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All Journal SAINS MEDIKA : JURNAL KEDOKTERAN DAN KESEHATAN Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro Althea Medical Journal Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research Majalah Patologi Indonesia Medica Hospitalia PREPOTIF : Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Medica Arteriana (Med-Art) Diponegoro International Medical Journal (DIMJ) Indonesian Journal of Cancer Zona Kebidanan : Program Studi Kebidanan Universitas Batam Indonesian Journal of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences Ophthalmologica Indonesiana Acta Odontologica Indonesia
Hermawan Istiadi
Unknown Affiliation
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Dentistry Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience Nursing Public Health

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The Effects of Kretek Cigarettes and Ascorbic Acid-based Vape on IL-6, TNF-α Levels, and Pulmonary Histopathology: An Experimental Study on White Rats (Rattus novergicus) on Inflammatory Response and Pulmonary Histopathology Maftikhati, Dora; Prasetyo, Awal; Sadhana, Udadi; Istiadi, Hermawan
Diponegoro International Medical Journal Vol 6, No 2 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/dimj.v6i2.29825

Abstract

Background: Smoking habits remain difficult to break, with 991 million smokers worldwide in 2020. Many have switched to vaping, which is regarded as safer than clove cigarettes. Exposure to cigarette smoke can increase pro-inflammatory cytokines and damage lung tissue.Objective: This study compared the effects of kretek cigarette smoke and ascorbic acid-based vape smoke on inflammatory response and lung tissue in male white rats (Rattus norvegicus).Methods: Twenty-one 8-week-old rats were randomized into three groups: control, exposed to kretek cigarette smoke, and exposed to ascorbic acid-based vape. The kretek cigarette group was exposed to smoke from 3 cigarettes/day, while the vape group received 0.5 ml/day of vape smoke, for 12 weeks. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were analyzed using ELISA. The perimeter length of the alveolus, the degree of alveolar wall damage, and the extent of inflammatory cell distribution were also examined. Statistical analyses were accomplished using the ANOVA One-Way test, chi square test, and Kruskal-Wallis test.Results: Cigarette exposure significantly increased IL-6 levels (control: 8.43 ± 0.88 pg/ml; kretek cigarette: 11.45 ± 1.17 pg/ml; ascorbic acid vape: 11.83 ± 1.56 pg/ml; p = 0.000), the degree of alveolar damage (mean rank control: 6.21; kretek cigarette: 14.17; ascorbic acid vape: 11.64; p = 0.001), and the extent of inflammatory cell distribution (mean rank control: 4.00; kretek cigarette: 15.25; ascorbic acid vape: 12.93; p = 0.012). TNF-α levels increased in the kretek cigarette group, while the alveolar perimeter length increased in the ascorbic acid vape group; however, neither parameter was statistically significant (p > 0.05).Conclusion: Both kretek cigarette smoke and ascorbic acid-based vape smoke induced pulmonary inflammation and structural changes, with significant effects observed in IL-6 levels and histopathological damage, but not in TNF-α levels or alveolar perimeter length. There is a need for better regulation and increased public awareness about the dangers of smoking.
Co-Authors Almaz, Ayyasi Izaz Anna Mailasari kusuma Dewi Ardiani, Zefania Regina Arga Purlina Wijayanti Ariani, Resti Arianto, Adi Arief Wildan Arief Wildan, Arief Arinta Puspita Wati, Arinta Puspita ARNILA NOVITASARI Astika Widy Utomo Astuti, Meira Dewi Kusuma Astuti, Ratih Kusuma Awal Prasetyo Darmawati Ayu Indraswari Devia Eka Listiana, Devia Eka Dharma, Andhika Guna Dik Puspasari, Dik Dwi Pudjonarko Eka Yudhanto Elim, Marlion Anthonius Elnitiarta, Jasmine Excelinda, Tifanni Fauzi, Muhammad Iqbal Fifin Luthfia Rahmi Firawan, Kurnia Nisa Putri Firdauzi Putri, Nabila Zenska FRANSISKA BANJARNAHOR Hadi Hadi Halim, Fenny Halleyantoro, Ryan Hamidiyah, Silpi Haryanto, Julia Ike Ida Ayu Putu Sri Widnyani Ika Pawitra Miranti Ika Pawitra Miranti Ilham, Dimas Muhammad Intan Rahmania Eka Dini Jenifer Marsela Tarius Jessica Yolanda Hadisusanto Kanti Yunika Karlowee, Vega Kesumayadi, Irfan Kusuma, Ira Anggar Maftikhati, Dora Maharani Maharani Maharani, Maharani Margareth, Ezra Meita Hendrianingtyas Muniroh, Muflihatul Nabila, Alin Neni Susilaningsih Nugroho, Trilaksana Nuh Gusta Ady Yolanda Nurkholis, Fathur Oedijani Santoso Purnawati, Ratna Dama Puspita`, Rina Rahmi, Fifin L Retnoningrum, Dwi Riski Prihatningtias Riski Prihatningtias, Riski Rizqa Wahyuni Rohma, Intarniati Nur RR. WIDYASTUTI PASPARINI Sadana, Aqsa Aufa Syauqi SALMAH ALAYDRUS Saubig, Arnila Novitasari Sudarmanto, Alif Muhammad Trilaksana Nugroho Trimahendra, Alfin Ihza Tun Paksi Sareharto Udadi Sadhana, Udadi Utami, Asih Ratna Widodo Sarjana AS, Widodo Widyarini, Andriati Nadhilah Wikanta, Edmond Rukmana Yan Wisnu Prajoko Yora Nindita