; Abdulghafoor, Hind A.; Khan, Fahad Said; Ozdemi, Fethi Ahmet; Sołowski, Gaweł; Ali, Jaouher Ben; Al-Musawi, Jehan Mohammed
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v2i2.5814

The ecological balance of the planet, human well-being, and the vitality of natural systems are inextricably linked to the diversity of flora and fauna—biological resources that sustain life through myriad ecosystem services. Flora, comprising the world’s plant life, is fundamental to oxygen production, carbon sequestration, and photosynthetic energy transfer, forming the base of nearly all food webs. Fauna, encompassing animal life, plays critical roles in pollination, seed dispersal, pest regulation, and nutrient cycling. The vast biodiversity encapsulated in global flora and fauna represents the outcome of millions of years of evolution and adaptation. However, unprecedented anthropogenic pressures—including deforestation, habitat destruction, pollution, climate change, overexploitation, and biological invasions—have precipitated significant biodiversity loss in the twenty-first century. This decline jeopardizes not only ecological stability but also the essential services that underpin human health, agriculture, and economic development. In response, disciplines such as environmental science, conservation biology, and sustainable development have mobilized to advocate for the protection of biodiversity through international frameworks like the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), targeted species and habitat conservation programs, and enhanced biodiversity monitoring systems. This paper underscores both the intrinsic and utilitarian value of biodiversity, highlighting the urgent need for coordinated global action. Ensuring the persistence of biological diversity demands reinforced environmental governance, expanded protected area networks, ecological restoration, and the integration of sustainability principles into development agendas. The survival of flora and fauna is not only an environmental imperative but a foundation for human resilience and planetary sustainability.

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