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Synthesis of Calcium Phosphate from Snail Shell Waste Using the Hydrothermal Method Rochman, Ananda Arif; Rahman, Nazila Aulya; Sani, Sani; Pujiastuti, Caecilia; Puspitawati, Ika Nawang
G-Tech: Jurnal Teknologi Terapan Vol 10 No 2 (2026): G-Tech, Vol. 10 No. 2 April 2026
Publisher : Universitas Islam Raden Rahmat, Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70609/g-tech.v10i2.9325

Abstract

The utilization of biowaste as an alternative raw material has attracted increasing attention in biomaterial research. Snail shell waste, which is abundant and underutilized, contains a high calcium carbonate content and offers a unique, low-cost, and sustainable precursor for calcium phosphate synthesis, particularly for bone substitute applications. This study aimed to synthesize calcium phosphate from snail shell waste using the hydrothermal method and to evaluate the effects of pH and hydrothermal time on phase formation, purity, and particle size. The shells were calcined at 800 °C for 4 hours to produce calcium oxide (CaO), then reacted with phosphoric acid at pH 8–12 under hydrothermal conditions for 25–125 minutes. The precipitates were dried and sintered at 1000 °C for 5 hours. X-ray fluorescence analysis showed a CaO content of 99.20%. X-ray diffraction revealed calcium hydrogen phosphate, hydroxyapatite, and calcium carbonate phosphate hydroxide phases. The highest hydroxyapatite content (54%) was obtained at pH 8 and 25 minutes. Higher pH and longer processing time reduced purity. Scanning electron microscopy showed granular morphology, with particle sizes decreasing from 63 nm to 28 nm as pH increased. Although promising, the hydroxyapatite content does not yet meet RSNI3 ISO 13175-3:2012 requirements.
Co-Authors A. Fani Dwiyulianty Fariadi A.R Yelvia Sunarti abdillah, nabil zhillan Af'ida, Layyinatul Ahmad, Naufal Ramadhan Ainur Rofiq Aissyah Lathifah Adriyanti Aisyah, Aurela Naura Akmalia Dinda Oktavianta Aldy Cahya Putra Amanah Nur Febrianti Anisa Ety Purnamawati AR Yelvia AR Yelvia Sunarti AR Yelvia Sunarti Ardika Nurmawati, Ardika Arfinka Pinakesti Aristio, Rivaldi Arke, Nadya Ramadhani Arrizal Buditama Ashilah Hanindya Astuti, Dwi Hery Bimantara Hidayah Caecillia P udjiastuti Dea Indiastuti Ramadany Dedin F Rosida Dedin F Rosida Desy Nuriyah Alifa Rusdiyana Devita Salsa Gunawan Dwi Hery Astuti Dwi Hery Astuti Dwi Hery Astuti Dwi Hery Astuti Dwi Hery Astuti Dwika Mahtris Nandani Putri Erwan Adi Saputro Faris Harditya Purnama Hasanah, Rofidatul Ibadurrahman, Muhammad Watsieq Ika N. Puspitawati Ika Nawang Puspitawati ISNI UTAMI Isni Utami Istiqomah, Umi Ary Izam Arrazhi Jouvita Rosanti Karlin, Karlin - Kevin Esmunaldo Kindriari Nurma Wahyusi L.Urip Widodo, Yohandrik Novel Karaman Lucky Indrati Utami Ma’rifah, Zustah Damul Mega Rosilina Mega Rosilina Mochamad Titus Maulana Mochamad Titus Maulana Mochammad Rifqi Ardiansyah Muhammad Fathoni, Muhammad Muhammad, Fitrah Guna Muljani, Sri Mutasim Billah Muttaqin, Anfai Syifa Mu’tasim Billah Nana Dyah Siswati, Anwar Zain and Mohammad Nashrul Haqqi Novananda, Ajie Nur Hapsari Nur Hapsari Padmasari, Rahmita Prabowo,, Nina Sari Prakoso, Satryo Arya Prasetya, Delia Shelamita Prasetyo Hadi Pratama, Bayu Prima Pujiastuti, Caecilia Puspitawat, Ika Nawang Rahman, Nazila Aulya Ramandani, Adityas Agung Retno Dewati Reva Edra Nugraha Rizka Amalia Kusuma Putri Rochman, Ananda Arif RR. Jasmine Nadya E. N. Rochadiana S Suprihatin Sagala, Maria Tania Agustia salma sekarningrum Sari, Dewa Ayu Made Dearwita Septianingsih, Dilla Shiva Eric Z. Nur Sintha Soraya Santi Sri Djajati Sri, Sri Djajati SRIE MULJANI Sulaiman, Yusri Risyad Suprianti, Lilik Suprihatin Suprihatin Syahputra, Febryan Rama Syopianti, Sherina Tri Wahyu Hidayah Wirayudha, Umar Wulandari, Pingky Fantika Yogaswara, Rachmad Ramadhan Yonathan Juanto Yuandana, Yohanes Gilang Yudhistira, Nashrulfatih Zulianti, Mei Fifa