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All Journal Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika dan IPA Journal of Tropical Soils Jurnal Mahasiswa Ilmu Pemerintahan Universa Medicina Industria: Jurnal Teknologi dan Manajemen Agroindustri Pendas : Jurnah Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar Unes Law Review Agroteknika Variance : Journal of Statistics and Its Applications Community Development Journal: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Law Research Review Quarterly REKA ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat LANGUAGE: Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Journal of Mathematics: Theory and Applications Salam (Islamic Economics Journal) Technologica Tsaqofah: Jurnal Penelitian Guru Indonesia Electronic Journal of Education, Social Economics and Technology Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengabdian Masyarakat COREAI: Jurnal Kecerdasan Buatan, Komputasi dan Teknologi Informasi Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen Dan Kewirausahaan (JIMK) IJRETINA - International Journal of Retina atech-i Parameter: Jurnal Matematika, Statistika dan Terapannya Communale Journal PENGAMATAN: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat untuk Ilmu MIPA dan Terapannya
Yudistira Yudistira
STMIK AMIKOM Purwokerto
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Journal : Universa Medicina

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Diabetic retinopathy: pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and treatment Yudistira, Yudistira; Hendrawan, Kevin Anggakusuma; Andayani, Ari; Suryathi, Ni Made Ari
Universa Medicina Vol. 44 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Trisakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18051/UnivMed.2025.v44.270-284

Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and one of the leading causes of vision impairment worldwide. Prolonged hyperglycemia initiates a cascade of molecular events including chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, advanced glycation end products, and the activation of plasma kallikrein and protein kinase C signaling pathways, which leads to endothelial damage and pericyte loss. The resulting endothelial barrier dysfunction promotes serum leakage and retinal edema, while advanced disease stages are characterized by ischemia-driven retinal neovascularization mediated by elevated intraocular vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels. Current therapeutic strategies for diabetic retinopathy include laser therapy, intravitreal administration of anti-VEGF agents or corticosteroids, and vitreoretinal surgery. Despite their efficacy, a number of patients experience suboptimal responses. Consequently, novel therapeutic approaches are under investigation, including alternative anti-angiogenic agents, gene therapies, and visual cycle modulators currently undergoing clinical trials. A comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy is essential to improve existing treatment modalities and address current limitations in patient outcomes. In this review, we systematically searched and analyzed articles published in English from 2014 to 2024 using PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. Relevant search terms included “diabetic retinopathy,” “pathophysiology,” “pathogenesis,” “treatment,” and “diabetic macular edema.” This review presents recent insights into the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurodegeneration, followed by an overview of its pathophysiology such as microvascular dysfunction and neovascularization. Finally, current and emerging treatment modalities, encompassing both pharmacological and surgical approaches, are discussed. This structured approach provides essential background to understand the complexity of diabetic retinopathy and recent advances in its management.
Co-Authors Abdullah, Salma Adnan, Muh. Akbar, Fauzia Alfian Allen, Rio Valery Ampauleng, Ampauleng Anindya, Anindya Ansory, Ahmad Anto, Ahmad Apriyanti, Maulita Dwi Ardani, Farell Ari Andayani Ayuningsih, Fitria Bakarbessy, Lusye Balami, A. M. Batubara, Fanny Yuliana Cupian da Costa, Julieta Darman, Luky Prassetya Deded Chandra Defrian, Angga Dino Caesaron Djinis, Musdar Effy Dussy, Achmad Nur Azhary Effy Djinis, Musdar Effy Djinis Ernita, Yuni Ferry Kondo Lembang H Hasmawati Hakim, Irfan Halim, Ardiansyah Hasibuan, Melkisedek Hasman, Elvin Hasyim, Fuadz Hatala, Devita Haumahu, G. Hendrawan, Kevin Anggakusuma Herdian, Fithra Husnah, Maulida Ilma Mufidah Irma Setiawan, Irma J. Djami, Ronald J. Wattimanela, Henry Jusmaldi Jusmaldi Kilikily, Aditia Rajasa Kifta L, Rosanti Laamena, Novita S. Laamena, Novita Serly Laode Muhammad Harjoni Kilowasid Latupeirissa, S. J. Latupeirissa, Sanlly Joanne Lembang, F. K. Lestaluhu, Fitri Lewaherilla, Norisca Lexy Janzen Sinay, Lexy Janzen Loklomin, S. B Loklomin, S. B. Mahubessy, Juan Felix Benicktus Malik, Kamil Malrianti, Yefsi Manalu, Omena Maswahenu, Mara Matdoan, M. Y. Ma’bar, M. Fadin Medi Hendra, Medi Muhammadin, Akhmad Musa Nanlohy, Y. W. A. Ni Made Ari Suryathi Ningsi, Fitri Wahyu Noven, Sarah Annisa Nurinayah, Sevi Palisoa, N. F. Rahma, Ayu Dyah Rahmaniar, Wa Ode Rifdian, Filandia Rizal, Fathur Rosalina Salhuteru S Laamena, Novita Safitri, Yuniar Andini Sedubun, Debora Ribka Seknun, M. F. Sinay, L. J. Sinurat, Frisella Br Siska Siska Sjahruddin, Herman Sri Aulia Novita Sudirman Sudirman Syifa, Anisa Tamrin Tamrin Umbu Lapu, Ervan Suryanti Y. Matdoan, Muhammad Yunizar, Mahdayani Putri Zulnadi, Zulnadi