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All Journal International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) Cakrawala Pendidikan Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora Jurnal Pemikiran dan Pengembangan Sekolah Dasar (JP2SD) Lentera Pendidikan : Jurnal Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan EDUCAFL : E-Journal of Education of English as a Foreign Language EXPOSURE JOURNAL JURNAL PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT IDEAS: Journal on English Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature IJoLE: International Journal of Language Education Jurnal SOLMA ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities MATAPPA: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Jurnal Bahasa Lingua Scientia Martabe : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat CARADDE: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat VOX EDUKASI: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan Tarbawiyah Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan JPPM (Jurnal Pengabdian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat) Journal of English Education Klasikal: Journal of Education, Language Teaching and Science Jurnal Inovasi dan Teknologi Pembelajaran (JINOTEP) Kajian dan Riset Dalam Teknologi Pembelajaran Budimas : Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Ihsan: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Journal of Research on Language Education ENGLISH FRANCA : Academic Journal of English Language and Education Jurnal Pengabdian dan Peningkatan Mutu Masyarakat (JANAYU) LOSARI: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Journal of Language, Literature, and English Teaching (JULIET) Jurnal Bina Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Register : Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning of FBS UNIMED International Journal of Research on English Teaching and Applied Linguistics Teaching English as a Foreign Language Overseas Journal (TEFLO) Journal Of Human And Education (JAHE) Bidik : Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Edukasia: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran Edudeena : Journal of Islamic Religious Education TONGKONAN: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat J-Shelves of Indragiri (JSI) Edumaspul: Jurnal Pendidikan
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MENDORONG ANTUSIASME PROSES BELAJAR MENGAJAR DI PAUD MUTIARA BUNDA DENGAN EDUKASI INOVATIF MELALUI PENGABDIAN MASYARAKAT Rizky Pratiwi, Widya; Juhana, Juhana; Sri Ardiasih, Lidwina; Bachtiar, Bachtiar; Puspitasari, Maya; Syamsudin, Muhamad
Martabe : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Vol 7, No 12 (2024): MARTABE : JURNAL PENGABDIAN MASYARAKAT
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Tapanuli Selatan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31604/jpm.v7i12.5469-5476

Abstract

Kegiatan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (PkM) oleh tim Magister Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris (MPBI) Universitas Terbuka bertujuan untuk mendorong antusiasme proses belajar mengajar di PAUD dengan edukasi inovatif. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan pada tanggal 14 Mei 2024, dengan melibatkan dosen dan mahasiswa MPBI Universitas Terbuka sebagai pelaksana, serta PAUD Mutiara Bunda sebagai mitra. Metode kegiatan terdiri dari tiga tahap: penjajakan awal, persiapan, dan implementasi. Penjajakan awal dilakukan melalui Focus Group Discussion (FGD) dan wawancara dengan guru-guru PAUD, untuk mengidentifikasi kebutuhan utama mereka, yaitu kekurangan Alat Permainan Edukatif (APE) dan motivasi siswa yang rendah. Persiapan kegiatan mencakup koordinasi dengan mitra dan penyiapan materi edukasi serta alat bantu pembelajaran. Pada hari pelaksanaan, kegiatan dimulai dengan penampilan tari oleh siswa PAUD, diikuti dengan proses belajar mengajar menggunakan APE yang telah disediakan. Anak-anak diberikan motivasi melalui kegiatan interaktif dan pemberian hadiah. Guru-guru PAUD mendapatkan edukasi mengenai pemanfaatan APE dalam pembelajaran, yang diharapkan dapat membuat proses belajar mengajar lebih menarik dan efektif. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan peningkatan antusiasme dan motivasi anak-anak, serta peningkatan pengetahuan dan keterampilan guru dalam memanfaatkan APE. Kontribusi kegiatan ini meliputi penyediaan APE digital yang sangat dibutuhkan, serta peningkatan kualitas pembelajaran di PAUD Mutiara Bunda. Program PkM ini memberikan dorongan signifikan bagi PAUD Mutiara Bunda untuk terus maju dan berkembang, serta menunjukkan pentingnya dukungan dari perguruan tinggi dalam meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan anak usia dini. 
EFL students' deadlock in argumentative writing: Voices in gender perspective Juhana, Juhana; Sundari, Hanna; Pratiwi, Widya Rizky
Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan Vol. 42 No. 3 (2023): Cakrawala Pendidikan (October 2023)
Publisher : LPMPP Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21831/cp.v42i3.59407

Abstract

Writing difficulty and constraints have gained much attention nowadays, particularly in the EFL context. However, the writing difficulties of EFL male and female writers perceived in developing an argumentative essay were still under-researched. To fill the void, this concurrent mixed method study aimed to scrutinize the variation and frequency and explore the perceptions of being argumentative writers among 113 EFL university students in Jakarta, Indonesia. Online questionnaires were distributed through a survey and the framework of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), and the interviews were conducted concurrently. The findings illustrated that EFL male and female writers experienced almost similar major difficulties, including argumentative text genre, language use, difficulty in source/reference, problems in the cognitive process, and other technical difficulties. Further, to be argumentative writers, female writers tend to feel various combinations of feelings and apply more learning strategies. In contrast, male writers express more on the cognitive process of essay completion. However, either male or female writers become more aware of their weaknesses in the English language, such as reading skills.
The Development of Kahoot-Based Learning Media Cooperative Learning to Improve Learning Motivation Ilmudinulloh, Rafiud; Bustomi, Ahmad; Pratiwi, Widya Rizky
Edudeena : Journal of Islamic Religious Education Vol. 8 No. 2 (2024)
Publisher : Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kediri

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30762/ed.v8i2.2893

Abstract

This study aims to develop learning media based on Kahoot! in cooperative learning to increase the learning motivation of Islamic Religious Education students. The 4D research design, which consisted of defining, designing, developing, and disseminating, was chosen to produce Kahoot! based media. Data were collected using observation sheets and questionnaires. The data was then analyzed using descriptive statistics. It was concluded that learning media based on Kahoot! suitable for use in cooperative learning and can increase student learning motivation. This is evidenced by the results of the media expert test with very good criteria or 93%, the material expert test with good criteria, or 88%, the field test with very good criteria, or 95%, and the learning motivation test with very high and effective criteria. Media Kahoot! as a quiz helps the implementation of cooperative learning with design and game elements relevant to the main principles of cooperative learning such as collaboration, student engagement, active learning, and appreciation. The availability of supporting facilities such as loudspeakers, projector screens, and the Internet has an important role in using Kahoot! media. because it is quite influential on the students’ psychological atmosphere and the fluency of cooperative learning.
PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BERDIFERENSIASI TERINTEGRASI DENGAN METODE MULTISENSORI TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR BAHASA INDONESIA SISWA KELAS 1 SEKOLAH DASAR Rahmani, Siti; Wicaksono, Luhur; Pratiwi, Widya Rizky
VOX EDUKASI: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan Vol 16, No 1 (2025): APRIL
Publisher : STKIP Persada Khatulistiwa Sintang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31932/ve.v16i1.4469

Abstract

ABSTARKSiswa kelas 1 Sekolah Dasar mengalami kesulitan dalam memahami konsep dasar Bahasa Indonesia, yang terlihat dari rendahnya kemampuan membaca, menulis, dan berbahasa. Keterampilan awal seorang anak harus diamati melalui bagaimana mereka berkomunikasi, membaca, dan menulis. Siswa sulit memahami konsep huruf dan kata, siswa juga sulit untuk melafalkan kata dan memahami isi bacaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji penerapan model pembelajaran berdiferensiasi terintegrasi dengan metode multisensori dapat mempengaruhi hasil belajar Bahasa Indonesia siswa kelas 1 sekolah dasar dan juga untuk mengetahui penerapan model pembelajaran berdiferensiasi terintegrasi metode multisensori dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar Bahasa Indonesia siswa kelas 1 Sekolah Dasar. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen menggunakan pretest-posttest control group design. Sampel dalam penelitian ini diambil dengan menggunakan teknik pengambilan Sampling Purposive pada dua sekolah berjumlah 31 orang. Siswa kelas 1 SD Negeri 22 Empunak sebagai kelompok eksperimen dan siswa kelas 1 SD Negeri 12 Bekuan sebagai kelompok kontrol. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui tes hasil belajar. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis data deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa 0,2% selisih pada kelas eksperimen terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan pada penerapan model pembelajaran berdiferensiasi terintegrasi metode multisensori dan 7,1% pada kelas kontrol . Hasil uji normalitas dengan menggunakan Wilcoxon Signed Ranks antara model pembelajaran berdiferensiasi terintegrasi metode multisensori pada kelas eksperiman dan metode ceramah pada kelas kontrol berdasarkan hasil Postest  Pretest (Asymp. Sig(2-tailed) nilai 0,001 lebih kecil dari 0,05 terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan. Mean Rank kelas eksperimen yaitu 9,00 lebih besar daripada kelas kontrol yaitu 7,50 terjadi peningkatan nilai. Sedangkan Sum of Ranks kelas eksperimen 153,00 lebih besar dari kelas kontrol yaitu 105,00. Hasil uji homogenitas menggunakan uji Mann Whitney menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan (Asymp. Sig(2-tailed) nilai 0,046 lebih kecil dari 0,05 H0 ditolak H1 diterima. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran terdiferensiasi terintegrasi metode multisensori dapat mempengaruhi hasil belajar Bahasa Indonesia siswa kelas 1 sekolah dasar dan penerapan model pembelajaran berdiferensiasi terintegrasi metode multisensori juga dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar Bahasa Indonesia siswa kelas 1 sekolah dasar.Kata kunci: Model Pembelajaran Berdiferensiasi, Metode Multisensori, Hasil Belajar ABSTRACTFirst-grade elementary school students experience difficulties in understanding the basic concepts of the Indonesian language, as evidenced by their low reading, writing, and speaking skills. A child's early skills should be observed through how they communicate, read, and write. Students find it difficult to understand the concept of letters and words, and they also struggle to pronounce words and comprehend the content of reading materials. This study aims to test whether the application of a differentiated learning model integrated with the multisensory method can affect the Indonesian language learning outcomes of first-grade elementary school students and also to determine whether the application of a differentiated learning model integrated with the multisensory method can improve the Indonesian language learning outcomes of first-grade elementary school students. This research is an experimental study using a pretest-posttest control group design. The sample in this study was taken using the purposive sampling technique from two schools, totaling 31 individuals. First-grade students from SD Negeri 22 Empunak as the experimental group and first-grade students from SD Negeri 12 Bekuan as the control group. Data collection was conducted through learning outcome tests. The data analysis technique used is quantitative descriptive data analysis. The results of the data analysis show that a 0.2% difference in the experimental class has a significant impact on the application of the differentiated learning model integrated with the multisensory method, and a 7.1% difference in the control class. The results of the Normality Test using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks between the differentiated learning model integrated with the multisensory method in the experimental class and the lecture method in the control class based on the Posttest Pretest results (Asymp. Sig(2-tailed) value of 0.001 is less than 0.05, indicating a significant effect). The Mean Rank of the experimental class, which is 9.00, is greater than that of the control class, which is 7.50, indicating an increase in value. Meanwhile, the Sum of Ranks for the experimental class, 153.00, is greater than that of the control class, 105.00. The results of the homogeneity test using the Mann Whitney test indicate that there is a difference (Asymp. Sig(2-tailed) value of 0.046 is less than 0.05, H0 is rejected, H1 is accepted). Therefore, it can be concluded that the application of a differentiated learning model integrated with multisensory methods can affect the Indonesian language learning outcomes of first-grade elementary school students, and the application of a differentiated learning model integrated with multisensory methods can also improve the Indonesian language learning outcomes of first-grade elementary school students.Keywords: Differentiated Learning Model, Multisensory Method, Learning Outcomes
HUBUNGAN KETERAMPILAN KOMUNIKASI DAN PEMAHAMAN BUDAYA LOKAL DENGAN HASIL BELAJAR BAHASA INDONESIA SISWA KELAS 4 SEKOLAH DASAR Edi, Edi; Sabri, Tahmid; Pratiwi, Widya Rizky
VOX EDUKASI: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan Vol 16, No 1 (2025): APRIL
Publisher : STKIP Persada Khatulistiwa Sintang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31932/ve.v16i1.4607

Abstract

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh rendahnya hasil belajar Bahasa Indonesia siswa kelas 4, dengan hanya 30% siswa yang tuntas dalam ulangan, sementara 70% lainnya tidak tuntas. Rendahnya hasil tersebut dipengaruhi oleh kurangnya pengaitan materi pembelajaran dengan kondisi nyata dan pengenalan budaya lokal yang penting untuk meningkatkan minat dan pemahaman siswa. Selain itu, komunikasi antara guru dan siswa, serta antar siswa, juga kurang efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara keterampilan komunikasi dan pemahaman budaya lokal terhadap hasil belajar Bahasa Indonesia siswa kelas 4 SD. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan instrumen angket dan tes hasil belajar, serta pengujian hipotesis menggunakan korelasi sederhana dan berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya hubungan signifikan antara keterampilan komunikasi (r = 0,484) dan pemahaman budaya lokal (r = 0,711) terhadap hasil belajar Bahasa Indonesia siswa. Secara simultan, kedua variabel tersebut memiliki hubungan yang kuat (r = 0,735). Penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi untuk mengintegrasikan budaya lokal dalam pembelajaran dan meningkatkan keterampilan komunikasi siswa untuk meningkatkan efektivitas metode pengajaran.Kata Kunci: Keterampilan komunikasi, budaya lokal, Bahasa IndonesiaABSTRACTThis research was motivated by the low results of learning Indonesian for grade 4 students, with only 30% of students completing the exam, while the other 70% did not. These low results are influenced by the lack of linking learning materials with real conditions and the introduction of local culture which is important to increase student interest and understanding. Apart from that, communication between teachers and students, as well as between students, is also less effective. This research aims to analyze the relationship between communication skills and understanding of local culture on the Indonesian language learning outcomes of 4th grade elementary school students. The research method used is quantitative with questionnaire instruments and learning outcomes tests, as well as hypothesis testing using simple and multiple correlations. The research results show that there is a significant relationship between communication skills (r = 0.484) and understanding of local culture (r = 0.711) on students' Indonesian language learning outcomes. Simultaneously, these two variables have a strong relationship (r = 0.735). This research provides recommendations for integrating local culture in learning and improving students' communication skills to increase the effectiveness of teaching methodsKeywords: communication skills, local culture, Indonesian language learning outcomes
The Challenges Teachers and Students Face in Implementing the Merdeka Belajar Curriculum for Teaching and Studying English at SMP Negeri 5 Sangatta Utara Dwi Fachriani Astuti; Udi Samanhudi; Widya Rizky Pratiwi
EDUKASIA: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran Vol. 5 No. 1 (2024): Edukasia: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran
Publisher : LP. Ma'arif Janggan Magetan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62775/edukasia.v5i1.1066

Abstract

This study investigates the implementation of the Merdeka Belajar Curriculum in teaching English at SMP Negeri 5 Sangatta Utara during the academic year 2023-2024. The research aims to identify teachers' and students' challenges to teach and study English. Using a qualitative descriptive research design, data were collected through participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation review. The findings reveal that the school adopted the Independent Changing option of the Merdeka Belajar Curriculum, utilizing a Genre-Based Approach (GBA) in English lessons. However, challenges such as the lack of differentiated instruction, inadequate technological resources, and poor classroom infrastructure were identified. The study highlights the need for specialized teacher training, improved communication with parents, and enhanced support systems to overcome these challenges. The research contributes to understanding the practical aspects of curriculum implementation in remote areas, providing insights into effective strategies to enhance English language learning outcomes.
Transforming Education with the "Merdeka Belajar Curriculum: Digging into Challenges and Crafting Effective Strategies in Rural Indonesia Pratiwi, Widya Rizky
ENGLISH FRANCA : Academic Journal of English Language and Education Vol. 9 No. 1 May (2025)
Publisher : Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Curup

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29240/ef.v9i1 May.12737

Abstract

The Merdeka Belajar curriculum has been widely recognized for its flexibility, student-centered approach, and potential to enhance digital literacy. However, limited studies have explored its specific impact on English language teaching (ELT), particularly in rural secondary schools. This study investigates the practice of the Merdeka Belajar curriculum in ELT at SMP Negeri 5 Sangatta Utara, focusing on the barriers encountered by teachers and students and the strategies employed to address them. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected using semi-structured interviews, observations, and document analysis. The study involved three English teachers and ten seventh-grade students. Data were analyzed using Miles and Huberman’s framework, which includes data condensation, data display, and conclusion verification. The findings reveal that while the Merdeka Belajar curriculum encourages innovative teaching methods and student engagement, its implementation in rural settings is hindered by inadequate resources, limited technological infrastructure, and teachers’ readiness. To overcome these challenges, teachers employed adaptive strategies such as contextualized lesson planning, multimodal teaching techniques, and collaborative learning approaches. These strategies helped optimize the curriculum’s objectives despite existing limitations. The study provides valuable insights for educators and policymakers on how to enhance curriculum implementation in resource-constrained environments. It underscores the need for targeted professional development programs, improved educational infrastructure, and community involvement to maximize the curriculum’s impact on English language learning in rural Indonesia.
PKM IMPLEMENTASI LITERASI DIGITAL “ENGLISH KIDS” DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INGGRIS DI UPT SDN 15 MENGKENDEK Pratiwi, Widya Rizky; Sampelolo, Rigel
TONGKONAN: JURNAL PENGABDIAN MASYARAKAT Vol 1 No 2 (2022): Vol 1 No 2 (2022): Tongkonan: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat
Publisher : FKIP UKI TORAJA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (256.631 KB) | DOI: 10.47178/tongkonan.v1i2.1757

Abstract

Program Kemitraan Masyarakat (PKM) ini bermitra dengan siswa UPT SDN 15 Mengkendek di Kecamatan Mengkendek, Uluway Barat, Tana Toraja sebagai Mitra sasaran masyarakat yang tidak produktif secara ekonomi. Tujuan Pelaksanaan program PKM ini yaitu untuk menyelesaikan rangkaian permasalahan pedagogis dan teknologi pada Mitra Sasaran terkait penggunaan dan pemanfaatan teknologi sebagai media literasi digital dalam meningkatkan minat belajar siswa. Adapun permasalahan yang dimaksud yaitu kurangnya referensi dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris serta rendahnya minat belajar siswa. Metode pelaksanaan yaitu dengan sosialisasi, pelatihan, pendampingan, dan evaluasi. Hasil dari kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat yang melibatkan siswa kelas IV, V, dan VI ini di antaranya: (1) siswa dapat memanfaatkan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi dalam menunjang pembelajaran, (2) Pelatihan aplikasi ini dapat membantu siswa untuk bisa belajar mandiri. (3) Siswa dapat meningkatkan literasi digital dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris. (4) Siswa dapat meningkatkan motivasi dalam mengembangkan media pembelajaran berbasis digital sebagai bentuk inovasi pembelajaran. (5) Siswa dapat meningkatkan keterampilan dalam mengembangkan media pembelajaran berbasis digital sebagai bentuk inovasi pembelajaran.
Students' Experiences with English Movies for Vocabulary Development and Motivation Based on Learning Style Pratama, Yoga; Rizky Pratiwi, Widya; Saehu, Andang
EDUCAFL: Journal on Education of English as Foreign Language Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): EDUCAFL
Publisher : Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.educafl.2025.008.01.02

Abstract

Vocabulary is fundamental to English language proficiency, yet teaching it remains challenging due to limited instructional time and the complexity of word associations. While various methods have been employed to support vocabulary learning, few studies have explored the impact of English movies on vocabulary mastery and student motivation in relation to learning styles. This study addresses that gap by examining how English movies support vocabulary acquisition and motivation among students with diverse learning preferences at Junior High School 3 Terusan Nunyai. Using a qualitative case study design, data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation, with purposive sampling involving school leaders, teachers, and selected students. A learning style inventory identified visual learners as the majority. The findings indicate that English movies enhance vocabulary retention and motivation, especially for visual and auditory learners, and can also engage kinesthetic learners when combined with interactive classroom activities. The use of movies provides authentic, contextual, and multisensory experiences that enrich learning and increase student engagement. The study concludes that integrating English movies into English instruction is an effective strategy to improve vocabulary mastery and student motivation, offering valuable insights for teachers and contributing to more inclusive and engaging learning environments.
BRIDGING GAPS IN ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES (ESP) EDUCATION: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICAL PEDAGOGICAL INNOVATION Pratiwi, Widya Rizky
Teaching English as a Foreign Language Overseas Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2024): Teaching English as a Foreign Language Overseas Journal : In Press
Publisher : Publikasi dan UKI Press UKI Toraja.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47178/6mdbsp11

Abstract

English's position as the global lingua franca facilitates communication across myriad industries, none more so than publishing. By a comprehensive literature review synthesising insight from previous research, this current study identifies challenges in ESP in publishing amid its significance and innovative pedagogical approaches. Limited exploration of emerging trends, underrepresentation of diverse publishing contexts, limited focus on interdisciplinary perspectives, etc., were found as gaps. Some innovative pedagogical approaches for publishing professionals and scholars and recommendations were revealed to address existing gaps and contribute to advancing knowledge in English for Specific Purposes in publishing. By addressing these gaps, scholars can contribute to a more nuanced understanding of ESP in publishing and inform the design of targeted language learning interventions to meet the evolving needs of publishing professionals in diverse contexts