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Gender Gaps in Digital Enterprise:The Role of Care Burden and Human Capital in Indonesia Setyanti, Axellina Muara; Setiawan, Andi Tri
MIZANIA: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Akuntansi Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Mizania: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Akuntansi
Publisher : Economics and Business Faculty UNUSIA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47776/mizania.v6i1.1994

Abstract

This study aims to analyze gender disparities in digital enterprise participation in Indonesia, with particular emphasis on the roles of caregiving burdens and human capital. Although digitalization is often viewed as a force that can promote equality in entrepreneurship, empirical evidence on how gender and household constraints shape participation in digital enterprises remains limited. Using microdata from the 2024 National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS), digital enterprise is defined as engagement in business activities supported by the use of digital technology. A binary logistic regression model is employed to estimate the probability of digital enterprise participation, followed by rural–urban subgroup analysis to capture spatial heterogeneity. The results reveal a pronounced gender gap, with women significantly less likely to participate in digital enterprises than men after controlling for household and demographic characteristics. However, caregiving responsibilities, proxied by the presence of children under five years old, are positively associated with digital enterprise participation, suggesting that digital entrepreneurship may serve as a flexible work strategy under childcare constraints. Human capital and digital access also play important roles in shaping participation. Education increases the likelihood of digital enterprise engagement, particularly in urban areas, while handphone ownership emerges as the strongest predictor across all contexts. Rural–urban estimates further show that the gender gap is more pronounced in rural areas, reflecting the interaction between gender norms and spatial inequality.
Co-Authors Abdul Hamid Assidiqi Aditya Maharani Ahmad Syaifudin Ahyad Bagas Nur Hidayatulloh Aifa Naufal Zahron Akmal Haidar Derry Farras Al'ma Arif Arrahman Ali Imron Amin, Khoirul Anda Iviana Juniani Andriani Parastiwi Anggrik Dwi Merari Axellina Muara Setyanti, Axellina Muara Bagus Brillian Putra Kharisma Bayu Wiro K Bayu Wiro Karuniawan Bayu Wiro Karuniawan Bayu Wiro Kurniawan Clarinsa Kireina Soedjana Defi Ramdani Wira Buana Denta Firmanda Dhika Adhitya Purnomo Dhika Aditya Purnomo Fais Hamzah Fajardini, Ridhani Anit Fajardini, Ridhani Anita Faraby Nasr Bestita Farihatul Jannah Faris Dawwas Farizi Rachman Faruq, Habib Ngumar Fipka Bisono Habib Ngumar Faruq Heroe Poernomo Hikmah Wijayanti I Putu Sindhu Asmara Indrawan, Rizal Isa Rachman Karuniawan, Bayu Wiro Kusuma, George Endri Luthfia Indah Harian M. Faiz Fazlur Rahman Maulana Putra Setiawan Maulana Tanziilal Aziizir Rohiim Maya, Risma Aris Mega Haryo Orlando Moch. Rizal Rinaldy Mochammad Imron Awalludin Mohamad Hakam Mohammad Hakam Mohammad Jauhar Firdaus Muchammad Ragil Prawira Muh Khusairi Arief Fitriyanto Muh. Halim Nur Aziz Muhammad Abdul Nashr Muhammad Rifai Mutiara, Arun Sukma Nanang Endriatno Nanda Evan Renato Ningrum, Pranidiya O Ningrum, Pranidiya Otaviya Pradita Eko Kuncahyo Pradita Nurkholies Primaningtyas, Widya Emilia Priyo Agus Setiawan Purnomo, Dhika A Purnomo, Dhika Adhitya Purnomo, Dhika Adithya Purnomo, Dhika Aditya Purwa Bimantara Raditya, Pandu Pradipa Ratna Ramadani Renanda Nia R Reza Ananda Putri Rezky Fardhan Fahrezy Riananda, Dimas Pristovani Ridhani Anita Fajardini Rina Sandora Rinanto, Noorman Riska, Bimmanda Muhammad Risma Aris Maya Rizal Indrawan Rizal Indrawan Romy Miftach Abdillah Rosalina, Amanda Salimin Salimin, Salimin Salma Binti Astsalisa Sarena, Sryang Tera Setiawan, Budhy Sidi, Pranoto Sudiyono Sudiyono Syahrial Virdan Ichwanushofa Thina Ardliana Utomo, Alfarell Akbar Pradhana Wahyudi Wahyudi Wardani, Lintang Aditya Wicaksono, Zaki Widyka Kidunging Pangadhuh Wildan Nur Rohman