Molekul: Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia
The MOLEKUL is dedicated to fostering advancements in all branches of chemistry and its diverse sub-disciplines. It aims to publish high-quality research encompassing a wide range of topics, including but not limited to Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Biological Activities of Synthetic Drugs, Environmental Chemistry, Biochemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Petroleum Chemistry, and Agricultural Chemistry. By providing a platform for rigorous scientific inquiry and dissemination of knowledge, the journal strives to contribute to the understanding, innovation, and practical applications of chemistry in various fields. We encourage submissions that explore new methodologies, elucidate fundamental principles, address pressing challenges, and demonstrate the potential for real-world impact. Our journal welcomes original research articles, reviews, and perspectives from researchers, scholars, and professionals across the global scientific community, promoting interdisciplinary collaboration and the advancement of chemical sciences. The scope of this journal encompasses a wide range of topics within the field of chemistry, with a particular focus on advancing knowledge and innovation in the following areas: 1. Theoretical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry: This includes theoretical studies, computational modeling, and experimental investigations related to chemical reactivity, molecular structures, spectroscopy, and the environmental fate and impact of chemicals. 2. Materials Synthesis for Energy and Environmental Applications: The journal welcomes research on the synthesis, characterization, and application of materials for energy storage, catalysis, solar energy conversion, pollution mitigation, and sustainable environmental technologies. 3. Isolation, Purification, and Modification of Biomolecules: Manuscripts addressing the isolation, purification, and modification of biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, along with their applications in areas such as biotechnology, drug discovery, and diagnostics, are of particular interest. 4. Fabrication, Development, and Validation of Analytical Methods: The journal encourages submissions focusing on the development and optimization of analytical techniques, including chromatography, spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and mass spectrometry. Topics may include method validation, sample preparation, quality control, and applications in diverse fields.
Articles
218 Documents
<![CDATA[Effect of Organic Solvents in the Preparation of Single Aged Garlic Transfersomes and Their Phytochemical Activities ]]>
<![CDATA[Lestari, Sri Rahayu]]>;
<![CDATA[Gofur, Abdul]]>;
<![CDATA[Rakhmawati, Yunita]]>;
<![CDATA[Suharti, Suharti]]>;
<![CDATA[Nik Malek, Nik Ahmad Nizam]]>;
<![CDATA[Miasih, Dewi Sekar]]>;
<![CDATA[Baroroh, Alif Rosyidah El]]>;
<![CDATA[Annisa, Yuslinda]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 20 No 2 (2025) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2025.20.2.13310
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. Single Aged Garlic (SAG), a fermented product from a single garlic, has been extensively studied for its health benefits due to its allicin content. To enhance SAG's drug delivery capabilities, this study aimed to characterize transfersome formulations containing SAG, investigating their phytochemical activities and the effects of different absolute solvents. Transfersome formulations, consisting of soy-phospholipid and either Span-60 (T1) or Tween-80 (T2), were prepared using absolute ethanol (EA) or a chloroform-methanol mixture (CM). Characterization included particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. Phytochemical tests assessed antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content. Results showed that T2-CM formulations exhibited the best PDI (0.372 ± 0.022), smallest particle size (T1-CM: 84.333 ± 1.762 nm), and lowest zeta potential (T2-EA: -25.667 ± 0.666 mV). Additionally, T1-CM and T2-CM formulations demonstrated superior antioxidant, flavonoid, and phenolic content compared to T1-EA and T2-EA. Transfersomes formulated with organic solvents like absolute ethanol, methanol, and chloroform exhibit promising characteristics and can effectively protect the antioxidant compounds, flavonoids, and phenols present in SAG extracts. These solvents, known for their ability to dissolve polar and nonpolar compounds, facilitate the formation of stable, well-characterized transfersomes. These findings suggest that transfersomes prepared with chloroform-methanol mixtures are more promising for SAG delivery. Key words: Organic solvents, Phytochemicals, Single aged garlic, Transfersomes]]>
<![CDATA[Metabolomic Profiling LC-MS Based Bioactive Compound of Sonneratia alba, Antioxidant Activities and Its In-silico molecular docking Studies ]]>
<![CDATA[Tarigan, Indra Lasmana]]>;
<![CDATA[Latief, Madyawati]]>;
<![CDATA[Anshori, Jamaludin Al]]>;
<![CDATA[Melani, Fitria]]>;
<![CDATA[Putri, Silvi Ayudiah]]>;
<![CDATA[Husna, Naimul]]>;
<![CDATA[Warni, Tri]]>;
<![CDATA[Ramadhan, Ilham Ifandi]]>;
<![CDATA[Yusnaidar, Yusnaidar]]>;
<![CDATA[Sutrisno, Sustrisno]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 20 No 2 (2025) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2025.20.2.13578
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. Mangrove Perepat (Sonneratia alba) plants have various potentials that need to be utilized optimally because they have varying bioactive compound content. A comprehensive exploration of secondary metabolite compound content and plant bioactivity based on metabolomics and in-silico molecular docking is needed to see the effects of single or multiple compounds. This study aimed to obtain a profile of medicinal compounds from Perepat leaves as antioxidants. Extraction was carried out using five gradients of Ethanol: Water concentration. EP1 (water), EP2 (25% Ethanol), EP3 (50% Ethanol), EP4 (75% Ethanol), EP5 (100% Ethanol). The research was carried out through extraction, antioxidant determination, metabolomics, and molecular docking. Exploration data showed that increasing ethanol concentration increased phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. EP5 has the highest total phenolics and flavonoids of 24.978 mgGAE/g and 42.97 mgQE/g, respectively, with an IC50 value of 8.263 ppm. Docking analysis of 37 test compounds identified 12 compounds with low binding energy, ranging from -7 to -9 kcal/mol, with the NADPH oxidase protein receptor (PDB ID: 2CDU). These compounds include kaempferol-3-rhamnoside, meperidine, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, 2-keto benzothiazole 54, methyl propanoic acid, salicyloylaminotriazole, salicylihalamide A, and gibberellin A7. Our findings suggest that S. alba extract holds potential for further exploration as a natural antioxidant source. Keywords: Antioxidant; In-silico; Metabolomics; S. alba]]>
<![CDATA[Eco-friendly Sunscreen: Aloe vera and Garlic-Shallot Peel Extract Formulation for Enhanced SPF ]]>
<![CDATA[Mulyani, Sri]]>;
<![CDATA[Nugrahani, Arumsasi Putri]]>;
<![CDATA[Majid, Karima]]>;
<![CDATA[Susanti VH1, Elfi]]>;
<![CDATA[Ariani, Sri Retno Dwi]]>;
<![CDATA[Utomo, Suryadi Budi]]>;
<![CDATA[Wathon, Muhammad Hizbul]]>;
<![CDATA[Setyowati, Widiastuti Agustina Eko]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 20 No 2 (2025) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2025.20.2.13677
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. In the past 5 years, research has reported that chemical sunscreen products pose risks of irritation and environmental impact, necessitating safer natural alternatives, such as eco-friendly sunscreen. This study aimed to formulate a natural sunscreen by combining Aloe vera gel with garlic-shallot peel waste extracts and evaluate their solar protection factor (SPF), physical stability, overall quality, and organoleptic-hedonic test. The Aloe vera and extracts of garlic and shallot peels were prepared using modified infusion and solvent extraction techniques. The sunscreen formulas were created in nine variations with different concentrations of natural ingredient combinations. SPF values were determined in vitro using UV/Vis spectrophotometry, and the physical stabilities were tested using the cycling method. Overall quality tests were performed using the method as described in the standard and requirements for sunscreen products in Indonesia (SNI 16-4399-1996), and the procedure for determining the organoleptic-hedonic test referred to the organoleptic and/or sensory testing instructions (SNI 01-2346-2006). The results showed that all nine formulations met most of the quality standards of sunscreen. However, the panelist preferred formulas without garlic and shallot extracts due to the prominent odor of garlic and shallot. Further studies will be performed by combining them with fragrances that panelists prefer to cover the deficiencies in unpreferred odors. Formulas with garlic and shallot peel extracts have ultra-protection SPF values, though their effectiveness decreased with increased Aloe vera concentrations. These results indicate that garlic and shallot peel waste have the potential as sustainable, environmentally friendly sunscreen ingredients with high UV protection capabilities. Keywords: Aloe vera, garlic peel, shallot peel, SPF, sunscreen]]>
<![CDATA[Antioxidant, Anti-Aging and Antibacterial Activity from Dewa Leaves Ethanolic Extract (Gynura japonica (Thunb.) Juel) ]]>
<![CDATA[Fatmawati, Umi]]>;
<![CDATA[Zienitha, Anggie Meilinda]]>;
<![CDATA[Anggraini, Meisi]]>;
<![CDATA[Rosita, Lisa]]>;
<![CDATA[Indrowati, Meti]]>;
<![CDATA[Harlita, Harlita]]>;
<![CDATA[Santosa, Slamet]]>;
<![CDATA[Permatasari, Vera]]>;
<![CDATA[Primahana, Gian]]>;
<![CDATA[Yati, Indri]]>;
<![CDATA[Prastya, Muhamad Eka]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 20 No 2 (2025) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2025.20.2.13792
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. Due to their phytochemical constituents, Dewa leaves (Gynura japonica (Thunb.) Juel.) are often used in traditional medicinal herbs. However, in vitro and in vivo of antioxidative and anti-aging studies of Dewa leaves on yeast as a eukaryotic cell model have not been widely carried out. This study aims to determine the antioxidant, anti-aging, and antibacterial activities derived from G. japonica leaves extract. Extraction was conducted using 70% and 96% ethanol solvents, total phenolic content (TPC) was assayed using Folin-Ciocalteu method, flavonoid contents (TFC) was assayed using aluminum chloride method, antioxidant activity was tested using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2-azinobis-3-Ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid) radicals. Subsequently, an anti-aging activity test was performed on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism following antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity test was carried out using well diffusion agar, and the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined using the microplate method. We obtained that G. japonica leaves extracted from 70% and 96% methanol solvents, have TPC of 13.14 and 22.11 mg GAE/gr extract, and TFC of 8.04 and 14.09 mg QE/gr extract, respectively. As for DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activity, D70 showed the best activity with IC50 values of 1411.36±56.35 µg/mL and 2516.10±18.77 µg/mL, respectively. The anti-aging test showed that both 70% and 96% ethanol extracts were able to maintain the yeast cell viability under H2O2 oxidative stress. Further, 70% and 96% ethanol extract also showed antibacterial activity at the best value against Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC value of 390.62 µg/mL, it means that Gynura leaves extract has a potency as antibacterial agent. The results of this study indicate that the ethanol extract of G. japonica leaves can be developed for further investigation as an antioxidant and antibacterial therapeutic agent. Keywords: Anti-aging, antibacterial, antioxidant, Gynura japonica, Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]>
<![CDATA[Effectiveness of Zingiberaceae Herbal Extracts from the Hala-Bala Forest for Application in Thai Massage ]]>
<![CDATA[Thipmanee, Orawan]]>;
<![CDATA[Waema, Sunee]]>;
<![CDATA[Samanman, Saluma]]>;
<![CDATA[Benhawan, Aeesoh]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 20 No 2 (2025) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2025.20.2.14695
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. This research aimed to study the efficiency of essential oils extracted from Zingiberaceae herbals that are Etlingera elatior, Zingiber montanum, and Etlingera coccinea, collected from the Hala-Bala forest in Chulabhorn Pattana Village 9, Ban Santisuk 2, Mae Wat Sub-district, Than To and Betong District, Yala Province. The essential oils were extracted using steam distillation and characterized based on their physical and chemical properties, antimicrobial activity, phytochemical composition, and antioxidant activities. The pH values of the essential oils were found to be 6.1, 4.9, and 6.2, respectively. Heavy metal analysis of the essential oils, conducted using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer, revealed no contamination with lead, chromium, manganese, and cadmium. In antimicrobial activity test against three bacterial strains— Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp., and Escherichia coli—the essential oils of E. elatior and Z. montanum demonstrated inhibitory effects against all three strains, with inhibition zones of 12.3±0.28, 10.7±1.06, and 11.2±1.01 mm for E. elatior and 22.1±1.25, 26.0±0.70, and 18.5±0.70 mm for Z. montanum. Meanwhile, the essential oil of E. coccinea inhibited S. aureus and E. coli with inhibition zones of 20.5±0.70 and 13.2±0.35 mm, respectively. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and antioxidant activity evaluated using three assays: DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH assay), ABTS free radical bleaching (ABTS assay), and ferric reduction of antioxidant power (FRAP assay). The results confirmed that all three essential oils exhibited antioxidant activity, and the phytochemical screening detected flavonoids, diterpenes, and anthraquinones. This research highlights the potential of the essential oils for developing Thai massage health products, particularly in the form of massage oils infused with natural extracts and local herbs. Volunteer satisfaction assessments conducted at the Thai Traditional Medicine Learning Center, Yala Rajabhat University, Yala Province, Thailand, indicated a high to the highest level of satisfaction. This was attributed to the oils' natural composition, low toxicity, and high effectiveness. Keywords: Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Etlingera elatior, Essential oil, Etlingera coccinea, Phytochemical, Zingiber montanum]]>
<![CDATA[Harnessing Nature's Colors: Combining Plant Pigments and Metal Coatings for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell ]]>
<![CDATA[Hardeli, Hardeli]]>;
<![CDATA[Sanjaya, Hary]]>;
<![CDATA[Yunita, Lasmi]]>;
<![CDATA[Novita, Indri Panca]]>;
<![CDATA[Agdisti, Nurul Fadilah]]>;
<![CDATA[Luli, Rahmaneta]]>;
<![CDATA[Permatasari, Putri]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 20 No 2 (2025) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2025.20.2.14891
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. This study aims to improve the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). To overcome the recombination problem in the commonly used TiO2 semiconductor, we performed electrodeposition of ferrous metal (Fe) on TiO2. XRD characterization showed that after Fe electrodeposition, the crystal structure of TiO₂ remained in the anatase phase without significant changes compared to before deposition while based on SEM-EDS results, Fe was dispersed to form small agglomerates that functioned as metal contacts to reduce electron recombination. We also investigated the use of anthocyanins from various natural sources, including jengkol skin, senduduk fruit, mangosteen skin, and red grape skin. These anthocyanins were copigmented with salicylic acid. UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed that copigmentation caused a bathochromic shift and FTIR spectrum confirmed strong interaction between anthocyanins and salicylic acid through hydrogen bond formation. The combination of TiO2-Fe layers with pigmented dyes resulted in diverse DSSC efficiencies, with mangosteen peel showing the best performance (4.123%), followed by senduduk fruit (3.495%), grape peel (2.569%), and jengkol peel (1.925%). The increase in efficiency from 1.189% (without Fe coating) to 1.700% (with Fe coating) demonstrates the potential of this technique. The small TiO2 crystal size (about 61.8 nm) also contributes to the increased surface area, enhancing dye absorption and solar cell performance. The electrical efficiency showed that the combination of TiO2-Fe with copigmented anthocyanins from mangosteen skin produced DSSCs with the highest efficiency, demonstrating the potential of this approach to improve the performance of natural dye-based solar cells. Keywords: Co-pigmentation, dye-sensitized solar cell, Fe electroplating, natural dye.]]>
<![CDATA[Development and Characterization of Edible Films from Sodium Alginate and Arrowroot Starch Plasticized with Sorbitol ]]>
<![CDATA[Huynh, Tien Dat]]>;
<![CDATA[Ngo, Pham Thao Nguyen]]>;
<![CDATA[Nguyen, Vinh Tien]]>;
<![CDATA[Wibowo, Condro]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 20 No 2 (2025) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2025.20.2.15519
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. The demand for eco-friendly packaging is growing in industrial applications. This study aimed to develop edible films using sorbitol, sodium alginate (SA), and arrowroot starch (ARS). Sorbitol, serving as a plasticizer, was evaluated for optimal concentration, while various SA:ARS ratios were tested for film formation. Physicochemical properties, including thickness, color, tensile strength, elongation, moisture content, opacity, water solubility, water vapor transmission rate, biodegradability, FTIR, and SEM morphology were analyzed. Results indicated that 0.5% sorbitol produced films with ideal thickness, color, tensile strength, and elongation. SA:ARS ratios significantly influenced film properties, with the 0.9:0.1 ratio yielding a thin, smooth, and highly biodegradable film. This formulation provides a basis for further edible film research and food industry applications. Keywords: Arrowroot starch, edible film, sodium alginate, sorbitol]]>
<![CDATA[Electrochemistry Response of Platinum Powder Composite as Electrode for Sensor Capsaicin ]]>
<![CDATA[Riyanto, Riyanto]]>;
<![CDATA[Fadilla, Nadiya Irmasakti]]>;
<![CDATA[Ningrum, Indah Rohmah Wahyu]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 20 No 2 (2025) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2025.20.2.15943
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. So far, the concentration of capsaicin in food has been determined using the tongue. Several analytical methods were developed to determine the concentration of capsaicin, but they have many drawbacks such as being expensive, long analysis time, requiring hazardous chemicals, and being difficult to operate. This research aims to prepare a material that has high stability and excellent electrocatalytic activity to determine capsaicin concentration. The research was conducted by preparing powdered platinum electrodes mixed with polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The mixture of the two materials is added with tetrahydrofuran (THF), dried, and pressed so that it becomes a solid electrode which is a platinum powder composite (PPC). These electrodes are used as working electrodes for the analysis of capsaicin in food sauce. The results showed that the NaOH electrolyte was the best electrolyte for capsaicin analysis using platinum powder composite electrodes. The PPC electrode showed good test method validation results, namely recovery of 108.69%, LOD, and LOQ of 5.9 x 10-1 mM and 19.9 x 10-1 mM, respectively. The capsaicin concentration in the food sauce was 0.029 M in a 0.5 g sample. Keywords: Capsaicin, composite, cyclic voltammetry, platinum powder, sensor]]>
<![CDATA[Chemical Constituents from Indonesian Dysoxylum parasiticum (Osbeck). Kosterm and Their Cytotoxicity Against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells ]]>
<![CDATA[Harizon, Harizon]]>;
<![CDATA[Romundza, Febbry]]>;
<![CDATA[Miharti, Isra]]>;
<![CDATA[Naini, Al Arofatus]]>;
<![CDATA[Fajriah, Sofa]]>;
<![CDATA[Mayanti, Tri]]>;
<![CDATA[Supratman, Unang]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 20 No 2 (2025) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2025.20.2.16066
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. The exploration of naturally occurring secondary metabolites from plants, which serve as direct sources or precursors for new drug development, motivates us to conduct a comprehensive investigation into their presence. Indonesia stands out as a global biodiversity hotspot, boasting a significant number of endemic species that offer a rich reservoir of untapped resources for pharmaceutical, agricultural, and environmental uses. The Dysoxylum genus, belonging to the Meliaceae family, is recognized as a vital source of secondary metabolites and is well-known for its traditional medicinal applications. Consequently, we focus on analyzing the chemical constituents found in the stem bark of one Indonesian Dysoxylum species, specifically D. parasiticum (Osbeck) Kosterm., and assess their biological activity as anticytotoxic agents. Our research identified three known compounds: a tirucallane-type triterpenoid, cneorin-NP36 (1), a seco-limonoid from the preurianin group, amotsangin A (2), and an ergostane-type steroid, 22(E)-ergosta-6,22-dien-3β,5α,8α-triol (3). The biological evaluation against the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 revealed that compound 2 exhibited a notable inhibitory effect, with an IC50 value of 34.5 μM. The existence of a highly oxidized structure in compound 2, due to its ester substituents, highlights its effectiveness in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, outperforming the reference drug cisplatin, which has an IC50 of 53.0 μM. These findings indicate that amotsangin A (2) is a promising anticancer agent, particularly in the treatment of breast cancer. Further studies, including in silico analysis and structural modification, are needed to enhance its cytotoxic activity and selectivity. Keywords: Cytotoxic activity, Dysoxylum parasiticum, MCF-7, seco-limonoid amotsangin A, Secondary metabolites]]>
<![CDATA[Dammarane-Type Triterpenoids from Twigs of Aglaia Foveolata and Their Antibacterial Activity ]]>
<![CDATA[Hutagaol, Ricson Pemimpin]]>;
<![CDATA[Mozef, Tjandrawati]]>;
<![CDATA[Nurilmala, Febi]]>;
<![CDATA[Primahana, Gian]]>;
<![CDATA[Fajriah, Sofa]]>;
<![CDATA[Prastya, Muhammad Eka]]>;
<![CDATA[Hidayatullah, Sigit]]>;
<![CDATA[Satyaningsih, Desy]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 20 No 2 (2025) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2025.20.2.16241
<![CDATA[ABSTRACT. The Aglaia species, which contains triterpenoids, is the most numerous in the Meliaceae family. Aglaia foveolata (A. foveolata) is a type of plant that has many benefits, as medicinal ingredients. The potential of this plant is inseparable from the content of various bioactive compounds. This study aims to isolate, characterize the active compound from the twigs of A. foveolata and test its activity as an antibacterial. Three dammarane-type triterpenoids were isolated from the A. foveolata twigs which is, namely dammar-24-en-3β,20-diol (1), an epimeric mixture of shoreic and eichlerianic acid (2, 3). Their chemical structures were determined based on spectroscopic data using infrared, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and including one and two-dimensional NMR techniques, as well as through data comparison of the reported compound. Compound 1 was reported for the first time to be successfully isolated from this species. All these substances were tested for the first time for their antibacterial activity against two Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and two Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, through this study. Compound 1 was inactive, the epimeric mixture of 2 and 3 showed moderate antibacterial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value ranging from 31.7 to 126.6 ppm, particularly against S. aureus with a MIC value of 31.7 ppm. Keywords: Aglaia, Elucidation, Isolation, Spectroscopy, Bacterial]]>
